The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence.
There are eight main parts of speech: -
noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.
NOUN - (Naming word)
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea.
Examples of nouns: Daniel, London, table, dog, teacher, pen, city, happiness, hope
Example sentences: Steve lives in Sydney. Mary uses pen and paper to write letters.
PRONOUN - (Replaces a Noun)
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition.
Examples of pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, us, them, him, her, this, those
Example sentences: Mary is tired. She wants to sleep. I want her to dance with me.
ADJECTIVE - (Describing word)
An adjective describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun or pronoun.
Examples: big, happy, green, young, fun, crazy, three
Example sentences: The little girl had a pink hat
VERB - (Action Word)
A verb shows an action or state of being. A verb shows what someone or something is doing.
Examples: go, speak, run,
eat, play, live, walk, have, like, are, is
Example sentences: I like Woodward English. I study their charts and play their games.
ADVERB - (Describes a verb)
An adverb describes/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It answers how, where, when, how often or to what extent. Many adverbs end in -LY
Examples: slowly, quietly, very, always, never, too, well, tomorrow, here
Example sentences: I am usually busy. Yesterday, I ate my lunch quickly.
PREPOSITION - (Shows relationship)
A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. They can indicate time, place, or relationship.
Examples: at, on, in, from, with, near, between, about, under
Example sentences: I left my keys on the table for you.
CONJUNCTION - (Joining word)
A conjunction joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in a sentence and shows how they are connected.
Examples: and, or, but, because, so, yet, unless, since, if.
Example sentences: I was hot and exhausted but I still finished the marathon.
INTERJECTION - (Expressive word)
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong feeling or emotion. It is a short exclamation.
Examples: Ouch! Wow! Great! Help! Oh! Hey! Hi!
Example sentences: Wow! I passed my English test. Great! – Ouch! That hurt.
Q. Read the following sentences and write which part of speech are the bold words :-
1) You have to believe in yourself if you ever expect to be successful at something.
2) We left for the mountain just before six in the morning.
3) We first went to the store to buy a few things.
4) They had a breakfast at a café near the rail station.
5) My friend wasn't strong enough to lift his heavy rucksack.
6) I helped him carry it.
7) My friend said, " Oh! What a cold weather!"
8) We didn't spend the night there.
9) We got back home late at night but we didn't go to sleep immediately.
10) Rohan was very hungry.
NOTE - Do this exercise in a separate copy or on paper.
Make questions in the present perfect to complete the dialogues. Use the verbs in the box.
start reach cover read clean turn paint do change update
What time ............. you ..................................... the windows?
By 5 o'clock, I hope.
When ............ Samantha ................................................... the book?
She'll give it back to you in two weeks' time, she promissed.
How many projects ............... you ................................................... when you finish this one?
This is only my second project.
When .............. Susan ............................................... the portrait?
Before the end of the day, I would say.
............ you ................................................. the oil before we collect our car?
Yes, I will. I'll have done it by one o'clock.
............ the show ................................................ if we come in two hours?
I'm afraid it will start in an hour.
............ Angie ................................................ her CV by the time she goes to the interview?
She's already done it.
When ............ you ........................................................... all the topics?
When I finish my lectures.
............ we .................................................. the top of the mountain before the sun sets?
Don't worry. It's just two hours' walk.
............ my hair ............................................ grey in a ten years' time?
Who knows?
answers
What time will you have cleaned the windows?
When will Samantha have read the book?
How many projects will you have done when you finish this one?
When will Susan have painted the portrait?
Will you have changed the oil before we collect our car?
Will the show have started if we come in two hours?
Will Angie have updated her CV by the time she goes to the interview?
When will you have covered all the topics?
Will we have reached the top of the mountain before the sun sets?
Will my hair have turned grey in a ten years' time?
ENGLISH
NAME: CLASS VIII
SECTION A – READING
Q1. Read the following passage and answer the questions
1. The story of Robinson Crusoe, few people know, is based on a real life incident. The son of a cobbler, Alexander Selkirk was a wayward young man, with little respect for authority. Abject conditions at sea and the cruelty of the captains made the sailors miserable in those days. It was not surprising that Alexander became rebellious and malevolent when he became a sailor.
2. In 1704, he was a Sailing Master on a ship when it anchored for repairs near the desolate island of Juan Fernandez about 650 kilometers west of Chile. They were looking for gold, which they often got by plundering other ships. In the days that followed, Alexander hatched a conspiracy. He instigated the other sailors to leave the ship and remain on the island. They would declare a mutiny. Perhaps, Alexander reasoned, that the captain would accept their demands if he believed that his men would refuse to sail otherwise. Unfortunately for Alexander, the crew played the Judas. The captain, getting to know Alexander‟s part in the planned mutiny, left him behind on the island as he was a bad influence on the men. He was provided with a few necessities, among them, a copy of the Bible.
3. Alexander marooned on an island, populated only by wild cats and goats became adept at hunting and his food soon comprised fish, turtles and meat. He also made clothes with goatskin. Although a cobbler‟s son, he could not make shoes. Running barefoot after goats had hardened the soles of his feet. He read the Bible again and again and slowly took to reading it aloud. He spoke and sang to the cats and learnt to milk goats.
4. Once, during his stay in the island, a Spanish ship anchored near the island and the crew rowed in. Alexander was petrified and hid in the thick foliage. In those days, Spain and England were at daggers drawn. Fortunately, the Spaniards left after a brief rest. In February, 1709, two English ships sailed in to collect fresh water and shoot goats. Alexander rushed to them for succor. He looked strange with his unkempt hair, beard and goatskin clothes. His rescuers understood him with great difficulty. His speech had changed a great deal. His vocabulary had shrunk and he had to grope for words. They did, however, manage to understand his story finally.
5. Alexander took a job as sailor in one of the ships and reached London in 1711. He returned home with a large fortune. However, he ran out of his fortune in two years and had to return to sea. Alexander‟s adventure became well known. Eight years later, Daniel Defoe gave the story a new shape with many twists, calling it „The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe‟. It was now the story of a man who was shipwrecked on an island and lived alone for an unbelievable twenty-eight years.
(A) Complete the following statements on the basis of your reading of the passage.
(i) When Alexander became a sailor, he turned ________________________________
(ii) The captain left Alexander behind on the island because ___________________________
(iii) Alexander was petrified when he found a Spanish ship anchored near the island because______________
(iv) In spite of being a son of the cobbler, Alexander could not _______________________
(B) Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) Why did Alexander become rebellious and malevolent when he became a sailor?
(ii) Why did Alexander return to sea once more, after being rescued from the island?
(C) Find words from the passage, which mean the opposite of:
(i) Benevolent (Para 1)
(ii) Unskilled (Para 3)
Q2. Read the following poem and answer the questions
THE GIFT OF GREED
Upon this barren land,
Once stood a great tree
In the once brown rich sand
For mortal eyes to relish and see.
Its leaves were emeralds,
Its fruits were rubies, bright and fair.
Squirrels leaped about as heralds
For the spring that was in the air.
Spring passed and autumn came to dwell.
The tree‟s leaves blushed and fell,
Fluttering in the wind like a ship‟s sail.
But the tree bowed not to the gale.
Winter came and did its worst,
Coated the tree with a shower of snow.
But the tree did not freeze and burst,
It stood to offer perch to the homeless sparrow.
The tree survived Nature‟s ravages,
To bloom again in summer.
But came along man the savage;
Hacked it down and called it lumber.
Is it so that man, a creation
Turn upon the Creator and others?
We cut down trees, calling it deforestation
And take trees from Nature – their mother and ours.
I. On the basis of your reading the poem, complete the following table about the tree.
(a) _________________________ Squirrels leaped about
Autumn (b) ____________________
Winter (c) ____________________
(d) __________________________ Tree bloomed again
II. On the basis of your reading the above poem, complete the following sentences.
(a) When it was spring the tree was _________________
(b) The tree did not _________________ but _________________
(c) Neither autumn nor winter could harm the beautiful tree but the savage
(d) We should not _________________ as _________________
SECTION- B (WRITING AND GRAMMAR)
Q3. A burglary took place at the residence of Mr Sahil Bakshi, a middle aged gentleman living at
Camact Street in Kolkata. No arrests have been made so far as the Police is yet to identify the gang responsible for the crime. Write a newspaper report within 150 words on the same. You are AkhilSen/ Ashima Sen.
OR
When Anupama reaches her hostel after a weekend spent at home, she realises that she has forgotten at home the costumes for the play she has to act in, the key of her suitcase and two books. She sends home a letter requesting her to
send her these items as soon as possible. Write the letter on her behalf.
Q4. Write a letter to the Director of the Zoological Park of your city expressing your concerns about the unhygienic conditions in the enclosures for the animals. Give some suggestions for improvements and the ways in which the visitors can help the authorities in maintaining cleanliness. Write an article on the topic „Role of computers in a student‟s life‟.
Q5. Transform the following sentences into indirect speech:
a) Penny said, “Do you really want it son?”
b) “How are you feeling, Pa?” asked Jody.
c) She says, “I will work hard”
Q6. Fill in the blanks with the correct option.
a) The price of these jeans ________ (is/ are) reasonable.
b) The boy who won the two medals _________ (is/ are) a friend of mine.
c) Gold, as well as platinum, ___________ (has/ have) recently risen in price.
Q7. Rearrange the following to make meaningful sentences
a) The / body / sleep is / essential / a good night's / for
b) loss of / may also / appetite / they / experience
c) a /dream / is / mind / activity / of / an
SECTION- C (LITERATURE)
Q8. Reference to the context:
“When I set out for Lyonnesse
A hundred miles away,
The rime was on the spray;
And starlight lit my lonesomeness
When I set out for Lyonnesse
A hundred miles away.”
a) How did the stars lit poet‟s lonesomeness?
b) What was the weather condition?
c) Why was the poet going to Lyonnesse?
d) Who is the poet of the above lines?
Q9. Answer the following questions in about 40 – 50 words.
a) What is Duttada expected to do on his return from London?
b) Why did the boy not pay the school fees on the day he brought money to school?
c) What is the scientist‟s message to the disabled?
d) Why did Penny Baxter allow Jody to go find the fawn and raise it?
Q10. God, like parents, doesn‟t fulfil all our wishes so that we learn the lessons of life. Comment on the statement with reference to the lesson „Jalebis‟.
Q11. Inner beauty is more important than outer beauty. Explain it with reference to the chapter, „A Visit to Cambridge‟.
SUMMARY OF THE POEM
The poem Geography Lesson describes the poet’s opinion of the land below when viewed from the sky. He finds the earth the least attractive from above and continues going higher up.
As the poet moves higher, he realizes that the country is full of cities and valleys. This made him realize that people are completely dependent on land and water for their existence. At one point of time, the poet also realizes that there is more water on earth than land. He also understands that there are many boundaries on earth that lead to hatred among people.
Q.1 Word meanings:-
1) Inevitable - that cannot be avoided
2) Haphazard : without plan or order
3) Delineated : shown
4) Sprang : rise Q.2) Short Question Answers
Question. What geographical lesson did the poet learn in the jet when the jet just took off ?
Answer. The poet learnt that the city that human have developed have not been well planned , it grew as per necessity.
Question. What geographical lesson did the poet learn in the jet when it reached ten thousand feet above ?
Answer. From the height of ten thousand feet above the ground, the earth's cities were found located on the bank of rivers and a little above river level on valleys.
Question. What was once most necessary for the emergence of a city in the past ?
Answer. The easy availability of water for drinking and irrigation was the prime reason why civilization flocked around rivers.
Question. What was difficult to understand about the earth when the jet was six miles high ?
Answer. It was difficult to understand why human hate each other , build borders, walls and creates fences.
Question. Why is the poet trying to bring out about human beings, the earth and the learning ?
Answer.The poet is trying to bring out the fact that human beings have achieved a lot of knowledge about the earth and beyond. Q.3 Long Question Answers:-
Question. Mention two things those were clear from the height and those were not clear from the height.
Answer. Things which were clear , why the country had cities where the rivers ran and why the valleys were populated. It was also clear that the earth was round and that it had more sea than land.
From the height , it was not clear why men on the earth found reasons to hate each other. It was also not understandable why men had to build walls across cities and why they had to kill.
Question What lesson of geography did the poet learn when he flew above his city ?
Answer. As the poet flew in a jet, he noticed that the cities below were not properly planned. He could see why it was so. From the height of ten thousand feet he noticed that valleys were populated. It was quite reasonable and understandable. It was the compulsion of geography that people should settle down in places with flat land and plenty of water and food. It is quite illogical why people hate and kill each another. It is greatly inhuman.
NOTE Do the above mentioned exercises in a copy or on a paper.
Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Set B
