NCERT Solutions Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Question. Calculate the molecular mass of the following :
(i) H₂O
(ii) CO₂
(iii) CH₄
Answer :
(i)CH₄ :
Molecular weight of methane, CH₄
= (1 x Atomic weight of carbon) + (4 x Atomic weight of hydrogen)
= [1(12.011 u) +4 (1.008u)]
= 12.011u + 4.032 u
= 16.043 u
(ii) H₂O :
Molecular weight of water, H₂O
= (2 x Atomic weight of hydrogen) + (1 x Atomic weight of oxygen)
= [2(1.0084) + 1(16.00 u)]
= 2.016 u +16.00 u
= 18.016u
So approximately
= 18.02 u
(iii) CO₂ :
= Molecular weight of carbon dioxide, CO₂
= (1 x Atomic weight of carbon) + (2 x Atomic weight of oxygen)
= [1(12.011 u) + 2(16.00 u)]
= 12.011 u +32.00 u
= 44.011 u
So approximately
= 44.01u

Question. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in Sodium Sulphate (Na₂SO₄).
Answer :
Molar mass of Na₂SO₄ = [(2 × 23.0) + (32.00) + 4 (16.00)] = 142 g
Mass percent of an element = (Mass of that element in compound/Molar mass of that compound) × 100
∴ Mass percent of sodium (Na): (46/142) × 100 = 32.39%
Mass percent of sulphur(S): (32/142) × 100 = 22.54%
Mass percent of oxygen:(O): (64/142) × 100 = 45.07%

Question. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% dioxygen by mass.
Answer :
% of iron by mass = 69.9 % [Given]
% of oxygen by mass = 30.1 % [Given]
Atomic mass of iron = 55.85 amu
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16.00 amu
Relative moles of iron in iron oxide = %mass of iron by mass/Atomic mass of iron = 69.9/55.85 = 1.25
Relative moles of oxygen in iron oxide = %mass of oxygen by mass/Atomic mass of oxygen = 30.01/16=1.88
Simplest molar ratio = 1.25/1.25 : 1.88/1.25 
 ⇒ 1 : 1.5 = 2 : 3
∴ The empirical formula of the iron oxide is Fe₂O₃.

Question. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
Answer :
The balanced reaction of combustion of carbon in dioxygens is:
C(s)     +    O2(g)     →    CO₂  (g)
1mole     1mole(32g)     1mole(44g)
(i) In dioxygen, combustion is complete. Therefore 1 mole of carbon dioxide  produced by burning 1 mole of carbon.
(ii) Here, oxgen acts as a limiting reagent as only 16 g of dioxygen is available. Hence, it will react with 0.5 mole of carbon to give 22 g of carbon dioxide.
(iii) Here again oxgen acts as a limiting reagent as only 16 g of dioxygen is available. It is a limiting reactant. Thus, 16 g of dioxygen can combine with only 0.5 mole of carbon to give 22 g of carbon dioxide.

Question. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH₃COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245g mol^-1.
Answer :
0.375 M aqueous solution of sodium acetate means that 1000 mL of solution containing 0.375 moles of sodium acetate.
∴No. of moles of sodium acetate in 500 mL = (0.375/1000)×500 = 0.375/2 = 0.1875
Molar mass of sodium acetate = 82.0245g mol^-1
∴Mass of sodium acetate acquired =  0.1875×82.0245 g = 15.380g

Question. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL-1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
Answer :
Mass percent of 69% means tat 100g of nitric acid solution contain 69 g of nitric acid by mass.
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3) = 1+14+48 = 63g mol^-1
Number of moles in 69 g of HNO3 = 69/63 moles = 1.095 moles
Volume of 100g  nitric acid solution = 100/1.41 mL = 70.92 mL = 0.07092 L
∴ Conc. of HNO₃ in moles per litre = 1.095/0.07092 = 15.44 M

Question. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO₄ )?
Answer :
1 mole of CuSO₄ contains 1 mole of copper.
Molar mass of CuSO₄ = (63.5) + (32.00) + 4(16.00)
= 63.5 + 32.00 + 64.00 = 159.5 g
159.5 g of CuSO₄ contains 63.5 g of copper.
∴ copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate = (63.5/159.5)×100 = 39.81g

Question. Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron in which the mass per cent of iron and oxygen are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively.Given that the molar mass of the oxide is 159.69 g mol^-1
Answer :
% of iron by mass = 69.9 % [Given]
% of oxygen by mass = 30.1 % [Given]
Atomic mass of iron = 55.85 amu
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16.00 amu
Relative moles of iron in iron oxide = %mass of iron by mass/Atomic mass of iron = 69.9/55.85  = 1.25
Relative moles of oxygen in iron oxide = %mass of oxygen by mass /Atomic mass of oxygen = 30.01/16 =1.88
Simplest molar ratio = 1.25/1.25  : 1.88/1.25 
⇒  1 : 1.5 = 2 : 3
∴ The empirical formula of the iron oxide is Fe₂O₃.
Mass of Fe₂O₃ = (2×55.85) + (3×16.00) = 159.7 g mol^-1
n = Molar mass /Empirical formula mass = 159.7/ 159.6 = 1(approx)
Thus, Molecular formula is same as Empirical Formula i.e.  Fe₂O₃.

Question. Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data :

Answer :
Fractional Abundance of 35Cl =  0.7577 and Molar mass = 34.9689
Fractional Abundance of 37Cl =  0.2423 and Molar mass = 36.9659
∴ Average Atomic mass = (0.7577 × 34.9689) amu + (0.2423 × 36.9659)
= 26.4959 + 8.9568 = 35.4527

Question. In three moles of ethane (C₂H₆), calculate the following :
(i) Number of moles of carbon atoms.
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms.
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
Answer :
(i) 1 mole of C₂H₆  contains 2 moles of Carbon atoms
∴ 3 moles of of C₂H₆  will contain 6 moles of Carbon atoms
(ii) 1 mole of C₂H₆  contains 6 moles of Hydrogen atoms
∴ 3 moles of of C₂H₆  will contain 18 moles of Hydrogen atoms
(iii) 1 mole of C₂H₆  contains Avogadro's no. 6.02 ×10²³ molecules
∴ 3 moles of of C₂H₆  will contain ethane molecule = 3×6.02 × 10²³= 18.06 ×10²³  molecules.

Question. What is the concentration of sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) in mol L^-1  if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to make a final volume up to 2L?
Answer :
Molar mass of sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)  = (12 ×12) +(1 ×22)+ (11×16) = 342 g mol^-1
No. of moles in 20g of sugar = 20/342 = 0.0585 mole
Volume of Solution = 2L (given)
Molar concentration = Moles of solute/Volume of solution in L = 0.0585mol /2L = 0.0293 mol L-1 = 0.0293 M

Question. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L-1 , what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution?
Answer :
Molar mass of methanol (CH₃OH) = (1×12) + (4×1) + (1×16) = 32 g mol-1 = 0.032 kg mol^-1
Molarity of the solution = 0.793 /0.032 = 24.78 mol L^-1 
Applying, M₁V₁ (Given Solution) = M₂V₂ (Solution to be prepared)
24.78×V₁ = 0.25×2.5 L
V₁= 0.02522 L = 25.22 mL

Question. Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the surface. The SI unit of pressure, pascal is as shown below :
1Pa = 1N m^-2
If mass of air at sea level is 1034 g cm^-2,calculate the pressure in pascal.
Answer :
Pressure is the force (i.e. weigh) acting per unit area.
P= F/A = 1034g × 9.8ms ^-2/cm²
  =  1034g  × 9.8ms^-2 /cm² × 1kg /1000g × 100cm  /1m × 100cm /1m = 1.01332 ×105 N
Now,
1Pa = 1N m^-2
∴ 1.01332 × 10⁵  N ×m^-2 = 1.01332 ×10⁵  Pa

Question. What is the SI unit of mass? How is it defined?
Answer :
The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The kg is defined as the mass of platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) cylinder that is stored in an air-tight jar at International Bureau of Weigh and Measures in France.

Question. Match the following prefixes with their multiples:
     Prefixes                        Multiples
(i)  micro                              10⁶
(ii) deca                                10⁹
(iii) mega                              10^-6
(iv) giga                                10^-15
(v) femto                              10
Answer :
 Prefixes                        Multiples
(i)  micro                              10^-6
(ii) deca                                10
(iii) mega                              10⁶
(iv) giga                                10⁹
(v) femto                              10^-15

Question. What do you mean by significant figures ?
Answer :
Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainty including the last digit whose value is uncertain.
For example,
In 11.2546 g, there are 6 significant figures but here 11.254 is certain and 6 is uncertain and the uncertainty would be ±1 in the last digit. Hence last uncertain digit is also included in Significant figures.

Question. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl₃, supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) Express this in percent by mass.
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Answer :
(i) 15 ppm means 5 parts in million(10⁶) parts.
∴ % by mass = 15/10⁶ × 100 = 15 × 10^-4 = 1.5×10^-3 %
(ii) Molar mass of chloroform(CHCl³) = 12+1+ (3×35.5) = 118.5 g mol^-1
100g of the sample contain chloroform = 1.5×10-3g
∴ 1000 g(1 kg) of the sample will contain chloroform = 1.5×10^-2 g
= 1.5×10^-2/ 118.65 mole = 1.266 ×10^-4 mole
∴ Molality = 1.266×10^-4 m.

Question. Express the following in the scientific notation:
(i) 0.0048
(ii) 234,000
(iii) 8008
(iv) 500.0
(v) 6.0012
Answer :
(i) 0.0048 = 4.8× 10^-3
(ii) 234, 000 = 2.34× 10⁵
(iii) 8008 = 8.008× 10³
(iv) 500.0 = 5.000× 10²
(v) 6.0012 = 6.0012× 10⁰

Question. How many significant figures are present in the following?
(i) 0.0025
(ii) 208
(iii) 5005
(iv) 126,000
(v) 500.0
(vi) 2.0034
Answer :
(i) 2
(ii) 3
(iii) 4
(iv) 3
(v) 4
(vi) 5

Question. Round up the following upto three significant figures:
(i) 34.216
(ii) 10.4107
(iii) 0.04597
(iv) 2808
Answer :
(i) 34.2
(ii) 10.4
(iii) 0.046
(iv) 2810

Question. The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form different compounds:
 Mass of dinitrogen          Mass of dioxygen
(i) 14 g                                      16 g
(ii) 14 g                                      32 g
(iii) 28 g                                      32 g
(iv) 28 g                                      80 g
(a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data?Give its statement.
(b) Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:
(i) 1 km = ...................... mm = ...................... pm
(ii) 1 mg = ...................... kg = ...................... ng
(iii) 1 mL = ...................... L = ...................... dm³
Answer :
(a) Fixing the mass of dinitrogen as 28 g, masses of dioxygen combined will be 32, 64, 32 and 80 g in the given four oxides. These masses of dioxygen bears a simple whole number ratio as 2:4:2:5. Hence, the data given will obey the law of multiple proportions.
The statement is as follows two elements always combine in  a fixed mass of other bearing a simple ratio to another to form two or more chemical compounds.
(b) (i) 1 km =  1km× 1000m/ 1km ×100cm /1m/ 10mm /1cm = 10⁶ mm
1 km =  1km× 1000m / 1km × 1pm/ 10^-12m = 10¹⁵ pm
(ii) 1 mg = 1mg ×1g/ 1000mg × 1kg / 1000g = 10-6 kg
1 mg = 1mg ×1g/ 1000mg × 1ng/ 10^-9g = 10^-6 ng
(iii) 1 mL = 1mL×1L/ 1000mL = 10^-3 L
1 mL = 1cm³ = 1cm³× (1dm × 1dm × 1dm/ 10cm × 10cm × 10cm) = 10³dm³

Question. If the speed of light is 3.0 × 108ms-1, calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns.
Answer :
Distance covered = Speed  × Time = 3.0 × 108ms^-1 × 2.00 ns
= 3.0 × 108ms^-1 × 2.00 ns ×10^-9s  /1ns = 6.00×10^-1m = 0.600m

Question. In a reaction
A + B₂ → AB₂
Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B
(iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B
(v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
Answer :
(i) According to the reaction, 1 atom of A reacts with 1 molecule of B.
 ∴200 molecules of B will react with 200 atoms of A, thereby leaving 100 atoms of A unreacted. Hence, B is the limiting reagent.
(ii) According to the reaction, 1 mol of A reacts with 1 mol of B. 
∴ 2 mol of A will react with only 2 mol of B leaving 1 mol of B. Hence, A is the limiting reagent.
(iii) 1 atom of A combines with 1 molecule of B.
∴ All 100 atoms of A will combine with all 100 molecules of B. Hence, the mixture is stoichiometric and ther is no limiting reagent.
(iv) 1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of molecule B. 
∴ 2.5 mol of B will combine with only 2.5 mol of A. and 2.5 mol of A will be left unreacted. Hence, B is the limiting reagent.
(v) 1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of molecule B. 
∴ 2.5 mol of A will combine with only 2.5 mol of B and the remaining 2.5 mol of B will be left. Hence, A is the limiting reagent.

Question. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the following chemical equation:
N₂(g) + H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g)
(i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00×10³g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00×10³g of dihydrogen.
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
(iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
Answer :
1 mole of dinitrogen (28g) reacts with 3 mole of dihydrogen (6g) to give 2 mole of ammonia (34g).
∴ 2000 g of N₂ will react with H₂ = 6/28 × 200g = 428.6g. Thus, here N₂ is the limiting reagent while H₂ is in excess.
28g of N₂ produce 34g of NH₃.
∴2000g of N₂ will produce = 34/28 × 2000g = 2428.57 g of NH₃.
(ii) N₂ is the limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent. Hence, H₂ will remain unreacted.
(iii) Mass of dihydrogen left unreacted = 1000g - 428.6g = 571.4 g

Question. How are 0.50 mol Na₂CO₃ and 0.50 MNa₂ CO₃  different?
Answer :
Molar mass of Na₂CO₃ = (2×23) +12.00+(3×16) = 106 g mol^-1
∴0.50 mol Na₂CO₃ means 0.50 ×106g = 53g
0.50 M Na2CO3 means 0.50 mol of Na2CO₃ i.e. 53g of  Na₂CO₃ are present in 1litre of the solution.

Question. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of water vapour would be produced?
Answer :
Dihydrogen gas reacts with dioxygen gas as, 
2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(g)
Thus, two volumes of dihydrogen react with one volume of dihydrogen to produce two volumes of water vapour. Hence, ten volumes of dihydrogen will react with five volumes of dioxygen to produce ten volumes of water vapour.

Question. Convert the following into basic units:
(i) 28.7 pm
(ii) 15.15 pm
(iii) 25365 mg
Answer :
(i) 1 pm = 10^-12 m
28.7 pm = 28.7×10^-12 m = 2.87×10^-11 m
(ii) 1 pm = 10^-12 m
∴15.15 pm = 15.15×10^-12 m = 1.515 ×10^-11 m
(iii) 1 mg = 10^-3 g
25365 mg = 2.5365×10⁴×10^-3 g
Now,
1 g = 10^-3 kg
2.5365×10 g = 2.5365×10×10^-3 kg
∴25365 mg = 2.5365×10^-2 kg

Question. Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s)
(ii) 1 g Na (s)
(iii) 1 g Li (s)
(iv) 1 g of Cl₂ (g)
Answer :
(i) 1 g Au = 1/197 mol = 1/197 × 6.022×10²³ atoms
(ii) 1 g Na = 1/23 mol = 1/23 × 6.022×10²³ atoms
(iii) 1 g Li = 1/7 mol = 1/7 × 6.022×10²³ atoms
(iv) 1 g Cl2 = 1/71 mol = 1/71 × 6.022×10²³ atoms
Thus, 1 g of Li has the largest number of atoms.

Question. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).
Answer :
Mole fraction of C₂H₅OH = No. of moles of C₂H₅OH /No. of moles of solution
nC₂H₅OH = n(C₂H₅OH) / (C₂H₅OH) + n(H₂O) = 0.040 (Given) ... 1
We have to find the number of moles of ethanol in 1L of the solution but the solution is dilute. Therefor, water is approx. 1L.
No. of moles in 1L of water = 1000g  /18g mol^-1 = 55.55 moles
Substituting n(H₂O) = 55.55 in equation 1
n(C2H5OH) / (C₂H₅OH) + 55.55 = 0.040
⇒ 0.96n (C₂H₅OH) = 55.55 × 0.040
⇒ n(C₂H₅OH) = 2.31 mol
Hence, molarity of the solution = 2.31M

Question. What will be the mass of one  12C atom in g ?
Answer :
1 mol of 12C atoms = 6.022 ×10²³ atoms = 12g
∴ Mass of 1 atom 12C = 12 /6.022 ×10²³ g = 1.9927× 10^-23 g

Question. How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations?
(i) 0.02856 × 298.15 × 0.112 /0.5785
(ii) 5 × 5.364
(iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
Answer :
(i) Least precise term i.e. 0.112 is having 3 significant digits.
∴ There will be 3 significant figures in the calculation.
(ii) 5.364 is having 4 significant figures.
∴ There will be 4 significant figures in the calculation.
(iii) Least number of decimal places in each term is 4.
∴ There will be 4 significant figures in the calculation.

Question. Use the data given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally occuring argon isotopes:

Answer :
Molar mass of Ar =  ∑piAi
= (0.00337 × 35.96755 )+ (0.00063 × 37.96272 )+(0.99600 × 39.9624 ) = 39.948 g mol^-1

Question. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following
(i) 52 moles of Ar (ii) 52 u of He (iii) 52 g of He.
Answer :
(i) 1 mol of Ar = 6.022 × 10²³atoms
∴ 52 mol of Ar = 52 × 6.022×10²³atoms = 3.131 × 10²⁵atoms
(ii) 1 atom of He = 4 u of He
4 u of He = 1 Atom of He
∴ 52 u of He = 1/4 × 52 = 13 atoms
(iii) 1 mol of He = 4 g = 6.022 × 10²³atoms
∴ 52 g of He = (6.022 × 10²³/4) × 52 atoms = 7.8286 × 10²⁴atoms

Question. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide , 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the gas, and (iii) molecular formula.
Answer :
Amount of carbon in 3.38 g of CO₂ = 12/44 × 3.38 g = 0.9218 g
Amount of hydrogen in 0.690 g H₂O = 2/18 × 0.690 g = 0.0767 g
The compound contains only C and H, therefore total mass of the compound = 0.9218 + 0.0767 = 0.9985 g
% of C in the compound = (0.9218 /0.9985 )×100 = 92.32
% of H in the compound = (0.0767 /0.9985 )×100 = 7.68
(i) Calculation of empirical formula,
Moles of carbon in the compound = 92.32/12 = 7.69
Moles of hydrogen in the compound = 7.68/1 = 7.68
Simplest molar ratio = 7.69 : 7.68 = 1(approx)
∴ Empirical formula CH
(ii) 10.0 L of the gas at STP weigh = 11.6 g
∴ 22.4 L of the gas at STP = 11.6/10.0 × 22.4 = 25.984 = 26 (approx)
∴ Molar mass of gass = 26 g mol-1
(iii) Mass of empirical formula CH = 12+1 = 13
∴ n = Molecular Mass/Empirical Formula = 26/13 = 2 
∴ Molecular Formula = C₂H₂

Question. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl₂ and CO₂ according to the reaction, CaCO₃ (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)
What mass of CaCO₃ is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl?
Answer :
1000 mL of 0.75 M HCl have 0.75 mol of HCl = 0.75×36.5 g = 24.375 g
∴ Mass of HCl in 25mL of 0.75 M HCl = 24.375/ 1000 × 25 g = 0.6844 g
From the given chemical equation,
CaCO₃ (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)
2 mol of HCl i.e. 73 g HCl react completely with 1 mol of CaCO₃ i.e. 100g
∴ 0.6844 g  HCl reacts completely with CaCO₃ = 100/73 × 0.6844 g = 0.938 g

Question. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO₂) with aqueous hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
4HCl (aq) + MnO₂(s) → 2H₂O(l) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl₂(g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide?
Answer :
1 mol of MnO₂ = 55+32 g = 87 g
87 g of MnO₂ react with 4 moles of HCl i.e. 4×36.5 g = 146 g of HCl.
∴ 5.0 g of  MnO₂ will react with HCl = 146/87×5.0 g = 8.40 g.