NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Organic Chemistry Some Basic Priciples and Techniques

Read and download NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Organic Chemistry Some Basic Priciples and Techniques in NCERT book for Class 11 Chemistry. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Chemistry textbook for Class 11 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter

NCERT Book for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques

Class 11 Chemistry students should refer to the following NCERT Book Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques in Class 11. This NCERT Book for Class 11 Chemistry will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques NCERT Book Class 11

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES

AND TECHNIQUES

In the previous unit you have learnt that the element carbon has the unique property called catenation due to which it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. It also forms covalent bonds with atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens. The resulting compounds are studied under a separate branch of chemistry called organic chemistry. This unit incorporates some basic principles and techniques of analysis required for understanding the formation and properties of organic compounds.

12.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Organic compounds are vital for sustaining life on earth and include complex molecules like genetic information bearing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins that constitute essential compounds of our blood, muscles and skin. Organic chemicals appear in materials like clothing, fuels, polymers, dyes and medicines.

These are some of the important areas of application of these compounds. Science of organic chemistry is about two hundred years old. Around the year 1780, chemists began to distinguish between organic compounds obtained from plants and animals and inorganic compounds prepared from mineral sources. Berzilius, a Swedish chemist proposed that a ‘vital force’ was responsible for the formation of organic compounds. However, this notion was rejected in 1828 when F. Wohler synthesised an organic compound, urea from an inorganic compound, ammonium cyanate.

                                 NH4 CNO → NH2CONH2

The pioneering synthesis of acetic acid by Kolbe (1845) and that of methane by Berthelot (1856) showed conclusively that organic compounds could be synthesised from inorganic sources in a laboratory.

The development of electronic theory of covalent bonding ushered organic chemistry into its modern shape.

12.2 TETRAVALENCE OF CARBON: SHAPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

12.2.1 The Shapes of Carbon Compounds

The knowledge of fundamental concepts of molecular structure helps in understanding and predicting the properties of organic compounds. You have already learnt theories of valency and molecular structure in Unit 4. Also, you already know that tetravalence of carbon and the formation of covalent bonds by it are explained in terms of its electronic configuration and the hybridisation of s and p orbitals. It may be recalled that formation and the shapes of molecules like methane (CH4), ethene (C2H4), ethyne (C2H2) are explained in terms of the use of sp3, sp2 and sp hybrid orbitals by carbon atoms in the respective molecules.

Hybridisation influences the bond length and bond enthalpy (strength) in organic compounds. The sp hybrid orbital contains more s character and hence it is closer to its nucleus and forms shorter and stronger bonds than the sp3 hybrid orbital. The sp2 hybrid orbital is intermediate in s character between sp and sp3 and, hence, the length and enthalpy of the bonds it forms, are also intermediate between them. The change in hybridisation affects the electronegativity of carbon. The greater the s character of the hybrid orbitals, the greater is the

electronegativity. Thus, a carbon atom having an sp hybrid orbital with 50% s character is more electronegative than that possessing sp2 or sp3 hybridised orbitals. This relative electronegativity is reflected in several physical and chemical properties of the molecules concerned, about which you will learn in later units.

12.2.2 Some Characteristic Features of π Bonds

In a π (pi) bond formation, parallel orientation of the two p orbitals on adjacent atoms is necessary for a proper sideways overlap. Thus, inH2C=CH2 molecule all the atoms must be in the same plane. The p orbitals are mutually parallel and both the p orbitals are perpendicular to the plane of the molecule. Rotation of one CH2 fragment with respect to other interferes with maximum overlap of p orbitals and, therefore, such rotation about carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) is restricted. The electron charge cloud of the π bond is located above and below the plane of bonding atoms. This results in the electrons being easily available to the attacking reagents. In general, π bonds provide  the most reactive centres in the molecules containing multiple bonds.


Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Priciples and Techniques

Chapter 01 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry
Chapter 02 Structure of Atom
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Structure of Atom
Chapter 03 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Classification of Elements and Periodicity In Properties
Chapter 04 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Chapter 05 States of Matter
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry State Of Matter
Chapter 06 Thermodynamics
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Thermodynamics
Chapter 08 Redox Reactions
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Redox Reactions
Chapter 10 The s-Block Elements
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry The s Block Elements
Chapter 11 The p-Block Elements
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry The p Block Elements
Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles & Techniques
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Organic Chemistry Some Basic Priciples and Techniques
Chapter 14 Environmental Chemistry
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Environmental Chemistry
Part I Answer to Some Selected Problems
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Answer of Some Selected Problems
Part II Answer to Some Selected Problems
NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Answer to Some Selected Problems

Chemistry NCERT Book Class 11 Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques

The above NCERT Books for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques Chemistry Class 11 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 11 Chemistry are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 11 Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques book for Chemistry also includes collection of question. We have also provided NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry which have been developed by teachers of StudiesToday.com after thorough review of the latest book and based on pattern of questions in upcoming exams for Class 11 students.

NCERT Book Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques

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Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles & Techniques NCERT Book Class 11 Chemistry

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