CBSE Class 12 Computer Science All Chapters Notes

STRUCTURE ............ 3

typedef ...................... 5

Enumerated data type .................. 5

#define preprocessor directive............ 6

Macros ....................... 6

Assignment .................. 6

OOP CONCEPTS ................... 7

CLASSES & OBJECTS ...................... 8

Assignment .................... 8

CONSTRUCTOR AND DESTRUCTOR ............... 9

Assignment ..................... 10

INHERITANCE ................... 11

Assignment .......................12

DATA FILE HANDLING IN C++ ............13

BASIC OPERATION ON TEXT FILE IN C++ ..................15

Assignment Text File ............... 17

BASIC OPERATION ON BINARY FILE IN C++ ............... 18

Assignment binary file .............. 20

ARRAY ................ 21

Assignment ............. 27

POINTER ................. 28

Assignment ............31

DATA STRUCTURE ................ 32

STATIC STACK .........32

STATIC CIRCULAR QUEUE ..........34

DYNAMIC STACK ..............35

DYNAMIC QUEUE ......... 37

Assignment ......................39

C++ BASIC CONCEPTS (REVISION TOUR OF CLASS 11) ........... 40

LIBRARY FUNCTION ................ 42

Assignment ...............................45

Nested structure (Structure within structure)

It is possible to use a structure to define another structure. This is called nesting of structure.

consider the following program

struct DAY

{

int month, date, year;

};

struct STUDENT

{

int rollno, age;

char name[80];

day date_of_birth;

float marks;

};

typedef

It is used to define new data type for an existing data type. It provides and alternative name for standard data type. It is used for self documenting the code by allowing descriptive name for the standard data type.

The general format is:

typedef existing datatype new datatype

for example:

typedef float real;

Now, in a program one can use datatype real instead of float.

Therefore, the following statement is valid:

real amount;

Enumerated data type

The enum specifier defines the set of names which are stored internally as integer constant. The first name was given the integer value 0, the second value 1 and so on.

for example:

enum months{jan, feb, mar, apr, may} ;

It has the following features:

• It is user defined.

• It works if you know in advance a finite list of values that a data type can take.

• The list cannot be input by the user or output on the screen.

#define preprocessor directive

The #define preprocessor allows to define symbolic names andconstants e.g.

#define pi 3.14159

This statement will translate every occurrence of PI in the program to 3.14159

Macros

Macros are built on the #define preprocessor. Normally a macro would look like:

#define square(x) x*x

Its arguments substituted for replacement text, when the macro is expanded

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