NCERT Book Class 9 Political Science Working of Institutions

Working of Institutions

HOW IS A MAJOR POLICY DECISION TAKEN?

Pensions, signed the Order. It was quite short, barely one page. It looked like any ordinary circular or notice that you may have seen in school. The government issues hundreds of orders every day on different matters. But this one was very important and became a source of controversy for several years. Let us see how the decision was taken andwhat happened later. A Government Order

On August 13, 1990, the Government of India issued an Order. It was called an Office Memorandum. Like all government orders, it had a number and is known by that: O. M. No. 36012/31/90-Est (SCT), dated 13.8.1990. The Joint Secretary, an officer in the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of

Personnel, Public Grievances and This Order announced a major policy decision. It said that 27 per cent of the vacancies in civil posts and services under the Government of India are reserved for the Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC). SEBC is another name for all those people who belong to castes that are considered backward by the government. The benefit of job reservation was till then available only to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Now a new third category called SEBC was introduced. Only persons who belong to backward castes were eligible for this quota of 27 per cent jobs. Others could not compete for these jobs.

The Decision Makers Who decided to issue this Memorandum? Clearly, such a big decision could not have been taken by the person who signed that document. The officer was merely implementing the instructions given by the Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, of which the Department was a part. We can guess that such a major decision would have involved other major functionaries in our country. You have already read in the previous class about some of them. Let us go over some of the main points that you covered then:

1. President is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in the country.

2. Prime Minister is the head of the government and actually exercises all governmental powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet meetings.

3. Parliament consists of two Houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Prime Minister must have the support of a majority of Lok Sabha members.

Need for Political Institutions

We have seen one example of how the government works. Governing a country involves various such activities. For example, the government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing facilities for education and health to all. It collects taxes and spends the money thus raised on administration, defence and development programmes. It formulates and implements several welfare schemes. Some persons have to take decisions on how to goabout these activities. Others have to implement these decisions. If disputes arise on these decisions or in their implementation, there should be some one to determine what is right and what is wrong. It is important that everyone should know who is responsible for doing what. It is also important that these activities keep taking place even if the persons in key positions change.

exercises

1 If you are elected as the President of India which of the following decision can you take on your own?

a Select the person you like as Prime Minister.

b Dismiss a Prime Minister who has a majority in Lok Sabha.

c Ask for reconsideration of a bill passed by both the Houses.

d Nominate the leaders of your choice to the Council of Ministers.

2 Who among the following is a part of the political executive?

a District Collector

b Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs

c Home Minister

d Director General of Police

3 Which of the following statements about the judiciary is false?

a Every law passed by the Parliament needs approval of the Supreme Court

b Judiciary can strike down a law if it goes against the spirit of the Constitution

c Judiciary is independent of the Executive

d Any citizen can approach the courts if her rights are violated

4 Which of the following institutions can make changes to an existing law of the country?

a The Supreme Court

b The President

c The Prime Minister

d The Parliament

Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 9 Political Science Working of Institutions