CBSE Class 12 Political Science Question Paper 2026 Solved Code 59-1-3

SECTION A

1. Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read these statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the options (A), (B), (C) and (D) given below : [1 Mark]
Assertion (A) : All over the world, the old 'welfare state' is getting more importance.
Reason (R) : Due to globalisation, the state withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions and the market has become the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
Options :
(A) Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(B) Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true, but the Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
(D) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Answer: (C) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Teacher's Note:
a) Under globalisation the old welfare state is giving way to a more minimalist state, so the Assertion is false.
b) The Reason correctly states that the market has become the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

2. Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty refers to : [1 Mark]
(A) Peaceful use of nuclear energy
(B) Spread of nuclear weapons
(C) Development of nuclear fusion
(D) Reduction of nuclear weapons stockpiles

Answer: (D) Reduction of nuclear weapons stockpiles

Teacher's Note:
a) The NPT (1968) is an arms control treaty that regulates the acquisition of nuclear weapons.
b) Option (B) names the problem (proliferation or spread) that the treaty tries to stop, not the treaty itself.

3. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct about the princely states ? [1 Mark]
(A) Princely states were ruled by the princes.
(B) All the princely states had accepted to be an integral part of India after the end of British rule.
(C) The princes of princely states accepted British supremacy and enjoyed some form of control over their internal affairs.
(D) After the end of British paramountcy, the provinces were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.

Answer: (B) All the princely states had accepted to be an integral part of India after the end of British rule.

Teacher's Note:
a) Not all princely states joined India easily; some had to be brought in through negotiation and pressure.
b) Read "NOT correct" carefully - you must pick the false statement.

4. Identify the political party which has had a continuous growth in its Lok Sabha seats in the General Elections from 2009 to 2019. [1 Mark]
(A) Indian National Congress (INC)
(B) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
(C) Shiv Sena (SS)
(D) Communist Party of India (CPI)

Answer: (B) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Teacher's Note:
a) The BJP's Lok Sabha tally rose in each of the 2009, 2014 and 2019 elections.
b) The Congress fell sharply in 2014, so it cannot show continuous growth.

5. Match List-I with List-II correctly and choose the correct answer from the codes given below : [1 Mark]
List-I | List-II
(a) Violation of Human Rights | (i) Britain
(b) 'Mad-Cow' disease | (ii) Chemical weapons convention
(c) Disarmament Treaty | (iii) World Trade Centre in America
(d) 9/11 terrorist attack | (iv) Iraq's invasion of Kuwait
Codes :
(A) (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
(B) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
(C) (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
(D) (a) - (i), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (iv)

Answer: (A) (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)

Teacher's Note:
a) 'Mad-Cow' disease is linked with Britain and the 9/11 attack with the World Trade Centre in America.
b) Once two pairs are fixed, only option (A) fits; use elimination to save time.

6. Choose the statement that best describes the concept of globalisation. [1 Mark]
(A) The process of rapid integration or inter-connection among countries of the world through the flow of goods, capital, people and ideas.
(B) Globalisation has increased states capabilities in the political field.
(C) Globalisation has given freedom to consumers to choose from limited alternatives.
(D) Globalisation has reduced the various opportunities of employment to the people.

Answer: (A) The process of rapid integration or inter-connection among countries of the world through the flow of goods, capital, people and ideas.

Teacher's Note:
a) Remember the four flows of globalisation: goods, capital, people and ideas.
b) The other options describe possible effects, not the concept itself.

7. Which one of the following is the reason that led to the formation of Andhra state in 1952 ? [1 Mark]
(A) Realising the need to reorganise the internal boundaries of Indian states at the end of colonial rule.
(B) Reorganisation of the Indian National Congress on the basis of linguistic principle after Nagpur session in 1920.
(C) Death of the Congress leader, Potti Sriramulu which caused great unrest and led to resignation of several legislators of Madras in protest.
(D) The Tamil speaking people of old Madras province demanding the reorganisation of state on the basis of language.

Answer: (C) Death of the Congress leader, Potti Sriramulu which caused great unrest and led to resignation of several legislators of Madras in protest.

Teacher's Note:
a) Potti Sriramulu died after a long fast for a separate Andhra state, and the unrest forced the decision.
b) The demand came from Telugu speaking people, not Tamil speaking people, so option (D) is wrong.

8. Identify the State with which the phrase 'Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram' is related to. [1 Mark]
(A) Uttar Pradesh
(B) Madhya Pradesh
(C) Haryana
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (C) Haryana

Teacher's Note:
a) The phrase describes frequent defections by legislators after the 1967 elections.
b) Link the phrase with Haryana and the term "defection".

9. Arrange the following events in chronological order : [1 Mark]
(i) Assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
(ii) Formation of the First Non-Congress coalition government at the centre.
(iii) Sixteenth Lok Sabha elections.
(iv) The Mandal Commission gave its recommendations.
Choose the correct option :
(A) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
(B) (i), (iv), (iii), (ii)
(C) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii)
(D) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)

Answer: (C) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii)

Teacher's Note:
a) Mandal Commission report - 1980; National Front coalition government - 1989; Rajiv Gandhi's assassination - 1991; Sixteenth Lok Sabha elections - 2014.
b) The scheme takes event (ii) as the National Front coalition of 1989, not the Janata government of 1977.

10. Which measure was adopted by China to solve its economic crisis ? [1 Mark]
(A) Like USSR, China also followed 'Shock Therapy'.
(B) China ended its economic isolation with the establishment of relations with most of the developing countries of the World.
(C) China opened its economy for privatisation step by step for the development of its economy.
(D) Chine focused more on export as compared to import.

Answer: (C) China opened its economy for privatisation step by step for the development of its economy.

Teacher's Note:
a) China did not go for 'shock therapy'; it opened its economy step by step.
b) Contrast China's gradual path with the sudden change in Russia.

11. Choose the name of the Prime Minister who abolished 'Privy Purse'. [1 Mark]
(A) Morarji Desai
(B) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(C) Rajiv Gandhi
(D) Indira Gandhi

Answer: (D) Indira Gandhi

Teacher's Note:
a) The privy purse was the grant given to former rulers of princely states.
b) Remember the pair: Privy Purse abolition - Indira Gandhi.

12. Given below are two statements : [1 Mark]
Statement-I : The economic policies implemented by China helped to break the stagnation of its economy.
Statement-II : Economic development of China also increased environmental degradation and corruption.
In the light of above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(A) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true.
(B) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are false.
(C) Statement-I is true, but Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, but Statement-II is true.

Answer: (A) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true.

Teacher's Note:
a) China's reforms ended stagnation and brought fast growth.
b) Growth also brought problems such as environmental degradation and corruption.

SECTION B

13. "Planning was the most obvious choice for India after independence." Support the statement. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Even before independence, in 1944, a section of big industrialists got together and drafted a joint proposal called the 'Bombay Plan' for setting up a planned economy in the country.
2. The idea of planning was successful in the USSR, and planning was getting international support at that time, which motivated India to opt for planned development.

Teacher's Note:
a) The 'Bombay Plan' of 1944 is a key value point; mention the year.
b) Give any two supporting points, one mark each, within 50-60 words.

14. "The demands of various regional aspirations during 1980s was a step towards nation building." Support the statement with argument. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. India followed a democratic approach to regional demands and did not look upon them as anti-national. The demands were heard and settled, which strengthened national integration. For example, the regional movement in Punjab was resolved through an agreement between the Indian government and the leaders of Punjab.
2. The issue of 'outsiders' in Assam was also resolved through negotiation and diplomacy.

Teacher's Note:
a) Keywords: democratic approach, negotiation, not anti-national, national integration.
b) Support each argument with an example such as Punjab or Assam.

15. On what grounds can globalisation be considered a multi-dimensional concepts ? Explain with example. [2 Marks]

Answer: Globalisation is multi-dimensional because it has political, economic and cultural manifestations.
1. Economic: institutions like the IMF and the WTO are determining economic policies across the world, and economic flows among countries are increasing.
2. Cultural: globalisation leads to cultural homogenisation (a uniform culture), and people now have more choices of food, clothes and festivals.

Teacher's Note:
a) Name the three dimensions first: political, economic and cultural.
b) Then explain any two with an example each; the political example is the erosion of state capacity and the shift from welfare state to minimalist state.

16. Explain any two human activities responsible for degradation of environment. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Cutting of trees: large scale felling of trees destroys forests and harms the environment.
2. Burning of fossil fuels: burning coal and oil pollutes the air and damages the environment.

Teacher's Note:
a) Other accepted activities: overuse of natural resources, use of chemicals in agriculture, increasing population, pollution, industrialisation and urbanisation.
b) Write exactly two activities, one mark each.

17. Highlight any two consequences of the General Election of 1967. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. The Congress got a majority in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952.
2. Half the ministers of Indira Gandhi's cabinet were defeated, and some political stalwarts lost their constituencies.

Teacher's Note:
a) Political observers called the 1967 results a 'political earthquake'; this is a useful keyword.
b) The Congress also lost in several Legislative Assemblies; this is another accepted point.

18. How does the natural insularity of South Asian region determine its cultural distinctiveness ? Explain. [2 Marks]

Answer: The mighty Himalayas in the north and the vast Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in the south, west and east give South Asia a natural insularity. This separation is largely responsible for the linguistic, social and cultural distinctiveness of the sub-continent. Because of it, numerous languages, festivals and social rituals are followed in South Asia, which make the region distinct.

Teacher's Note:
a) Name the natural boundaries: Himalayas in the north and the seas on three sides.
b) The answer is assessed as a whole, so link the geography clearly to the cultural result.

SECTION C

19. Explain the evolution of the Communist Party of India in Indian Politics. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. In the early 1920s, communist groups emerged in different parts of India. They took inspiration from the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and advocated socialism as the solution to the country's problems.
2. From 1935, the communists worked mainly from within the fold of the Indian National Congress.
3. A parting of ways took place in December 1941, when the communists decided to support the British in their war against Nazi Germany. At the time of independence, unlike other non-Congress parties, the CPI had a well-oiled party machinery and a dedicated cadre.
4. The party went through a major split in 1964 after the ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China. The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI, while the opponents formed the CPI(M).

Teacher's Note:
a) The answer is assessed as a whole; the dates 1920s, 1935, 1941 and 1964 carry the story.
b) Do not mix up the CPI and the CPI(M); the CPI(M) was formed after the 1964 split.

20. "Growing global poverty is becoming a threat to the world." Support the statement with two arguments. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. Global poverty widens the gap between rich and poor countries. High per capita income and low population growth make rich states richer, while low income and high population growth make poor states poorer. This growing gap is a source of insecurity in the world.
2. Global poverty in the South has led to large scale migration of people seeking a better life. States are generally expected to accept refugees but not migrants, so this migration creates tension between countries and becomes a threat to human security.

Teacher's Note:
a) Each argument carries 2 marks, so explain it, do not just state it.
b) Other accepted points: it affects sustainable development, threatens human security and helps the spread of epidemics.

21. (a) Analyse the 'ASEAN way' as a unique initiative of promoting peace in South-east Asian Countries. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. The 'ASEAN Way' is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative. Through it, member countries resolve their conflicts by negotiation. For example, ASEAN mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict and the East Timor crisis.
2. ASEAN nations use the 'ASEAN Way' to foster peace, co-operation and economic growth. For example, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was set up in 1994 to coordinate security and foreign policy.

Teacher's Note:
a) The scheme wants two points, each with its meaning and an example (2 marks each).
b) Keywords: informal, non-confrontationist, cooperative.

OR

(b) Determine the contribution of 'ASEAN security community' in its promotion of economic progress. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. The ASEAN security community was based on the belief that territorial disputes should not grow into armed confrontation. By 2003, ASEAN had several agreements by which members promised to uphold peace, neutrality, co-operation, non-interference and respect for national differences and sovereign rights. This peaceful climate helped economic growth.
2. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), set up in 1994, coordinates security and foreign policy. With this stability, the ASEAN economy grew much faster than the US, the EU and Japan, and ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area for investment, labour and services.

Teacher's Note:
a) Link security (peace, no armed conflict) to economic results (fast growth, FTA).
b) Any two well explained points earn 2 marks each.

22. Describe any four initiatives taken across the world to create awareness about the protection of the environment. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. In 1972, the Club of Rome published a book called 'Limits to Growth' to create awareness about the environment.
2. International agencies, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), began holding international conferences and promoting detailed studies to get a more coordinated and effective response to environmental problems.
3. The Brundtland Report, 'Our Common Future', warned that the traditional patterns of economic development were not sustainable.
4. The Earth Summit was held to prepare an agenda and programme for the protection of the environment.

Teacher's Note:
a) One mark for each initiative; name it and state its purpose.
b) Remember the order: Club of Rome, UNEP, Brundtland Report, Earth Summit.

23. (a) "India has accepted expressions of regional aspirations to strengthen the national integrity." Support the statement with two examples. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. India adopted a democratic approach to regional aspirations. For example, the states of Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created from their parent states. Accepting these demands strengthened national integrity.
2. India allows parties and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional aspirations. For example, the All Assam Students Union (AASU) in Assam and the Mizo National Front (MNF) in Mizoram worked to solve their regional issues through the democratic process.

Teacher's Note:
a) Each point must carry an example; 2 marks each.
b) Another accepted example: people's movements in Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland were settled by negotiation, not treated as against national unity.

OR

(b) Do you agree that the Assam accord was successful in establishing peace and stability in the State ? Support your answer with any two arguments. [4 Marks]

Answer: Yes, I agree.
1. In 1985, the Rajiv Gandhi government negotiated with the AASU leaders and signed the accord. Under it, foreigners who had migrated into Assam during and after the Bangladesh war were to be identified and deported.
2. After the movement ended, the AASU and the Asom Gana Sangram Parishad formed a regional party, the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP). It came to power in 1985, promising to solve the foreign national problem and to build a 'Golden Assam'. The accord brought peace and changed the face of politics in Assam.

Teacher's Note:
a) The scheme accepts both 'Yes' and 'No' if supported by two proper arguments.
b) For 'No': the accord did not solve immigration, the 'outsiders' issue is still alive in Assam politics, and original inhabitants have become a minority in some north-east states.

SECTION D

24. Study the given cartoon carefully and answer the questions that follow : [4 Marks]

[Figure: Cartoon. A Prince in a turban and jewellery sits on the back of a thin, poor man who is on his hands and knees; the poor man carries the label "STATES PEOPLE". The Prince holds a box labelled "EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, DEFENCE, COMMUNICATION". A smiling leader labelled "PATEL" walks towards him with one hand stretched out for the box and says in a speech bubble: "NO NO. DON'T GET UP, YOUR NIGHNESS. JUST GIVE ME THIS. THAY WILL DO".]

(i) Name the leader talking to the Prince in this cartoon. [1 Mark]

Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Teacher's Note:
a) The leader is labelled "PATEL" in the cartoon.
b) Write the full name, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

(ii) What does the Prince sitting on the back of a poor man indicate ? [1 Mark]

Answer: It shows that the people of the princely states were exploited and kept in suppressed conditions; the rulers used to suppress the ordinary people.

Teacher's Note:
a) The label "STATES PEOPLE" on the poor man is the clue.
b) Keywords: exploited, suppressed.

(iii) What message is being conveyed by the cartoon ? [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Sardar Patel preferred to get the 'Instrument of Accession' signed by the rulers, by which they handed over subjects like external affairs, defence and communication.
2. This approach helped to unify the country as one unit.

Teacher's Note:
a) The box in the Prince's hands shows the subjects handed over under the Instrument of Accession.
b) Mention both the method (Instrument of Accession) and the result (unification of India).

For Visually Impaired Candidates (in lieu of Q. 24)

Note : The following questions are only for the Visually Impaired Candidates in lieu of question number 24 : [4 Marks]

(i) Name the speech given by Jawaharlal Nehru at the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947. [1 Mark]

Answer: 'Tryst with Destiny'.

Teacher's Note:
a) Nehru gave this speech at the special session of the Constituent Assembly on the night of independence.
b) Write the name within quotation marks.

(ii) Name the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. [1 Mark]

Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Teacher's Note:
a) Patel was also the Home Minister who led the integration of princely states.
b) Do not confuse him with the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.

(iii) Explain the two nation theory. [2 Marks]

Answer: The two nation theory was put forward by the Muslim League. According to this theory, India consisted of not one but two 'people', Hindus and Muslims. So, after independence, the country should be divided into two nations.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention who gave the theory (Muslim League) and what it said (two people, two nations).
b) This theory led to the demand for Pakistan.

25. In the given political outline map of India, four states have been marked as A, B, C and D. Identify these on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with their respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabet as per format that follows : [4 Marks]
(i) The state related to student movement against inflation and corruption in 1974.
(ii) The state related to the farmer's leader Chaudhary Charan Singh.
(iii) The state related to Congress leader Jag Jeevan Ram.
(iv) The state where Congress could not win even a single Lok Sabha seat in 1977 elections.
Sr. No. of the information used | Concerned alphabet in the map | Name of the state
(i) | |
(ii) | |
(iii) | |
(iv) | |

[Figure: Political outline map of India with four states marked by letters: A in north-central India, B on the west coast on the peninsula south of the Tropic of Cancer, C in north-west India just above and to the left of A, and D in eastern India to the right of A. Four blank boxes are drawn in the Arabian Sea.]

Answer:
(i) - B - Gujarat
(ii) - A - Uttar Pradesh
(iii) - D - Bihar
(iv) - C - Haryana

Teacher's Note:
a) Write the answer in the table format asked: serial number, alphabet and name of the state; 1 mark each.
b) Charan Singh was a farmer leader from Uttar Pradesh and Jagjivan Ram was a Congress leader from Bihar.

For Visually Impaired Candidates (in lieu of Q. 25)

Note : The following questions are only for the Visually Impaired Candidates in lieu of question number 25 : [4 Marks]

(i) Write the name of first Prime Minister of Janta Party Government. [1 Mark]

Answer: Morarji Desai.

Teacher's Note:
a) The Janata Party came to power after the 1977 elections.
b) Morarji Desai was the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

(ii) In which year, was the National Emergency imposed in India by Indira Gandhi government ? [1 Mark]

Answer: 1975 (25 June 1975).

Teacher's Note:
a) The scheme accepts either the year 1975 or the full date 25 June 1975.
b) The Emergency lasted until 1977.

(iii) Name the leader who announced a nationwide Satyagraha at Ram Lila Maidan before the declaration of National Emergency. [1 Mark]

Answer: Jayaprakash Narayan.

Teacher's Note:
a) He was popularly known as JP and led the movement against the government in 1974-75.
b) The rally was held at the Ram Lila Maidan in Delhi.

(iv) Name the political party that won the Lok Sabha Election in 1977. [1 Mark]

Answer: Janata Party.

Teacher's Note:
a) The 1977 election came right after the Emergency.
b) It was the first time the Congress lost power at the centre.

26. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow : [4 Marks]

The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) is a major regional initiative by the South Asian states to evolve co-operation through multilateral means. It began in 1985. Unfortunately due to persisting political differences, SAARC has not had much success. SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in 2002 which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole of South Asia.

(i) Which one of the following South Asian countries is not a founder member of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) ? [1 Mark]
(A) Nepal
(B) Bhutan
(C) Afghanistan
(D) Bangladesh

Answer: (C) Afghanistan

Teacher's Note:
a) SAARC began in 1985; Afghanistan joined later.
b) Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh are founder members.

(ii) The external power that affects the South Asian Countries the most is : [1 Mark]
(A) United States of America
(B) Russia
(C) France
(D) Britain

Answer: (A) United States of America

Teacher's Note:
a) The USA has close ties with both India and Pakistan and plays a key role in the region.
b) Read "external power" carefully; it means a country outside South Asia.

(iii) The major objective of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation is - [1 Mark]
(A) to become a contemporary centre of power in the World.
(B) to establish a common currency for the regional organisation for its economic development.
(C) to solve all regional conflicts without interference of external powers.
(D) to co-operate member states for economic growth, social progress and cultural development through multilateral means.

Answer: (D) to co-operate member states for economic growth, social progress and cultural development through multilateral means.

Teacher's Note:
a) The passage itself says SAARC aims to evolve co-operation through multilateral means.
b) SAARC has no common currency, so option (B) is wrong.

(iv) Which one of the following is NOT a core objective of South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) ? [1 Mark]
(A) To establish a common currency for SAARC nations.
(B) To promote and enhance mutual trade and economic co-operation.
(C) To reduce custom duties and non-tariff barriers.
(D) To create a free trade area among member states.

Answer: (A) To establish a common currency for SAARC nations.

Teacher's Note:
a) SAFTA is about free trade: lowering trade barriers and creating a free trade zone.
b) A common currency is not part of SAFTA's aims.

SECTION E

27. (a) "India's Foreign Policy has been successful in saving its 'National Interests'." Support the statement with three arguments. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Independent foreign policy: India's foreign policy was based on Non-Alignment (NAM), Panchsheel, respect for the UN, disarmament and world peace. By adopting NAM, India did not join either military bloc. It pursued an independent foreign policy and so protected its sovereignty, which was its first national interest after independence.
2. Support from both blocs: because India stayed non-aligned, it could muster support from both the military blocks. India could take help from both sides for its development and was not dragged into the rivalry of the Cold War.
3. Good relations with neighbours: India could pursue peaceful and cordial relations with its neighbouring countries. Its good relations with Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka are examples. Peace with neighbours helped India's security and let it focus on its own growth.

Teacher's Note:
a) Three arguments, 2 marks each; each must be explained, not just listed.
b) Keywords: NAM, Panchsheel, sovereignty, independent foreign policy.
c) Keep the answer within 170-180 words.

OR

(b) "India's Foreign Policy is as per the principles of International Peace and Security as laid down in Article 51 of the Indian Constitution." Justify the statement with three examples. [6 Marks]

Answer: Article 51 of the Constitution lays down Directive Principles of State Policy on the promotion of international peace and security. India's foreign policy follows these principles:
1. Promote international peace and security: India states that its nuclear programme is for peaceful purposes, as seen in its stand on its atomic tests. India is also ready to co-operate with other countries to fight challenges like terrorism and global warming.
2. Maintain just and honourable relations among nations: India has tried its best to sign treaties and agreements with its neighbouring countries like Pakistan and China to keep fair and friendly relations.
3. Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration: India has sent its troops under the UN to establish peace in troubled areas. It also sent its army to Sri Lanka to help settle the ethnic conflict there.

Teacher's Note:
a) Begin by stating that Article 51 is a Directive Principle on international peace and security.
b) Match each principle of Article 51 with one example; 2 marks for each principle with example.

28. (a) How was the Soviet System responsible for the disintegration of USSR ? Explain. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, which made life very difficult for its citizens.
2. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled the people, who often expressed their dissent through jokes and cartoons.
3. Most institutions of the Soviet state needed reform. The one-party system of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was not accountable to the people.
4. The party refused to recognise the urge of people in the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union to manage their own affairs, including their cultural affairs.
5. On paper Russia was only one of the fifteen republics, but in reality Russia dominated everything. People from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed.
6. The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology and infrastructure (for example transport and power), and it failed to fulfil the political and economic aspirations of its citizens.

Teacher's Note:
a) Six points, 1 mark each; write each as a separate numbered point.
b) Keywords: bureaucratic, authoritarian, one-party rule, Russian domination, lagging behind the West.

OR

(b) Explain any four consequences of the disintegration of Soviet Union. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. End of the Cold War: the disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War confrontation. With it, the ideological conflict between socialist and capitalist countries also came to an end.
2. Change in power relations: power relations in world politics changed. A unipolar world came up, with the dominance of the United States.
3. Emergence of new countries: many new independent countries emerged from the former Soviet Union, each with its own independent aspirations and choices.
4. Shift to capitalism: the erstwhile socialist countries turned to capitalism. The World Bank and the IMF started helping those former republics that adopted democracy and the market system.

Teacher's Note:
a) Four consequences, 1½ marks each, so explain every point in two or three sentences.
b) Another accepted point: the European Union got strengthened.

29. (a) Explain the composition and one function of any three organs of the United Nations. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. General Assembly:
Composition - it represents all 193 member states, and each member has one vote. Major decisions need a two-thirds majority.
Function - it adopts the UN budget, appoints the Secretary-General and elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council.
2. Security Council:
Composition - it has 15 members: 5 permanent members (US, UK, France, Russia and China) with veto power, and 10 temporary members elected for two years.
Function - it investigates disputes, works to establish peace and can authorise military action against threats to peace. Its decisions are binding on all UN members.
3. International Court of Justice:
Composition - it has 15 judges elected for 9 years by an absolute majority in both the General Assembly and the Security Council. It is situated at The Hague in the Netherlands.
Function - it settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on legal questions.

Teacher's Note:
a) For each organ, write composition and one function separately; 2 marks per organ.
b) The Secretariat and the Economic and Social Council are also accepted.
c) Do not forget the five permanent members and the veto in the Security Council.

OR

(b) Name any three agencies of the United Nations and explain one function of each. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. World Health Organisation (WHO): it works for good health and against the spread of epidemics, for example through vaccination programmes.
2. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): it works for the welfare of children and protects child rights, focusing on their health, education, nutrition and safety.
3. International Labour Organisation (ILO): it sets international labour standards and works to promote decent employment and social protection for workers.

Teacher's Note:
a) One mark for the name of each agency and one mark for its function.
b) Other accepted agencies: UNHRC (protection of human rights), IAEA and UNESCO (education, cultural heritage and scientific research).

30. (a) Which trends in Indian Politics may be predicted on the basis of the seats won in the general elections by various political parties from 2004 till now ? Explain any three. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Decline of the dominance of the Congress Party: the Congress, which once dominated Indian politics, no longer wins seats on its own the way it used to, and its tally has fallen sharply in recent elections.
2. Rise in the importance of regional parties: regional political parties win a large share of seats in their states, and national parties need their support to form governments at the centre.
3. Coalition governments with pre-poll alliances: governments at the centre have been formed by coalitions built through pre-poll alliances, such as the alliances led by the Congress and by the BJP.

Teacher's Note:
a) Three trends, 2 marks each; name the trend and then explain it.
b) Other accepted trends: rise of pro-Hindutva politics and the trend towards stable governments.

OR

(b) Why was the Mandal Commission set up ? In what ways did it change the nature of representation in political, social, economic and educational fields in India ? Explain. [6 Marks]

Answer: The Mandal Commission was set up to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society and to recommend ways of identifying these backward classes.
Changes brought about by its recommendations:
1. Political: it recommended land reforms to improve the condition of the OBCs, which empowered them in the political field.
2. Social: 27% reservation for OBCs in central and state services empowered them in the social field.
3. Economic: 27% of government jobs reserved for OBCs gave economic security to their communities.
4. Educational: 27% reservation of seats in educational institutions improved the condition of the OBCs and led to their social, economic and educational rise in society.

Teacher's Note:
a) 2 marks for why it was set up and 4 marks for the changes, one for each field.
b) Remember the key figure: 27% reservation for OBCs.

Please click the link below to download pdf file of CBSE Class 12 Political Science Question Paper 2026 Solved Code 59-1-3