CBSE Class 12 Engineering Graphics Sample Paper 2026 27 with Solutions PDF Download

SECTION - A

Q.1 to Q.14: Answer the following Multiple Choice Questions. Print the correct choice on your drawing sheet. [14 X 1 = 14 Marks]

1. What is the relative position of the plane of projection with respect to the object, when viewed by an observer in the first angle method of projection? [1 Mark]
(A) In front of the object
(B) Behind the object
(C) Between the object and the observer
(D) Above the object

Answer: (B) Behind the object

Teacher's Note:
a) In the first angle method the order is: observer, object, plane of projection.
b) In the third angle method the plane comes between the observer and the object; do not mix them up.

2. Which of the following lines are used to show that the object is cut and then viewed? [1 Mark]
(A) Hidden Lines
(B) Leader Lines
(C) Centre Lines
(D) Hatching Lines

Answer: (D) Hatching Lines

Teacher's Note:
a) Hatching (section) lines are thin lines, usually at \( 45^{\circ} \), drawn on the cut surface.
b) Hidden lines show edges that are not visible; they do not show a cut.

3. The ratio of isometric length to true length can be mathematically calculated as: [1 Mark]
(A) \( \sqrt{2} : \sqrt{2} \)
(B) \( \sqrt{3} : \sqrt{2} \)
(C) \( \sqrt{2} : \sqrt{3} \)
(D) \( \sqrt{1} : \sqrt{3} \)

Answer: (C) \( \sqrt{2} : \sqrt{3} \)

Teacher's Note:
a) Isometric length : true length = \( \cos 45^{\circ} : \cos 30^{\circ} = \sqrt{2} : \sqrt{3} \), which is about 0.816.
b) Isometric length is always shorter than the true length, so the ratio must be less than 1.

4. How many non-isometric lines are there in the given isometric projection? [1 Mark]
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 5

[Figure: Isometric projection of a triangular prism lying on one rectangular face with its axis horizontal, drawn inside a box of thin construction lines. Length of prism 70, base edge of triangle 50. The triangular ends are at the two ends of the 70 mm length; the sloping edges of the triangles run from the apex to the base corners. Centre lines shown. Label: ISOMETRIC PROJECTION; direction of viewing arrow F.]

Answer: (C) 3

Teacher's Note:
a) Non-isometric lines are lines not parallel to any isometric axis; here they are the sloping edges of the triangular ends.
b) Count only the sloping edges actually drawn in the figure: two on the near triangle and one visible on the far triangle.

5. For a square thread, what is the distance (D) between the Crest and Root when pitch (P) is given? [1 Mark]
(A) D = 0.86 P
(B) D = 0.50 P
(C) D = 0.64 P
(D) D = 0.96 P

Answer: (B) D = 0.50 P

Teacher's Note:
a) In a square thread the depth, the crest width and the root width are all 0.5P.
b) 0.86P is the fundamental triangle height of V-threads; do not confuse the two.

6. Choose the correct statements for the given hexagonal prism as seen from direction F:
(i) It is a horizontal solid
(ii) Two rectangular faces are parallel to VP
(iii) The hexagonal ends are parallel to HP
(iv) The axis is perpendicular to HP [1 Mark]
(A) (i) & (ii)
(B) (ii) & (iii)
(C) (iii) & (iv)
(D) (ii) & (iv)

[Figure: Isometric projection of a hexagonal prism (base edge 30, height 70) standing on one hexagonal end on H.P. with its axis vertical, drawn inside a box of thin construction lines; direction of viewing arrow F at the front left.]

Answer: (C) (iii) & (iv)

Teacher's Note:
a) The prism stands on its hexagonal base, so it is a vertical solid with its axis perpendicular to HP.
b) When the axis is vertical, both hexagonal ends are horizontal, that is, parallel to HP.

7. Which of the following statements are correct for a rivet?
(i) It is represented as two discontinuous circles in one of its views.
(ii) Flat-head is a type of a rivet-head.
(iii) It is a non-threaded fastener.
(iv) It is used along with a cotter in rod joints. [1 Mark]
(A) (i) & (ii)
(B) (ii) & (iii)
(C) (i) & (iii)
(D) (iv) & (ii)

Answer: (B) (ii) & (iii)

Teacher's Note:
a) A rivet is a permanent, non-threaded fastener; flat head is one of its standard heads.
b) Two circles with a broken inner circle is the convention for a threaded part, not a rivet.
c) Cotters are used in cotter joints with rods, not with rivets.

8. The parts used in a "Sleeve and Cotter Joint" are: [1 Mark]
(A) 1 Sleeve, 2 Rods and 1 Cotter
(B) 1 Sleeve, 2 Rods and 2 Cotters
(C) 2 Sleeves, 1 Rod and 2 Cotters
(D) 2 Sleeves, 2 Rods and 2 Cotters

Answer: (B) 1 Sleeve, 2 Rods and 2 Cotters

Teacher's Note:
a) The two rod ends are pushed into one sleeve from opposite sides.
b) Each rod is locked to the sleeve by its own cotter, so two cotters are needed.

9. Match LIST I with LIST II [1 Mark]
LIST I (Value of angles a, b, c) | LIST II (Name of Projection)
A. \( \angle a \neq \angle b \neq \angle c \) | (i) Isometric
B. \( \angle a \neq \angle b = \angle c \) | (ii) Oblique
C. \( \angle a = \angle b = \angle c \) | (iii) Dimetric
D. \( \angle a \neq \angle b \neq \angle c \), but \( \angle b = 90^{\circ} \) | (iv) Trimetric
(A) A-(i) B-(ii) C-(iv) D-(iii)
(B) A-(iv) B-(i) C-(iii) D-(ii)
(C) A-(i) B-(iv) C-(ii) D-(iii)
(D) A-(iv) B-(iii) C-(i) D-(ii)

[Figure: A cube drawn in pictorial view with the three angles between the edges meeting at its front corner marked: a (top), b (left) and c (right).]

Answer: (D) A-(iv) B-(iii) C-(i) D-(ii)

Teacher's Note:
a) Isometric means all three angles equal (each \( 120^{\circ} \)); dimetric means two equal; trimetric means all three different.
b) In oblique projection one face is drawn true shape, so one angle between the axes is \( 90^{\circ} \).

10. Choose the correct statements for the given figure:
(i) There are two pyramids.
(ii) An inverted polyhedron is centrally placed on the rectangular face of a prism.
(iii) The axis of the prism is parallel to VP & HP
(iv) Two triangular faces are parallel to VP [1 Mark]
(A) (i) & (iii)
(B) (iii) & (iv)
(C) (ii) & (iv)
(D) (i) & (ii)

[Figure: Isometric view of a combination of solids: a triangular prism (base edge 50, length 82) lying on a rectangular face with its axis horizontal, and an inverted square pyramid (base edge 56, height 60) resting on its apex centrally on the top of the prism. Direction of viewing arrow at the lower left, pointing towards the triangular end of the prism.]

Answer: (C) (ii) & (iv)

Teacher's Note:
a) Only one pyramid is present; the lower solid is a triangular prism, so statement (i) is wrong.
b) The viewing arrow points along the prism axis, so the axis is perpendicular to VP and the two triangular ends are parallel to VP.

11. In the given figure of a square neck stud of diameter Ød, what is the value of x? [1 Mark]
(A) 0.8d
(B) 0.5d
(C) 1.5d
(D) d

[Figure: Front view of a square neck stud of diameter Ød with rounded ends; the square neck in the middle is shown by crossed diagonal lines, and its length is marked x.]

Answer: (D) d

Teacher's Note:
a) The length of the square neck of the stud is equal to d.
b) The crossed diagonals are the convention for a flat (square) surface on a round part.

12. Match LIST I with LIST II for an assembly of a square nut, a square bolt and a washer having nominal diameter = 20 mm [1 Mark]
LIST I (Feature) | LIST II (Value of its Dimension)
A. Thickness of Bolt head | (i) 16 mm
B. Length of threaded part of nut | (ii) 43 mm
C. Outer diameter of washer | (iii) 33 mm
D. Diameter of chamfer circle | (iv) 20 mm
(A) A-(iv) B-(i) C-(iii) D-(ii)
(B) A-(i) B-(iv) C-(ii) D-(iii)
(C) A-(ii) B-(iii) C-(i) D-(iv)
(D) A-(iii) B-(ii) C-(iv) D-(i)

Answer: (B) A-(i) B-(iv) C-(ii) D-(iii)

Teacher's Note:
a) With d = 20: bolt head thickness 0.8d = 16, nut thickness d = 20, washer outer diameter 2d + 3 = 43, chamfer circle 1.5d + 3 = 33.
b) Substitute d into each standard proportion before matching.

13. Which statements are correct for the given figure on isometric projection of combination of solids?
(i) One of the solids is kept vertical.
(ii) There are seven plane surfaces.
(iii) The diameter of iso cylinder is less than true 80mm.
(iv) There are two curved surfaces. [1 Mark]
(A) (i) & (iii)
(B) (iii) & (iv)
(C) (i) & (iv)
(D) (ii) & (iii)

[Figure: Isometric projection of a combination of solids: a cylinder of diameter Ø80 and height 20 standing on its base, with a pentagonal prism (base edge 20, length 25) lying on one rectangular face with its axis horizontal, placed centrally on the top face of the cylinder.]

Answer: (A) (i) & (iii)

Teacher's Note:
a) The cylinder stands with its axis vertical, and in isometric projection its diameter is drawn with the isometric length, shorter than 80.
b) A cylinder has only one curved surface, so statement (iv) is wrong.

14. Match LIST - I with LIST - II [1 Mark]
LIST I (PARTS) | LIST II (MACHINE)
A. Threaded rods | (i) Gib and cotter joint
B. Gasket | (ii) Bearing
C. Bush | (iii) Flange pipe joint
D. Strap | (iv) Turnbuckle
(A) A-(iv) B-(iii) C-(ii) D-(i)
(B) A-(iii) B-(iv) C-(i) D-(ii)
(C) A-(iv) B-(ii) C-(i) D-(iii)
(D) A-(i) B-(iv) C-(ii) D-(iii)

Answer: (A) A-(iv) B-(iii) C-(ii) D-(i)

Teacher's Note:
a) A turnbuckle joins two threaded rods; a gasket seals the faces of a flange pipe joint.
b) A bush is fitted in a bearing; a strap is a part of the gib and cotter joint.

SECTION - B

Q.15 to Q.18: Read the following paragraph and answer the questions given below: [4 X 1 = 4 Marks]

[Figure: Picture of a stainless-steel water tank: an upper cylindrical tank with a lid, a lower inverted conical part, supported on four steel legs joined by cross bars.]

The isometric projection of the given stainless-steel water tank provides a clear three-dimensional representation, enabling engineers to visualize its structure without distortion. The tank consists of an upper cylindrical storage section and a lower inverted conical discharge section, both supported on a rigid steel frame. The isometric view highlights equal foreshortening along all three axes, allowing accurate measurement and proportion checking. This method helps in understanding joint placements, leg alignment, and the visibility of the conical portion. Such a projection is widely used in engineering graphics for fabrication drawings, material estimation, and ensuring that each component fits precisely during construction.

15. Isometric projection gives ________________ foreshortening along all three axes. [1 Mark]
(A) Unequal
(B) Linear
(C) Equal
(D) Zero

Answer: (C) Equal

Teacher's Note:
a) All three axes are equally inclined, so every axis is shortened in the same ratio (about 0.816).
b) The passage itself says "equal foreshortening along all three axes".

16. The common axis of the tank is: [1 Mark]
(A) Parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP
(B) Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
(C) Perpendicular to both HP and VP
(D) Parallel to both HP and VP

Answer: (B) Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP

Teacher's Note:
a) The cylinder and the inverted cone stand one above the other, so their common axis is vertical.
b) A vertical line is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.

17. In engineering drawing, to understand the detailed interior of the tank, one would require a: [1 Mark]
(A) Sectional view
(B) Freehand sketch
(C) Flow chart
(D) Isometric view

Answer: (A) Sectional view

Teacher's Note:
a) A sectional view shows the object as if cut by a plane, so the interior details become visible.
b) An isometric view shows only the outside shape.

18. The water tank is a combination of two solids: [1 Mark]
(A) Cube and Cylinder
(B) Sphere and Cone
(C) Cylinder and Cone
(D) Cylinder and Hemisphere

Answer: (C) Cylinder and Cone

Teacher's Note:
a) The upper storage part is cylindrical and the lower discharge part is an inverted cone.
b) Read the passage carefully: it names both solids.

Q.19 to Q.22: Read the following paragraph and answer the questions given below: [4 X 1 = 4 Marks]

Fasteners are mechanical components used to securely join two or more parts in engineering applications. They provide temporary or permanent connections depending on the requirement. The most widely used fasteners are bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and studs. A bolt is a threaded cylindrical rod inserted through aligned holes and tightened using a nut to form a strong detachable joint. Nuts are internally threaded components used in combination with bolts and studs to apply clamping force. Screws differ from bolts because they are driven directly into a threaded hole or material, eliminating the need for a nut. Rivets create a permanent joint by deforming the shank after insertion, making them ideal for structures subjected to vibration. Studs are threaded rods with no head, used when access is available from one side only and a firm clamping force is required. Proper selection of fasteners ensures structural reliability and service safety.

[Figure: Picture of five fasteners side by side, labelled BOLT (hexagonal head with threaded shank), NUT (hexagonal), RIVET (round head with plain shank), SCREW (countersunk head with tapered thread) and STUD (threaded rod with no head).]

19. Fasteners that allow repeated assembly and disassembly are ____________. [1 Mark]
(A) Rivets
(B) Bolts and Nuts
(C) Adhesives
(D) Welds

Answer: (B) Bolts and Nuts

Teacher's Note:
a) Bolts and nuts form a detachable (temporary) joint.
b) Rivets, adhesives and welds form permanent joints.

20. The head is missing in which fastener? [1 Mark]
(A) Nut
(B) Rivet
(C) Stud
(D) Bolt

Answer: (C) Stud

Teacher's Note:
a) The passage says studs are threaded rods with no head.
b) A stud is threaded at both ends, so a nut can be used on one end.

21. Studs are especially useful when access is available from ____________. [1 Mark]
(A) Both sides
(B) One side only
(C) From all sides
(D) No access is available

Answer: (B) One side only

Teacher's Note:
a) One end of the stud is screwed into a tapped hole, and the nut is tightened from the open side.
b) The passage states this directly: "access is available from one side only".

22. The shank portion of a rivet is made of ________________. [1 Mark]
(A) Plastic
(B) Soft metal
(C) Wood
(D) Glass

Answer: (B) Soft metal

Teacher's Note:
a) The shank is deformed after insertion to form the second head, so it must be a soft, ductile metal.
b) Plastic, wood or glass cannot be hammered into a strong permanent head.

23.A Figure 1 shows the details of parts of a Bush Bearing. Assemble all these parts correctly and then draw to scale 1:1; it's following views:
(I) Front View, right half in section [13 Marks]
(II) Top View [8 Marks]
(III) Print the title and scale used. Draw projection symbol. Give six important dimensions. [6 Marks]

[Figure: Figure 1 - BUSH BEARING (NOTE: FIGURE NOT TO SCALE. USE DIMENSIONS GIVEN). BASE - Front view: base plate 180 long and 17 thick, with a recess 4 deep on the underside starting 12 from each end (R3 corners); R5 rounds at the outer top corners and R5 fillets where the boss joins the plate; circular boss Ø60 outside with bore Ø40, centre 50 above the bottom; oil hole Ø5 at the top of the boss with a counterbore 3 deep; bolt holes 20 wide shown by hidden lines. Top view of base: plate 180 x 50, boss portion 60 wide, hidden rectangle of the recess 12 in from the edges, two elongated bolt holes 15 wide at 100 CRS, oil hole Ø10 at the centre. BUSH - Front view: two concentric circles Ø30 and Ø40 with an oil hole at the top; Side view: rectangle 60 long, bore shown by hidden lines, oil hole Ø5 at 30 from one end.]

Answer:
Assembly: the bush (Ø40 outside, Ø30 inside, 60 long) is fitted in the Ø40 bore of the base so that its Ø5 oil hole lines up with the oil hole of the base. Title: BUSH BEARING, SCALE 1:1.
(I) Front view, right half in section (13 marks):
1. Draw the left half of the base and the bush in outside view: base 180 long, 17 thick, boss R30 with centre 50 above the bottom, and the Ø40 and Ø30 circles of the bush (4).
2. Draw the right half of the base in section, including the oil hole (Ø10 till 3 deep, then Ø5), the mounting hole (20 wide, on the 100 CRS centre line) and the recess of 4 mm on the underside (12 from the end), and hatch it (6).
3. Draw the right half of the bush in section, including its Ø5 oil hole in line with the base oil hole, and hatch it in the opposite direction to the base (3).
(II) Top view (8 marks):
1. Draw the base (180 x 50) and the bush (60 long, projecting 5 on each side of the 50 base), with hidden lines for the bush bore and the recess (4).
2. Draw the two elongated mounting holes (20 x 15) at 100 CRS, the oil hole circles Ø10 and Ø5, and the cutting plane A-A (4).
(III) Others (6 marks):
1. Give six important dimensions, for example 180, 50, 17, 4, R30, Ø30, oil hole Ø10 and Ø5 (3).
2. Print the title BUSH BEARING, the scale used SCALE 1:1, and draw the first angle projection symbol (3).

Teacher's Note:
a) Marks split: front view 13 (4 + 6 + 3), top view 8 (4 + 4), dimensions 3 and title, symbol and scale 3.
b) Common mistakes: hatching the left half, hatching the base and bush in the same direction, and missing the 4 mm recess or the oil hole.
c) Project the top view directly below the front view and show the cutting plane on it.

OR

23.B Figure 2 shows the assembly of a Flange Pipe Joint. Disassemble the parts correctly and then draw to scale 1:1 its following views of the following components. Keeping the same position of parts with respect to H.P and V.P. as given:
(I) FLANGE B
(A) Front view, upper half in section [8 Marks]
(B) Right side view [7 Marks]
(II) GASKET
(A) Full sectional front view [3 Marks]
(B) Left side view [3 Marks]
(III) Print the titles of both and scale used. Draw the projection symbol. Give six important dimensions. [6 Marks]

[Figure: Figure 2 - FLANGE PIPE JOINT, FRONT VIEW (Take All Fillets R4; NOTE: FIGURE NOT TO SCALE. USE DIMENSIONS GIVEN). FLANGE A (C-I) on the left and FLANGE B (C-I) on the right, joined by 4 Ø10 SQ BOLTS WITH HEX. NUTS ON PCD 90 ON Ø12 HOLES. Each flange is 12 thick and 34 long overall from the joint face; flange diameter Ø116; bolt circle Ø90; hub Ø60; pipe outside Ø52 and bore Ø44 (hidden lines), with conventional breaks at the pipe ends. GASKET (INDIAN RUBBER), 3 thick, Ø70, between the two flanges.]

Answer:
Titles: FLANGE B and GASKET (FLANGE PIPE JOINT DIS ASSEMBLY), SCALE 1:1.
(I) FLANGE B, (A) Front view, upper half in section (8 marks):
1. Draw the lower half in outside view: flange 12 thick and Ø116, hub Ø60, pipe Ø52 with a conventional end, total length 34 (3).
2. Draw the upper half in section, including the Ø12 bolt hole (on PCD Ø90), the Ø44 bore and the conventional pipe end, and hatch the cut portion (5).
(I) FLANGE B, (B) Right side view (7 marks):
1. Draw the circles Ø116, Ø60, Ø52 and Ø44, and the four holes of Ø12 (5).
2. Draw the pitch circle Ø90 as a chain line, show the cutting plane A-A' and hatch the conventional end of the pipe (between Ø44 and Ø52) (2).
(II) GASKET, (A) Full sectional front view (3 marks):
1. Draw the gasket 3 thick with outer Ø70 and inner Ø44, and shade (blacken) the cut portions to show rubber (3).
(II) GASKET, (B) Left side view (3 marks):
1. Draw both circles, Ø70 and Ø44, with the cutting plane B-B' (3).
(III) Others (6 marks):
1. Give six important dimensions, for example Ø116, PCD Ø90, 4 Ø12 holes, 34, 12, Ø60, Ø52, Ø44, Ø70, 3 (3).
2. Print the titles of both parts, the scale used SCALE 1:1, and draw the first angle projection symbol (3).

Teacher's Note:
a) Marks split: Flange B 8 (3 + 5) and 7 (5 + 2), gasket 3 and 3, dimensions 3 and titles, symbol and scale 3.
b) Rubber is shown in section by blackening, not by normal hatching lines.
c) Common mistakes: sectioning the lower half instead of the upper half, and drawing the bolt hole as Ø10 (bolt size) instead of Ø12 (hole size).

SECTION - C

24. (I) Construct an isometric scale. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. Draw a horizontal line and, from its left end, draw a line at \( 45^{\circ} \). Mark true lengths 0, 10, 20 ... 70 mm on it and label it TRUE LENGTH (1).
2. From the same point draw a line at \( 30^{\circ} \). From each division on the \( 45^{\circ} \) line drop vertical lines to cut the \( 30^{\circ} \) line; these points give the isometric lengths. Divide the first part (0 to 10) into 1 mm subdivisions on both lines (2).
3. Write the title ISOMETRIC SCALE, the sub-titles TRUE LENGTH and ISOMETRIC LENGTH, and mark the angles \( 30^{\circ} \) and \( 45^{\circ} \) (1).

Teacher's Note:
a) Marks split: \( 45^{\circ} \) true length line 1, projections with 1 mm subdivisions 2, title, sub-titles and angles 1.
b) The projectors must be perpendicular to the horizontal line, not perpendicular to the \( 30^{\circ} \) line.
c) Keep this scale on the sheet; you need it for the isometric projection in part (II).

(II) Draw the isometric projection of a pentagonal pyramid (base edge 35 mm, axis 75mm) with its axis perpendicular to H.P and parallel to V.P. and resting on its base on H.P. with one base edge parallel to VP and nearer to the observer. Indicate the direction of viewing. Give all the dimensions. [9 Marks]

Answer:
1. Helping figure: draw a regular pentagon of edge 35 with one edge horizontal at the bottom (nearer to the observer), enclose it in a rectangle and mark its centre O (1).
2. Isometric pentagon: draw the enclosing rectangle as an isometric rhombus using isometric lengths (lines at \( 30^{\circ} \)), transfer the corners of the pentagon from the helping figure with the isometric scale, and join them to get the isometric pentagonal base, with the front edge nearer to the observer (4).
3. Face edges: from the centre of the base erect the vertical axis of isometric length of 75 mm to get the apex, and join the apex to the visible corners of the base (2).
4. Dimensions: give true dimensions, base edge 35 and axis 75, and mark the \( 30^{\circ} \) angles (1).
5. Show the axis as a chain line and indicate the direction of viewing by an arrow (1).

Teacher's Note:
a) Marks split: helping figure 1, isometric pentagon 4, face edges 2, dimensions 1, axis and direction of viewing 1.
b) Measure all lengths with the isometric scale but write true dimensions (35 and 75) on the drawing.
c) Common mistakes: drawing the pentagon with true lengths, or placing the base edge parallel to VP at the back instead of nearer to the observer.

25.A Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of the Knuckle thread with the enlarged pitch as 60mm. Give standard dimensions. [8 Marks]

Answer:
Given P = 60 mm, so depth 0.5P = 30 mm and radius R = 0.25P = 15 mm.
1. Draw two horizontal lines 30 mm apart (crest line and root line) and a centre line midway. Mark distances equal to half the pitch (0.5P = 30 mm) along the centre line to get the centres of the arcs (2).
2. With R = 15 mm draw semicircular arcs alternately above and below the centre line to form the crests and roots (3).
3. Draw the hatching lines below the profile and show a conventional break at the bottom (1).
4. Give standard dimensions: P = 60, 0.5P = 30, R = 0.25P = 15 (2).

Teacher's Note:
a) Marks split: half pitch distances 2, crests and roots 3, hatching with conventional break 1, standard dimensions 2.
b) The knuckle profile is made only of semicircles, so crests and roots must meet smoothly on the centre line.
c) Write the dimensions in terms of P as well as in mm, for example 0.5P = 30.

OR

25.B Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of a horizontal Hexagonal Bolt of nominal diameter 30 mm. Give the standard dimensions. [8 Marks]

Answer:
Given d = 30 mm: head thickness 0.8d = 24 mm, width across flats 1.5d + 3 = 48 mm, threaded length 2d + 6 = 66 mm, root diameter 0.8d = 24 mm, chamfer \( 30^{\circ} \), chamfer arc radius R = d = 30 mm.
1. Front view (axis horizontal): draw the hexagonal head 24 thick with the chamfer arcs on its outer face (\( 30^{\circ} \) chamfer, arcs drawn using the \( 60^{\circ} \) construction), then the shank Ø30 with the threaded length 66, the root lines at 0.8d and the rounded end of radius R = d (3).
2. Side view: draw a regular hexagon of 48 across flats, the chamfer circle Ø48 touching the flats, and the circles of the shank (Ø30 and 0.8d) as seen through the head, shown hidden (3).
3. Give standard dimensions: 0.8d, 1.5d + 3, 2d + 6, Ø30, R = d, \( 30^{\circ} \) (2).

Teacher's Note:
a) Marks split: front view 3, side view 3, standard dimensions 2.
b) Draw the side view hexagon first, then project the head corners into the front view.
c) The bolt must be drawn with its axis horizontal, as the question asks.