CBSE Class 11 Psychology What Is Psychology Assignment

School Assignments for Class 11 Psychology: Chapter 01 What Is Psychology

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What is Psychology?
 
♦  Psychology–Introduction
 
• Psychology is derived from two Greek words ‘psyche’ that means soul and ‘logos’ that means science or the study of a subject.
• Psychology can be defined as a science which studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different contexts.
• The experiences that are internal to the person experiencing them are referred to as states of consciousness or awareness or mental processes. Psychologists study the experiences of people those are subjective and embedded in the consciousness.
• The nature of experience can only be understood by analysing a complex set of internal and external conditions.
• Behaviour refers to responses or reactions that are made or activities that the people are engaged in.
• Overt and covert behaviour are associated with some stimulus in the environment or changes that happen internally.
 
♦ The Discipline of Psychology
 
• Often personal views influence the understanding the experiences of other.
• Psychologists try to minimise this bias either by seeking to make their analysis scientific and objective, or by seeking to explain behaviour from the point of view of the experiencing person because they think that subjectivity is a necessary aspect of human experience.
• Psychology as a discipline today has two parallel streams. One uses the method of physical and biological sciences, and the other uses method of social and cultural sciences in studying various psychological and social phenomena and predicting behaviour.
• The scientific branch of psychology follows hypothetico-deductive model while the social branch studies human behaviour in socio-cultural contexts.
 
♦ Relationship of Mind and Behaviour
 
• Recent studies in neuroscience have established a relationship between mind and behaviour.
• Using positive visualisation, techniques and feeling, positive emotions can bring significant changes in the processes of body.
• Psychoneuroimmunology emphasises the role played by mind in strengthening the immune system.
 
♦ Psychology and Common Sense
 
• Psychology is different from common sense as the latter explains human behaviour based on hindsight while the former looks for patterns of behaviour which can be predicted and not explained after their occurrence.
• Scientific knowledge of psychology is often against common sense.
• Psychologists are different from astrologers, exorcists and palm readers because they systematically examine propositions based on data to develop the principals about human behaviour and other psychological phenomena.
 
♦ Evolution of Psychology
 
• The subject matter of psychology grew out of ancient philosophy.
• The beginning of modern psychology took place in 1879 with its first laboratory in the University of Leipzig established by Wilhelm Wundt.
• Structural psychologists analysed the structure of mind through introspection.
• The method of introspection was not considered as scientific because the introspective reports could not be verified by outside observers.
• William James developed a functionalist approach to the study of human mind.
• The functionalists believed that it was more important to study the function of mind and adaptation to environment instead of its structure.Gestalt psychology focused on the organisation of perceptual experiences.
• The behaviourists attempted to study behaviour or responses to stimuli in measurable terms.
• The psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud viewed human beings as motivated by an unconscious desire for gratification of pleasure.
• Humanistic psychology took a positive view of human nature and emphasised free will.Aspects of gestalt approach and structuralism combined together to form cognitive development.
• Modern cognitive psychology is constructivist and views human beings as actively constructing their minds through their exploration into the physical and the social world.
 
♦ Psychology in India
 
• The development of psychology in India is influenced by western psychology.
• Indian psychology began in the department of philosophy at Calcutta University.
• The beginning of modern experimental psychology at Calcutta University was influenced by the Indian psychologist, Dr. N.N. Sengupta who was trained in USA in the experimental tradition of Wundt.
• Professor G. Bose was trained in Freudian psychoanalysis and established Indian Psychoanalytical Association in 1922.The four phases of psychology in India were related to its development, expansion, application and indigenisation.
 
♦ Branches of Psychology
 
• Cognitive Psychology: It investigates the mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation and transformation of information received from the surroundings with its use and communication.
• Biological Psychology: It focuses on the relationship between behaviour and the physical system.
• Neuropsychology: Psychologists and neurologists study the role of neurotransmitters and neural communication in different areas of brain in mental functions.
• Developmental Psychology: It studies the physical, social and psychological changes occurring in different stages of the life-span.
• Social Psychology: It explores the effect of social environments on people.
• Cross-cultural and Cultural Psychology: It examines the role of culture in understanding behaviour, thought and emotion.
• Environmental Psychology: It studies the interaction of physical factors like temperature, humidity, pollution and natural disasters on human behaviour.
• Health Psychology: It studies the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention and treatment of illness.
• Clinical and Counselling Psychology: It studies the causes, treatment and prevention of different types of psychological disorders.
• Industrial/Organisational Psychology: It deals with the workplace behaviour and focuses on both the workers and the organisation that employ them.
• Educational Psychology: It studies the learning pattern within human beings of all ages.
• Sports Psychology: It applies the principles of psychology to improve performance in sports by enhancing motivation among players.
 
♦ Themes of Psychology
 
• Following are themes upon which the applications of psychology are based:
• Theme 1: Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of behaviour and mental processes.
• Theme 2: Human behaviour is a function of the attributes of persons and environment.
• Theme 3: Human behaviour is caused.
• Theme 4: Understanding of human behaviour is culturally constructed.
 
♦ Basic versus Applied Psychology
 
• There is no clear distinction between the two branches.
• They are identified on the basis of their subject matter.
 
♦ Psychology with other disciplines
 
• Philosophy: Though psychology has emerged as a scientific discipline, it is influenced by philosophy.
• Medicine: A large number of hospitals employ psychologists to prevent people from engaging in health hazardous behaviours. The psychological aspect of health is as crucial as the physical aspect.
• Economics, Political Science and Sociology: ct matter of psychology has contributed to all of themPsychology has contributed to the study of microeconomic behaviour, issues related to exercise of power, political conflicts and voting patterns and behaviour of individuals in socio-cultural contexts.
• Computer Science: The development of computer science and psychology has brought about significant advancement in the field of cognitive science.
• Law and Criminology: Lawyers and criminologists require the knowledge of psychology to understand motives behind crime, the degree of punishment that is just and the factors that affect judgment.
• Mass Communication: A story by the mass media has more impact if it is based on the background of psychological knowledge.
• Music: Studies have been conducted about the role of music in emotions and therapies
Architecture and Engineering: Psychological knowledge helps in designing mechanical devices and displays.
 
♦ Psychologists at Work
 
• Clinical Psychologists: They help the clients with behavioural problems by providing them with therapies.
• Counselling Psychologists: They work with people who suffer from motivational and emotional problems.
• Community Psychologists: They focus on problems pertaining to community mental health and work for mental health agencies.
• School Psychologists: They work in the educational institutes and help students with their problems.
• Organisational Psychologists: They deal with the problems faced by executives and employees of an organisation, related to their roles.
 
♦ Psychology in Everyday Life
 
• Psychology plays an important role in everyday life by not only contributing as a discipline, but solving problems at different levels, such as schools, colleges, organisations, hospitals etc.
 
♦ Important Terms and Definitions
 
• Behaviour: Behaviour means the reactions that are made towards the activities, in which people engage. It also implies the covert or overt action or reaction that is done by a human being or an animal that can be observed.
• Behaviourism: A school of thought that defined psychology as the study of behaviours that could be measured and studied objectively.
• Cognition: It helps to deal with the environment as cognition is associated with all mental activities of ‘knowing’, namely, perceiving, thinking and remembering, etc. These activities helps in processing, understanding and communicating information.
• Cognitive Approach: This view emphasises human thought and all the processes of cognition as central to the study of psychology.
• Consciousness: Mental processes that are internal experiences of an individual, it also means the awareness of the general condition of one’s mind or self-awareness.
• Gestalt psychology: A branch of psychology in which behaviour is viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its parts.
• Humanistic Approach: The approach views an individual with a desire of personal growth and fulfils human potential with development.
• Introspection: It was a psychological study in which individuals were asked to describe their personal experiences in detail. However, it was later criticised as subjective and unscientific study.
• Mind: It is a concept that has been debated intensely. However, it refers to unique set of individual’s sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives and emotional feelings.
• Physiological Psychology: It studies the neural mechanisms of perception and behaviour of human and animal which is based on the relationship of psychological processes like those of nervous system, hormones, sensory organs and the behavioural parameters.
• Psychoanalysis: A method of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to bring represses unconscious material into conscious to cure psychological disorders.
• Sociology: Study of human society and its various institutions.
• Stimulus: Any well-defined external element or an activity in the environment that affects the organism, which may lead to an overt or a covert response.
• Structuralism: Associated with Wilhelm Wundt, the approach to psychology that seeks to understand the structure and operation of every psychological phenomenon

 

Multiple Choice Questions

Question. Psychology is a _________.
(a) A natural science
(b) A physical science
(c) A biological science
(d) A social science
Answer. D


Question. Psychology as a ‘Science of Mind’, defined by _________ school of psychology.
(a) Psychoanalysts
(b) Behaviourists
(c) Functionalists
(d) Ancient Greek Philosophers
Answer. D


Question. In the year _________ the Scientific Psychology was first accepted.
(a) 1779
(b) 1679
(c) 1879
(d) 1889
Answer. C


Question. Who is the father of Experimental Psychology.
(a) Wilhelm Wundt
(b) Sigmund Freud
(c) C.G. Jung
(d) E.B. Titchener
Answer. A


Question. Psychology can be literally defined as the _________.
(a) Science of mind
(b) Science of behaviour
(c) Science of soul
(d) Science of consciousness
Answer. C


Question. J.B. Watson, the founder and father of behaviouristic school of psychology defined ‘Psychology’ as the science of _________.
(a) Soul
(b) Consciousness
(c) Mind
(d) Behaviour
Answer. D


Question. E.B. Titchener (1867-1927) defined ‘Psychology’ as the science of_________.
(a) Conscious Experience
(b) Science of Mind
(c) Science of Experience
(d) Science of Soul
Answer. A


Question. Who defined ‘Psychology’ as the scientific study of activities of organism in relation to its environment?
(a) J.BWatson
(b) Sigmund Freud
(c) Wood worth
(d) William James
Answer. C


Question. “S-R” concept was first established by _________.
(a) J.BWatson
(b) Wilhelm Wundt
(c) William James
(d) I.P. Pavlov
Answer. A


Question. Rejecting the concept of “S-R” connectionism, further “S-O-R” concept was developed by _________.
(a) Woodworth
(b) C.G. Jung
(c) E.B. Titchener
(d) Sigmund Freud
Answer. A


Question. Who defined “Psychology as the science of immediate experience with consciousness being the main subject matter”?
(a) E.B. Titchener
(b) William James
(c) Sigmund Freud
(d) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer. A & D


Question. Who is the founder and principal proponent of psychoanalysis _________.
(a) Sigmund Freud
(b) E.B Titchener
(c) C.G. Jung
(d) Alfred Adler
Answer. A


Question. Who is the psychologist who constructed the first intelligence test?
(a) William James
(b) J. B. Watson
(c) William Mc Dougall
(d) Alfred Binet
Answer. D


Question. The occurrence of ‘O’ in ‘S-O-R’ concept is responsible in regulating the behavior of the organism and making psychological activity _________.
(a) Complex
(b) Dynamic
(c) Fixed
(d) Puzzled
Answer. B


Question. Anything which evokes a response in the Organism is called.
(a) Stimulus
(b) Thing
(c) Situation
(d) Incidence
Answer. A


Question. The method of ‘Field Observation’ is always considered as _________.
(a) Subjective
(b) Complex
(c) Neutral
(d) Objective
Answer. D


Question. To study Abnormal Psychology means, to study mainly the nature of _________.
(a) Normality of mind
(b) Unconscious level of mind
(c) Subconscious level of mind
(d) Abnormality of mind
Answer. B


Question. Clinical Psychology deals with the practical aspect of _________.
(a) Abnormal Psychology
(b) Educational Psychology
(c) Child Psychology
(d) Experimental Psychology
Answer. A


Question. Sigmund Freud is regarded as the father of _________ in psychology.
(a) Gestalt school
(b) Behaviouristic school
(c) Functionalistic school
(d) Psychoanalytic school
Answer. D


Question. Ebbinghuas, had done the pioneering experiments on _________.
(a) Perception
(b) Emotion
(c) Memory
(d) Thinking
Answer. C


Question. Science is invariably characterised by_________.
(a) Its methodology
(b) Its theory
(c) Its fact
(d) Its hypothesis
Answer. A


Question. General psychology deals with _______.
(a) Personality
(b) Development
(c) Intelligent
(d) Fundamentals of all branches of psychology
Answer. D


Question. Industrial Psychology is _________.
(a) Theoretical Psychology
(b) Applied Psychology
(c) Educational Psychology
(d) Abnormal Psychology
Answer. B


Question. Developmental Psychology studies_________.
(a) Personality
(b) Motivation
(c) Intelligence
(d) Various stages of development of man
Answer. D


Question. Abnormal Psychology is concerned with_________.
(a) Developmental stages of individual
(b) Diagnosis of abnormal behaviour
(c) Abnormal behaviour and its causes
(d) Treatment of abnormal behaviour
Answer. C


Question. Social Psychology deals with ________.
(a) Behaviour of an individual at work
(b) Behaviour and experience in social situations
(c) Behaviour of ethnic groups
(d) Abnormal Behaviour of people
Answer. B


Question. Psychology is the science studying the behaviour of _________.
(a) Mankind
(b) Living Organism
(c) Animals
(d) Plants
Answer. B


Question. Some of the most useful knowledge of human perception has borrowed from _________.
(a) Chemistry
(b) Physics
(c) Sociology
(d) Zoology
Answer. B


Question. A major part of developmental psychology is devoted to the understanding of behaviour of _________.
(a) Children
(b) Adolescents
(c) Women
(d) Old people
Answer. A


Question. Who is the founder of ‘Individual Psychology’?
(a) David Hull
(b) Thorndike
(c) Alfred Binet
(d) Alfred Adler
Answer. D


Question. From the following pioneered psychologist who is associated with Behaviourism?
(a) B.F. Skinner
(b) William James
(c) Megde Arnold
(d) David Hull
Answer. A


Question. Who is recognised as the father of psychoanalysis?
(a) Sigmund Freud
(b) Tolman
(c) Alfred Adler
(d) William James
Answer. A


Question. Wolf Gang Kohler was associated with_________ school of psychology.
(a) Social Psychology
(b) Gestalt Psychology
(c) Industrial Psychology
(d) Educational Psychology
Answer. B


Question. The “Law of effect” was coined by_________.
(a) Skinner
(b) Pavlov
(c) Kohler
(d) Thorndike
Answer. D


Question. Archetype is a terminology associated with _________.
(a) Jung
(b) Freud
(c) Adler
(d) Skinner
Answer. C


Question. Who established the first experimental psychological laboratory?
(a) Sigmund Freud
(b) B.F. Skinner
(c) Evan Pavlov
(d) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer. D


Question. Who is the valuable contributor in insightful learning?
(a) Throndike
(b) B.F. Skinner
(c) Evan Pavlov
(d) Kohler
Answer. D


Question. The most pioneered contributor to Behavioural school of psychology is _________.
(a) Freud
(b) Allport
(c) Watson
(d) Fechner
Answer. C


Question. Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory of experimental psychology at _________.
(a) Greenwich
(b) Zurich
(c) Leipzig
(d) Munich
Answer. C


Question. From the following psychologist, who rejected introspection as a method of psychology _________.
(a) B.F. Skinner
(b) Fulton
(c) Cattell
(d) J.B.Watson
Answer. D


Question. In which method of study of psychology, independent and dependent variable are important elements.
(a) Introspection Method
(b) Experimental Method
(c) Observational Method
(d) Case History Method
Answer. B


Question. In _________ method of study in psychology, passive study and analysis of human behaviour is usually done.
(a) Introspection Method
(b) Experimental Method
(c) Observational Method
(d) Genetic Method
Answer. C


Question. In the simplest experimental method, ‘E’ manipulates _________.
(a) One Variable
(b) Two Variables
(c) Three Variables
(d) Four Variables
Answer. A


Question. What it is called, when more than one independent variable works in an experimental situation.
(a) Situational Crisis
(b) Interaction
(c) Multisituational Effect
(d) Variable Crisis
Answer. B


Question. Who has been considered as the father of psychoanalysis method of study _________?
(a) Sigmund Freud
(b) E.B Titchener
(c) C.G. Jung
(d) Alfred Adler
Answer. A


Question. Who has been credited as the first developer of first intelligence test and made important contributions to our understanding of the thought process?
(a) William James
(b) Alfred Binet
(c) William McDougall
(d) J.B. Watson
Answer. B


Question. The concepts like “Introspection” and “Conscious Experience” are associated with _________.
(a) Functionalism
(b) Behaviourism
(c) Structuralism
(d) Gestalt Psychology
Answer. C


Question. A Provisional theory to explain observed facts is known as _________.
(a) Construct
(b) Theory
(c) Hypothesis
(d) Event
Answer. C


Question. _________ is the least noticeable value of stimulus.
(a) Stimulus Threshold
(b) Response Threshold
(c) Hypothesis
(d) Problem
Answer. A


Question. Which one of the following approaches tries to analyze human behaviour in terms of stimulus-response units acquired through the process of learning, mainly through instrumental conditioning.
(a) Cognitive Approach
(b) Dynamic and Psychoanalytic Approach
(c) Stimulus-Response Behaviouristic Approach
(d) Existential Approach
Answer. C

 

True or False

Question. As psychology is a science, psychologist use empirical methods in their studies and most frequently rely on sensory experience.
Answer. True


Question. The movement of the flies are studied in Ergonomics.
Answer. True


Question. Psychologist concerned with human behaviour only.
Answer. False


Question. Behaviourist perceive nature as the significant factor.
Answer. False


Question. William James propounded behaviourism.
Answer. False


Question. Kohler is associated with behaviourism.
Answer. False


Question. Skinner is famous for principles of reinforcement.
Answer. True


Question. Chimpanzees were the subject of Pavlov’s Conditioning.
Answer. False


Question. Purposive theory of learning was proposed by Tolman.
Answer. True


Question. Thorndike and Law of Effect are associated each other.
Answer. True

 

Guidelines to Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R) Type Questions
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation of ‘A’
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation of ‘A’
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false
(d) ‘A’ is false ‘R’ is true

Question.A. Political psychology is not a part of military psychology.
R. Political psychology does not deal with war.
Answer. B


Question.A. The psychologists working in public sector are not very successful
R. Public sector is more bureaucratic.
Answer. B


Question.A. Skinner is a behaviouristic.
R. Classical condition is his contribution?
Answer. C


Question.A. The consulting psychologists are more successful.
R. They help people to help themselves.
Answer. A


Question.A. J. B Watson is consider as the father of behaviouristic approach.
R. J. B. Watson established the behaviourstic School.
Answer. A

 

More Question-

Q1- Define the term ‘psychology’. 
Q2- Explain the term ‘psychology’. 
Q3- What are the two kinds of behaviours? Explain with the help of examples. 
Q4- Discuss the status of psychology as a discipline. 
Q5- Answer these:
(i) What is hypothetico-deductive model? 
(ii) What is a ‘theory’? 
Q6- Explain briefly how psychology is viewed as a social science. 
Q7- Define the term ‘psychoneuroimmmunology’. 
Q8- Write short notes on the following:
(i) Structuralism
(ii) Functionalism
(iii) Gestalt psychology
(iv) Behaviourism
(v) Cognitive psychology
Q9- Briefly explain the terms: 
(i) Psychoanalysis
(ii) Humanistic psychology
(iii) Constructivism
Q10- Write short notes on the following: 
(ii) Biological psychology
(iii) Developmental psychology
(iv) Industrial psychology
(v) Educational psychology
Q11- Briefly explain the following branches of psychology:
(i) Social psychology
(ii) Cross-cultural and cultural psychology
(iii) Environmental psychology
(iv) Health psychology
(v) Educational psychology
(vi) Sports psychology
Q12- Differentiate between the two:
(i) Psychiatrist and clinical psychologist
(ii) Clinical psychologist and counselor

Free study material for Psychology

Chapter Assignment & Practice Material for Class 11 Psychology Chapter 01 What Is Psychology

Class 11 Psychology Chapter 01 What Is Psychology Printable Assignments

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