CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Question Bank

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Biology: Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health (Question Bank)

Name the technique to know the genetic disorders in the foetus.

Answer: Amniocentesis.

What is MTP?

Answer: MTP stands for medical termination of pregnancy, the voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term (also called induced abortion).

List one drawback of surgical methods of birth control.

Answer: They are poorly reversible.

Which period of pregnancy is safer for MTP?

Answer: The first trimester (up to 12 weeks of pregnancy).

What are the measures one has to take to prevent contracting STDs?

Answer:

1. Avoid sex with multiple partners or with unknown partners.
2. Use condoms during sexual intercourse.
3. In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early detection and complete treatment.

Explain the technique of amniocentesis. How is this technique misused?

Answer: In amniocentesis, a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the developing embryo is taken. The cells in it are tested for the chromosomal pattern, to detect genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome, and metabolic disorders. It is misused to find out the sex of the foetus, which leads to female foeticide (killing of the female foetus). So the law prohibits sex determination by this method.

Describe the three different practices under the natural methods of birth control.

Answer:

1. Periodic abstinence: the couple avoids sexual intercourse from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected and the chance of conception is high.
2. Withdrawal (coitus interruptus): the male withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation, so semen is not deposited in the vagina.
3. Lactational amenorrhea: during intense breast-feeding after childbirth, ovulation and the menstrual cycle usually do not occur, so there is little chance of conception (effective for about six months).

What are barrier methods of birth control? Explain.

Answer: Barrier methods physically prevent the sperm and the egg from meeting.

1. Condoms are thin rubber sheaths worn on the penis by the male (or on the vagina and cervix by the female).
2. Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are rubber barriers that cover the cervix in the female.
3. Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are used along with these barriers to kill the sperms.

Expand IUDs. Explain the various methods of IUDs.

Answer: IUD stands for intra-uterine devices, which are inserted into the uterus by a doctor. They are of three types:

1. Non-medicated IUDs, for example Lippes loop.
2. Copper-releasing IUDs, for example CuT, Cu7 and Multiload 375. The copper ions released suppress the motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
3. Hormone-releasing IUDs, for example Progestasert and LNG-20. They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.

What is sterilisation? Explain the various methods.

Answer: Sterilisation is a surgical method of birth control, used to prevent pregnancy permanently. In males it is called vasectomy, in which a small part of the vas deferens is cut or tied through a small incision in the scrotum. In females it is called tubectomy, in which a small part of the fallopian tube is cut or tied through a small incision in the abdomen or the vagina.

How do oral contraceptives function? What is the advantage of Saheli?

Answer: Oral contraceptives (pills) contain either progestogens or a progestogen–oestrogen combination. They are taken daily for 21 days, starting within the first five days of menstruation. They inhibit ovulation and implantation, and they change the quality of the cervical mucus so that the entry of sperms is prevented or delayed. Saheli is a non-steroidal pill, taken once a week. Its advantage is that it has very few side effects and a high contraceptive value.

What is an ideal contraceptive for women? Explain its contraceptive role.

Answer: Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) are ideal contraceptives for women who want to delay pregnancy or space children, because they are effective and reversible and have few side effects. They increase phagocytosis of the sperms within the uterus, and the copper ions suppress the motility and fertilising capacity of the sperms. Hormone-releasing IUDs also make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.

How do the natural, barrier, IUD, oral pill and surgical methods help in contraception? Explain.

Answer:

What is an STD? List the various STDs. How is it transmitted? What are its symptoms? What complications could an STD lead to?

Answer: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also called venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI), are infections that spread through sexual contact.

1. Examples: gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and AIDS.
2. Transmission: by sexual contact with an infected person; hepatitis-B and HIV also spread by sharing injection needles and by blood transfusion, and from mother to child.
3. Symptoms: itching, fluid discharge, slight pain and swellings in the genital region.
4. Complications: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), abortions, stillbirths, ectopic pregnancies and infertility.

Explain the various methods of assisted reproductive technologies.

Answer: Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) help couples who cannot have children naturally.

1. IVF (in vitro fertilisation) and ET: fertilisation outside the body, and then the embryo is transferred (the 'test tube baby' programme).
2. ZIFT (zygote intra-fallopian transfer): a zygote or an early embryo of up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.
3. IUT (intra-uterine transfer): an embryo of more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus.
4. GIFT (gamete intra-fallopian transfer): an ovum from a donor is transferred into the fallopian tube of a female who cannot produce ova but can provide a suitable environment for fertilisation.
5. ICSI (intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection): a sperm is injected directly into an ovum.
6. IUI (intra-uterine insemination): semen is introduced into the uterus.

Expand RCH, CDRI, MMR, IMR, AIDS, VD, RTI, IUT, IUI, AI, IVF, STD, MTP, IUD, ZIFT, GIFT, ART, ICSI, PID.

Answer:

Mrs X was blamed for being childless though the problem was due to the low sperm count in the ejaculate of her husband. Suggest a technique which could help the couple to have a child.

Answer: Intra-uterine insemination (IUI) or artificial insemination (AI) can help. The semen of the husband (or of a healthy donor) is collected and introduced into the vagina or the uterus of Mrs X. Another option is IVF followed by embryo transfer: the egg of Mrs X is fertilised in the laboratory with the sperm, and the embryo is then transferred to her uterus (or fallopian tube, in ZIFT). ICSI can also be used, in which a single sperm is injected into the egg.