CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Training And Doping In Sports Notes

Introduction
Drugs are life saving as well as life threatening chemicals. They are used by sports persons for different purposes. Performance enhancing drugs are banned in sports. The reasons for the ban are mainly, the health risks of performance enhancing drugs.

Anti-doping authorities state that using performance enhancing drugs goes against the spirit of sports.

According to world anti-doping Agency (WADA) “Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations.

MEANING AND TYPES OF DOPING (Concept)
Doping is the use of prohibited substance or methods to improve sports performance. It can also be defined as use of drugs or sports performance. Doping methods or substances might harm the health of athletes and might be fatal.

Types of Doping (Classification)

(i) Performance enhancing substance:
- Stimulants
- Anabolic Steroids
- Peptide hormones
- Beta-2 Agonist
- Narcotics
- Diuretics
- Cannabinoids.

(ii) Physical methods.
- Blood doping and Gene doping comes under physical method.

Blood doping: It is the process of increasing the Red blood cells by blood transfusion. Blood doping increases hemoglobin allows higher amount of to O2 fuel an athlete’s muscles. This
can improve stamina and performance, particularly in long distance events.

Gene doping: It is the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance.

Increasing muscle growth, blood production, endurance and pan resistance. In such cases nothing unusual would enter the blood stream. So officials would detect nothing in blood or
wine test. Some viruses target certain organ, such as kidney, liver. Therefore only samples are taken from these area’s that could lead to detection.

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND METHODS

Substances prohibited at all times.
- Stimulants
- Narcotics
- Steroids
- Growth hormones
- Beta Blockers
- Diuretics
- Blood doping

Methods prohibited at all times or in or out of competition: The following methods are prohibited at all times.
- Blood doping
- Gene doping

Responsibilities of Athletes
- Remain in direct observation of the Doping Control Officer.
- Produce proper photo identification
- Comply with sample collection procedures.
- Report immediately for test.

ERGOGENIC AIDS AND DOPING IN SPORTS: Ergogenics aids are any external influences that can be determined to enhance performance in sports. These includes:
- Mechanical aids
- Pharmacological aids
- Physiological aids
- Nutritional aids
- Psychological aids

DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE: Dope test is done on athletes by World Anti Doping Agency (WADA). This agency checks and controls doping in sports. It provides technical and
financial help for testing. In India, the controlling body under the WADA is named as National Anti Doping Agency (NADA).

Training in Sports

Meaning And Concept Of Sports Training: The Training is a process of preparing an individual for any event or an activity. Sports Training is the Physical, technical, intellectual, Psychological and moral preparation of an athlete or a player by means of physical exercise.Sports training also consists of all those learning, influence and process that are aimed at enhancing Sports performance.

Principles Of Sports Training
1. Principle of Overload
2. Principle of Progressive Development
3. Principle of Continuity
4. Principle of Variety
5. Principle of Individuality
6. Principle of Specificity
7. Principle of Active Participation
8. Principle of Periodisation
9. Principal of Rest and Recovery
10. Principal of General and Specific Preparation

Warm-up and limbering or cool down

Warm-up: It is a primarily preparatory activity in which physiological and psychological preparation of athlete for the main activity, takes place.

Types of warm-up:
1. General Warm-up
2. Specific Warm-up

Cooling or Limbering down: To bring the body in normal state after any competition or training is called cooling down.

Load: Load is known as work or exercise that a sports person performs in a training session.

Adaptation: It is the process of long-term adjustment to a specific stimulus.

Recovery: Recovery is to regain energy after workout what was lost during the activity.

Skill, Technique and style: A skill is the ability to perform a whole movement. Skill can be defined as automatisation of motor action.

Technique: It is an basic movement of any sports or event. We can say that, a technique is the way of performing skill.

Style: It is an individuals expression of technique in motor action, therefore each sports person due to his specific or particular psychic, physical and biological capacities realize the technique in different way. It is called his style.

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