CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Fundamentals of Anatomy Physiology And Kinesiology In Sports Notes

Objective Type Questions:

Question. This joint facilitates turning and twisting movements:
(a) Hinge joint
(b) Pivot joint
(c) Gliding joint
(d) ball and socket joint
Answer. (b) Pivot joint

Question. It provides protection to vital organs of the body:
(a) Respiratery system
(b) Muscular system
(c) Sketatal system
(d) Cardiovascular system
Answer. (c) Sketatal system

Question. It is a point in body around which the weight is evenly dislributed:
(a) Dyamic equilibrium
(b) Stati equilibrium
(c) Centre of gravity
(d) Buoyancy
Answer. (c) Centre of gravity

Question. Contractability is one of the properlies of the:
(a) skelaton
(b) muscle
(c) Respiration
(d) blood
Answer. (b) muscle

Question. Alvioli are situated in the:
(a) Bone marrow
(b) heart
(c) Lungs
(d) voluntary muscles.
Answer. (c) Lungs

Question. Ball and Socket joint is setuated at:
(a) shoulder
(b) wrist
(c) neck
(d) knee
Answer. (a) shoulder

Question. Static stability is important in:
(a) shooting
(b) football
(c) volleyball
(d) Judo
Answer. (a) shooting

Question. Number of bones in an-adult human body are approximatelly:
(a) 215
(b) 210
(c) 218
(d) 206
Answer. (d) 206

Question. Which of the following is a function of respiratory system:
(a) to regulate blood pressure
(b) to produce sound
(c) to produce RBC
(d) to produce control and movement of the body
Answer. (b) to produce sound

Question. Sesamoid bones are found in:
(a) Shoulders
(b) Patella
(c) Wrist
(d) Thigh
Answer. (c) Wrist

Question. Fast twitch fibres are of which colour:
(a) white colour
(b) red colour
(c) blue colour
(d) skin colour
Answer. (a) white colour

Question. Which is the main artery of circulation of pure blood to the body:
(a) pulmonary
(b) Aorta
(c) trachea
(d) sarcolemma
Answer. (b) Aorta

Question. Which of the following will have greater stability:
(a) Spiking posilion in
(b) Standing start for 1500 m race
(c) stance of a golfer
(d) tackling in football.
Answer. (c) stance of a golfer

Question. Which is the function of heart from the following:
(a) Systemic circulation
(b) Pulmonary circulation
(c) Regulation of heart beat
(d) All of these
Answer. (d) All of these

Question. Anatomy is the study of:
(a) Application of the Principles
(b) Study of movement
(c) all systems of humanbody and their mutual relationship
(d) structure, shape, sire and weight of all the organs of the body
Answer. (d) structure, shape, sire and weight of all the organs of the body

Question. Stroke volume × heart rate =
(a) heart rate
(b) second wind
(c) tidal volume
(d) cardiac output
Answer. (d) cardiac output

Question. It is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one beat:
(a) stroke volume
(b) tidal volume
(c) cardiac output
(d) oxygen dept
Answer. (a) stroke volume

Question. Which of the following is a symtom of second wind:
(a) faster breathing
(b) suffocation in the chest
(c) none of the above
(d) all the above
Answer. (d) all the above

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question. Write down the main functions of muscles
Answer. Function of muscles : Muscles are machine for converting chemical energy into mechanical work. The contractions and relaxations of muscles due to certain chemical changes in our body are:
1. To produce and control movements of the body
2. To maintain natural posture of the body acting on the bony structure
3. Helping in the economy of effort by working in association with long levers and pulleys.

Question. Write difference between slow twitch fibre and fast twitch fibre.
Answer. Slow twitch fibre are also know as red fibers which contract slowly. These play significant role in aerobic activities as we may see in long distance and cross country races. Fast twitch fibers: These fibers are also known as white fibers. These fibers contract quickly and provide strength and speed but they fatigue more quickly. Those individuals who need intense burst of energy for shorter duration as in boxing, jumping events or throws need more percentage of fast twitch fibers.

 Question. Define the phenomenon of second wind. What are its causes and symptoms?
Answer. The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our body within short span of time of such exercise. This sense of relief is called ‘second wind’.
Causes of second wind: When we perform strenuous exercise, our body takes some time to adjust according to the increased demand of energy. So, the second wind occurs before the adjustment.
Symptoms of second wind:
1. Faster breathing
2. Signs of tension and worry on the face
3. Headache
4. Suffocation in the chest appears
5. Pain in muscles
6. . Condition of giddiness appears. These painful feelings disappear with the onset of second wind.

Question. Explain the functions of heart.
Answer. The main functions of heart are given below.
1. It circulates the pure blood to all parts of the body. This is called systemic circulation.
2. It carries the impure blood from all parts of the body to the lungs for purification. This is called pulmonary circulation.
3. It regulates the blood pressure.
4. It regulates the heart rate.
5. Regular exercise improves the efficiency of the heart.

Question. What are the functions of respiratory system?
Answer. The main functions of respiratory system are given as under:
1. To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood,
2. To produce sound, it helps vocal chords to produce sound,
3. To regulate blood PH level.
4. To protect against some micro organism. Respiratory system blocks the entry of microorganism in the body at various levels, thus it provides protection against harmful microorganisms like virus, bacteria, etc.

Question. What is static equilibrium?
Answer. A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it comes back to its original position when it is slightly displaced.’Static stability is very important in shooting, archery and hand stand in gymnastics, etc. Stable objects generally have wide bases and low CG. Bottom of the ship is made heavy to keep CG as low as possible. This makes the ship stable.

Question. Explain external and internal respiration.
Answer. Inhalation and exhalation are the two processes of external respiration. This breathing process oxygenate to the blood. It gets purified as carbon dioxide is removed from the blood. External respiration takes place in the lungs. Internal respiration is the process of respiration that takes place in the tissues and cells. Blood full of oxygen reaches the tissue where oxygen is used up during energy production process and carbon dioxide is then taken by the blood to the lungs.

Question. Explain dynamic equilibrium.
Answer. Dynamic stability is balancing the body during movement. It frequently happens that the line of gravity of an athlete will fall outside the base of support for movement.

For example, in a sprint start, the body weight is ahead of the supporting foot but before the body can fall forward the other foot moves ahead to provide support and the process repeats itself. A man carrying heavy bucket in his right hand leans towards his left hand side to maintain equilibrium. While climbing up a hill the climber bends forward so that he does not fall. The equilibrium is maintained by bringing the CG down.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question. What are the functions of skeletal system?
Answer. Main functions of skeletal system are given below.
1. Shape and structure : The boney framework gives human being its shape and structure like tall or small, thin or stout
2. Support : It gives support to the body. The bones provide support to our muscular system.
3. Protection : Bones protect our vital orgAnswer. Example: skull protects brain, thoracic cage protects heart, lungs and pancreas.
4. Lever : Bones act as a lever like a simple machine. For example while lifting a weight, movable joints like elbow joint acts like fulcrum and length of arm bone acts like crow bar to reduce effort and helps to lift weight-
5. Storehouse : The hollow space of bones acts like a storehouse of different minerals and salts like calcium, potassium, iron, etc.
6. Production of RBCs : Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. It is the factory to produce RBCs.
7. Junction : Bones provide junction or attachment to skeletal muscle that helps in visible movement.
8. Self-repair : Whenever bones are damaged, they are capable of doing self repair.

Question. Elucidate the importance of anatomy and physiology in the field of sports.
Answer. Study of anatomy and physiology plays very important role in the field of sports because of following reasons.
1. Helps in physical fitness: Strong and fit body is an inevitable asset in the field of sports. Study of anatomy and physiology helps a sport person to understand the structure and function of different parts of human body and to acquire a fit and healthy body.
2. Provides knowledge about body structure; on the basis of knowledge of body structure, a sports person knows about the strength and weakness of his body and accordingly they can develop forte in the field of game which is suitable for the sports person as per their body structure. 
3. Helps in selection of games: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, the coach and player can choose an appropriate sport/ game which is suitable for a particular sport. Like tall students can be selected for basketball and volleyball. And short and stout students can be selected for weight lifting.
4. Protects from sports injuries: on the basis of anatomy, sports equipments are designed that help in safe play. 
5. Helps in the process of rehabilitation: knowledge of ligaments, tendons and muscles helps in rehabilitation from the injuries sustained during the game or sport.
6. Helps in maintaining healthy body: study of anatomy and physiology provides detailed knowledge about all body parts, their nature and functions. This helps the player to adopt good, safe and healthy use of body.
7. Helps to know about individual differences: there is a lot of difference between the body of male and female. The knowledge of anatomy and physiology helps in understanding these individual differences. On the basis of these differences, the size of the court, time of game and equipment are designed differently for male and female players.

Question. Explain different types of joints in human body.
Answer. Following are the different types of joints,
1. Immovable or fibrous joints: They are fixed joints. They never move. Example: joints of skull.

2. Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints: These joints provide very little movement. Example: backbone joints, pelvic joints.

3. Freely movable or synovial joints.
These joints provide different movements. There are five main types of movable joints,
(i) Hinge joint. These joints allow a forward and backward movement. Example; knee joints, elbow joints.
(ii) Pivot joint. These joints give a rotation movement. Such as the movement of neck.
(iii) Ball and socket joint. In these joints one bone has ball like shape and other has a socket like shape. They are fit together to make a free movable joint. Example shoulder joint and hip joint.
(iv) Saddle joint. It is a joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Example: wrist joint.
(v) Gliding joint. It is a joint in which articulation of contiguous bones allows only gliding movements, as in the wrist and the ankle.

Question. Write in detail about classification of bones.
Answer. Classification of Bones
1. Long bones: They are long and wide. They act as lever. They are found in legs and arms. Example: humerus, femur, tibia and fibula. 
2. Short bones: They are short in size and cube shaped. They are found in wrist and phalanges. Example: metatarsal and carpal. 
3. Flat bones: These bones are flat and thin. They are composed of a central layer of sponge bone fixed between two outer layers of compact bone. Example: ribs and shoulder. 
4. Sesamoid bones: These bones are seed like shaped and developed in the tendons where there is more friction. Example: palms of hands, sole of feet and knee caps,
5. Irregular bones: These bones have in complete shaped as compared to other types. The bones of spinal column and skull are examples of these bones. 
6. Sutura bones: They are situated in Sutura points in the skull.

Question. What are the functions of blood?
Answer. Important functions of blood are given as under:
1. Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. 
2. It carries food material absorbed from the intestines to the tissue, cells for growth, energy and repair process.
3. It carries the waste products of cellular activity and carries them to kidneys, lungs and intestines for excretion.
4. It carries hormones, vitamin and other chemicals to the place of need.
5. It helps to maintain water balance in the body.
6. It regulates the body temperature.
7. White blood cells of the blood acts as a defensive mechanism

Question. Explain in detail the principle of stability and its uses in sports.
Answer. 1. Broad base of support : for greater stability increase the area of the base and lower the centre of gravity as much as is consistent with the activity involved. Examples:
(i) a basketball player stops, spreads his feet wide as shoulder line and lowers his CG to dodge the opponent. 

(ii) Defense position of the player in volleyball.
(iii) Wide stance of a golfer.
(iv) Tackling position of a player in football.
2. Stability is directly proportional to the weight of the body the object or a person with heavy weight will have greater stability as compared to person with less weight. Example: it is difficult to move a heavier person as compared to less heavier person. On the basis of this principle, wrestling, boxing, judo, etc. are organized according to different age groups.

3. Direction of an acting force: to start quickly in one direction, keep the-CG as high as possible and as near as possible to the edge of the base nearest to the direction of intended motion. Example: The crouched position in starting a race, the CG is kept high by not bending the knees extremely and by keeping the hips high, also the lean of the body is towards the hands so that the weight rests on the hands. From this position, the movement hands are raised from the ground; motion starts by reason of the pull gravity. This pull is added to the force exerted against the starting block by the feet and thus aids in speed. 

4. When the body is free in the air, if the head and feet move down, the hips move up and vice versa.
Example: (i) This principle is applied in the high jump in western or valley roll technique at the take of, the head and one foot is thrust up as high as possible. As the head and one leg clear the bar, they are dropped which raises the hips to clear the bar. As the hips are lowered, the opposite leg is raised to clear the bar.
(ii) This is also used in pole vault, hurdles and jacknife, dive in swimming. 

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