Class 8 Social Science Human Resources Exam Notes

Class 8 Social Science Human Resources Exam Notes. Please refer to the examination notes which you can use for preparing and revising for exams. These notes will help you to revise the concepts quickly and get good marks.

Introduction

*Nature’s bounty becomes significant only when people find it useful. It is people with their demands and abilities that turn them into ‘resources’. Hence, human resource is the ultimate resource. Healthy, educated and motivated people develop resources as per their requirements.

*Human resources like other resources are not equally distributed over the world. They differ in their educational levels, age and sex. Their numbers and characteristics also keep changing.

Distribution Of Population

1.The way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution.

2.More than 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in about 10 per cent of the land surface.

3.The distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven

(i) Some areas are very crowded and some are sparely populated.

(ii) The crowded areas are south and south east Asia, Europe and north eastern North America.

(iii) Very few people live in high latitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains and areas of equatorial forests.

(iv) Many more people live north of the Equator than south of the Equator.

(v) Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two continents Asia and Africa.

4.Sixty per cent of the world’s people stay in just 10 countries. All of them have more than a 100 million people.  

Density Of Population

1.Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface.

2.It is normally expressed as per square km.

3.The average density of population in the whole world is 45 persons per square km.

4.South Central Asia has the highest density of population followed by East and South East Asia.

→FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

♦Geographical Factors

(1) Topography: People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus because these areas are suitable for farming, manufacturing and service activities. The Ganga plains are the mostdensely populated areas of the world while mountains like Andes, Alps and Himalayas are sparsely populated.

(2) Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates that are very hot or very cold like Sahara desert, polar region s of Russia, Canada and Antarctica.

(3) Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture. Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated.

(4) Water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is easily available. The river valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts have spare population.

(5) Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more populated. Diamond mines of South Africa and discovery of oil in the Middle east lead to settling of people in these areas.

♦Social, Cultural and Economic Factors

(1) Social: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated e.g., Pune.

(2) Cultural : Places with religion or cultural significance attract people. Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican

city are some examples.

(3) Economic: Industrial areas provide employment opportunities. Large number of people are attracted to

these areas. Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India are two densely populated areas.

♦Population Change

(1) The population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific time.

(2) The world population has not been stable. It has increased manifold. This is actually due to changes in the number of births and deaths.

(3) For an extremely long period of human history, until the 1800s, the world’s population grew steadily but slowly.

(4) Large numbers of babies were born, but they died early too. This was as there were no proper health facilities. Sufficient food was not available for all the people. Farmers were not able to produce enough to meet the food requirements of all the people. As a result the total increase in population was very low.

(5) In 1820, the world’s population reached one billion. A hundred and fifty years later, in the early 1970s, the world’s population reached 3 billion. This is often called population explosion.

(6) In 1999, less than 30 years later, the population doubled to 6 billion. The main reason for this growthwas that with better food supplies and medicine, deaths were reducing, while the number of births still remained fairly high.

♦Birth Rate: Births are usually measured using the birth rate i.e. the number of live births per 1,000 people.

♦Death Rate: Deaths are usually measured using the death rate i.e. the number of deaths per 1,000 people.

♦(a) Migrations is the movement of people in and out of an area.

(b) Migration is another way by which population size changes. People may move within a country orbetween countries.

(c) Emigrants are people who leave a country; Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

(d) Countries like the United States of America and Australia have gained in-numbers by in-migration or immigration.

(e) Sudan is an example of a country that has experienced a loss in population numbers due to outmigration or emigration.

♦The general trend of international migrations is from the less developed nations to the more developed nations in search of better employment opportunities. Within countries large number of people may move from the rural to urban areas in search of employment, education and health facilities.

♦Natural growth rate: Births and deaths are the natural causes of population change. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the natural growth rate. The population increase in the world is mainly due to rapid increase in natural growth rate.

♦Rates of population growth vary across the world. Although, the world’s total population is rising rapidly, not all countries are experiencing this growth.

♦Some countries like Kenya have high population growth rates. They had both high birth rates and death rates. Now, with improving health care, death rates have fallen, but birth rates still remain high leading to high growth rates.

♦In other countries like United Kingdom, population growth is slowing because of both low death and low birth rates.

→POPULATION COMPOSITION

♦How crowded a country is, has little to do with its level of economic development. For example, both Bangladesh and Japan are very densely populated but Japan is far more economically developed than Bangladesh.

♦To understand the role of people as a resource, we need to know more about their qualities.

→PATTERNS OF POPULATION CHANGE

♦People vary greatly in their age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation and income level.

♦It is essential to understand these characteristics of the people.

♦Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

♦The composition of population helps us to know how many are males or females, which age group they belong to, how educated they are and what type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels and health conditions are.

♦An interesting way of studying the population composition of a country is by looking at the population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid.

→A POPULATION PYRAMID

♦The total population divided into various age groups, e.g., 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years.

♦The percentage of the total population, subdivided into males and females, in each of those groups.

♦The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people living in that particular country. The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and reflect the level of births. The size of the

top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 years) and reflects the number of deaths.

♦The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there are in a country. There are two groups of dependents — young dependents (aged below 15 years) and elderly dependents (aged over 65 years). Those of the working age are the economically active.

♦The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates bothe are high is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top. This is because although, many children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very few old people. This situation is typified by the pyramid shown for Kenya

♦In countries where death rates (especially amongst the very young) are decreasing, the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to adulthood. This can be seen in the pyramid for India. Such populations contain a relatively large number of young people and which means a strong and expanding labour force.

♦In countries like Japan, low birth rates make the pyramid narrow at the base. Decreased death rates allow numbers of people to reach old age.

♦Skilled, spirited and hopeful young people endowed with a positive outlook are the future of any nation. We in India are fortunate to have such a resource. They must be educated and provided skills and opportunities to become able and productive.

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