CBSE Class 10 Science Acids Bases And Salts

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  ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Acids: Substances which turn blue litmus solution red are called acids. Acids are sour in taste

Bases: Substances which change red litmus solution blue are called bases. They are bitter in taste.

Mineral Acids: Acids which are obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc. are called mineral acids, e.g., H₂SO₄(Sulphuric acid), HNO₃(Nitric acid) and HCl(Hydrochloric acid).

Organic Acids: Acids which are obtained from plants and animals are called organic acids.e.g. citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid .

Hydronium Ions: They are formed by reaction of H+ (from acid) and H₂O. It is because H+ is unstable.

Universal Indicator: A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which shows a gradual but well-marked series of colour changes over a very wide range of change in concentration of H+ ion.

Strong Acids: Acids which dissociate into ions completely are called strong acids. Eg. H₂SO₄, HCl

Weak Acids: Acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are called weak acids Eg.. citric acid, acetic acid. 

Chemical properties of acids (i) Acids react with active metals to give salt and hydrogen gas. (ii) Acids react with metal carbonate and metals hydrogen carbonate to give salt, water and carbon dioxide. (iii) Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called neutralization reaction. (iv) Acids react with metals oxides to give salt and water.

Chemical properties of Bases (i) Reaction with Metals – Certain metals such as Zinc, Aluminiumand Tin react with alkali solutions on heating and hydrogen gas is evolved (ii) Reaction with acids – Bases react with acids to form salt and water.

Indicators - Indicators are substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature of the solution by their colour change. pH scale : A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre.

pH =-log [H⁺]

pH =-log [H₃O⁺]

where [H+] or [H₃O⁺] represents concentrations of hydrogen ions in solution.

The pH of a neutral solution is 7

The pH of a acidic solution is < 7

The pH of a basic solution is > 7

EQUATIONS OF ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas 

H₂SO₄+Zn → ZnSO₄+H₂

Base+ Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

2NaOH + Zn → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂

(Sodium zincate)

Base + Acid → Salt + Water

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Acids give hydronium ions in water

HCl+H₂O→H₃O⁺+ Cl

Bases generate OH- ions in water

NaOH(aq) + H2O Na+(aq)+OH-(aq)

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