NCERT Book Class 8 Geography Resource and Development Mineral and Power Resources

Social Science
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NCERT Class 8 Social Science Resources and Development Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

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Resources and Development Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources NCERT Book Class 8 PDF (2026-27)

Kiri was visiting Sukant in his native place near Dhanbad. Kiri was amazed to see that large areas were black. “Sukant, why is this place so black and dusty?” she asked. “This is because of the coal mines nearby. Do you see the trucks? They are carrying the mineral coal”, replied Sukant.
“What are minerals?,” asked Kiri. Sukant replied, “Have you ever seen a baker baking biscuits? The flour, milk, sugar and sometimes eggs are mixed together. While eating the baked biscuits can you see these ingredients separately? Just as in the biscuits, there are a number of things that you cannot see, rocks on this earth have several materials called minerals mixed in them. These minerals are scattered throughout the earth’s rocky crust”.
A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral. Minerals are not evenly distributed over space. They are concentrated in a particular area or rock formations. Some minerals are found in areas which are not easily accessible such as the Arctic ocean bed and Antarctica.
Minerals are formed in different types of geological environments, under varying conditions. They are created by natural processes without any human interference. They can be identified on the basis of their physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility.

 

Types of Minerals
 
 
NCERT Class 8 Geography Resource and Developmernt Mineral and Power Resources
 
There are over three thousand different minerals. On the basis of composition, minerals are classified mainly as metallic and non-metallic minerals (Fig. 3.2).
 
 
Metallic minerals contain metal in raw form. Metals are hard substances that conduct heat and electricity and have a characteristic lustre or shine. Iron ore, bauxite, manganese ore are some examples. Metallic minerals may be fer rous or non-ferrous. Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese and chromites contain iron. A non-ferrous mineral does not contain iron but may contain some other metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead.
Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of such minerals. The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals.
 
 
 

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