CBSE Class 10 Social Science Social Science Short Answer (3 Marks) Important Questions Set 05

Answer: 1. It supports agriculture by supplying machinery, fertilisers and pesticides, and by processing farm produce.
2. It creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors and so reduces dependence on agriculture.
3. Export of manufactured goods brings foreign exchange and reduces poverty, e.g. textiles and engineering goods.

Teacher's Note:
1. Manufacturing converts raw material into value-added products.
2. Give one example against each reason.

Answer: 1. The terrain is hilly with dense forests, so roads and railways are difficult and costly to build.
2. Heavy rainfall, floods and landslides frequently damage surface routes.
3. The region has international borders and a narrow land link with the rest of India, so air travel saves time.

Teacher's Note:
1. Air travel is the fastest mode but is costly.
2. It is the only reliable link in many remote parts of the region.

Answer: Challenges: (1) Strong competition from synthetic substitutes and from other jute producers such as Bangladesh, Brazil and the Philippines. (2) Stiff competition in the international market and low demand for jute products.
Step: The National Jute Policy 2005 aims to increase productivity, improve quality and ensure better prices to farmers; the government has also made jute packaging mandatory for foodgrains and sugar.

Teacher's Note:
1. Jute is called the golden fibre.
2. Mandatory use of jute packaging supports demand.

Answer: Physical factors: 1. Topography. 2. Climate. 3. Soil types.
Human factors: 1. Population density. 2. Technology. 3. Capital and institutions such as land tenure.

Teacher's Note:
1. Physical factors decide where land can be used, while human factors decide how it is used.
2. Also include mineral availability and drainage if needed.

Answer: Rice needs more than 100 cm of rainfall, but it can be grown in low-rainfall areas through irrigation. Canals and tubewells supply water in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, where rice is now grown widely. High-yielding varieties and fertilisers also raise output in these areas.

Teacher's Note:
1. Irrigation substitutes for the missing rainfall.
2. Punjab and Haryana are the standard examples.

Answer: 1. It is light, strong, corrosion resistant, a good conductor of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile.
2. It is used as a cheap substitute for steel, copper and zinc in aircraft, utensils, wires, cables and the electrical and construction industries.
3. Its strength can be increased by mixing it with other metals, which makes it useful in transport and packaging.

Teacher's Note:
1. Bauxite is the raw material for aluminium.
2. Aluminium smelting needs large amounts of electricity.

Answer: Political: Liberalism stood for government by consent, a constitution, representative parliament and equality before law, though only property-owning men could vote.
Economic: It stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state controls on the movement of goods and capital, and led to a customs union (Zollverein) in 1834 to reduce tariff barriers.

Teacher's Note:
1. Liberalism came from the Latin word liber meaning free.
2. Liberal nationalism did not mean universal suffrage at the time.

Answer: 1. Non-Cooperation meant refusing to cooperate with the British, such as boycotting schools, courts and councils; Civil Disobedience asked people to break colonial laws, e.g. the salt law.
2. Civil Disobedience also included non-payment of taxes and the boycott of foreign cloth, with Gandhiji beginning it through the Dandi March in 1930.
3. In Civil Disobedience participation was wider, with women taking part in large numbers, while Non-Cooperation involved mainly the middle class in towns at first.

Teacher's Note:
1. Non-Cooperation ran from 1920-22 and Civil Disobedience from 1930.
2. Both were non-violent mass movements.

Answer: 1. People believed books spread progress and enlightenment, and could free society from despotism and tyranny by letting reason rule.
2. Print came to India in the mid-sixteenth century, when Portuguese missionaries brought the press to Goa.
3. Cheap books sold at crossroads and public libraries made reading accessible to poor people.

Teacher's Note:
1. Answer only from the given extracts.
2. Each part carries one mark.

Answer: 1. Indian cotton goods lost their export markets as cheap Manchester cloth flooded India after the Industrial Revolution.
2. There was a shortage of raw cotton, because raw cotton was exported to England and its price rose.
3. Weavers had to buy expensive cotton and compete with cheap machine-made cloth, so many became poor and gave up weaving.

Teacher's Note:
1. The decline hit weavers in Bengal and Bombay.
2. Heavy duties on Indian cloth in Britain also hurt exports.

Answer: The first cotton mill in Bombay was set up in 1854, and Ahmedabad's first mill began in 1861. The first jute mill was set up in Bengal in 1855, and the Elgin Mill came up in Kanpur in the 1860s. Most early mills were set up by Indian businessmen using capital earned in trade, and by 1900 cotton mills in Bombay and Ahmedabad were employing thousands of workers.

Teacher's Note:
1. Early mills were set up by Indian businessmen like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetji Tata.
2. Cotton mill growth was fastest in Bombay.

Answer: Such changes need the approval of both Houses of Parliament by at least a two-thirds majority and ratification by the legislatures of at least half of the states. The Supreme Court and High Courts also interpret the division of powers, so one level cannot alter it alone.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Constitution is the source of power for both levels.
2. This protects the federal balance.

Answer: In Belgium a community government elected by each language community looks after cultural, educational and language matters, and the Brussels government has equal Dutch and French members. In India, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis and the Constitution gives reserved seats to the SC and ST in legislatures, which gives weaker groups a voice.

Teacher's Note:
1. Such arrangements prevent majority domination.
2. They also reduce conflicts between communities.

Answer: 1. The courts, headed by the Supreme Court, settle disputes between the Centre and states over the division of powers.
2. The judiciary can declare a law invalid if it goes beyond the powers of the legislature that passed it.
3. Its independence and its role in interpreting the Constitution protect the federal structure.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Supreme Court acts as the umpire in federal disputes.
2. Judges are appointed so that they work independently of the executive.

Answer: 1. Many problems are best settled at the local level, so local people can take decisions on their own.
2. It gives people a chance to participate directly in decision making and learn democratic habits.
3. It reduces the burden on the Centre and states and makes governance more efficient and accountable.

Teacher's Note:
1. Panchayats and municipalities are the third tier of government.
2. Local governments in India got constitutional status in 1992.

Answer: Even after reforms, most people marry within their own caste, and untouchability is not entirely gone. Economic gaps remain, because castes that had access to education early are better off, while the lower castes face discrimination and poverty. Dalits and others still face violence and exclusion in some places.

Teacher's Note:
1. Caste-based inequality is slowly decreasing but not over.
2. Social reform and legal safeguards are helping.

Answer: 1. Different people have different developmental goals, since what is development for one may be harmful for another.
2. Income is an important aspect of development but not the only one; people also seek security, respect and freedom.
3. Averages hide disparities, so per capita income and also health, education and environment have to be considered.

Teacher's Note:
1. Development should benefit everybody.
2. Sustainability also matters for the future.

Answer: 1. Encourage small-scale and service industries by giving loans and training.
2. Improve infrastructure such as transport and power and promote tourism, banking and IT services.
3. Run skill development and urban employment schemes for the educated and unskilled alike.

Teacher's Note:
1. Cities already face crowded labour markets.
2. Better skills make workers more employable.

Answer: Credit lets farmers and businesses buy inputs and expand production, which raises income. For example, a farmer who gets a cheap bank loan can buy seeds and fertilisers, harvest more and repay the loan. But high-interest loans from moneylenders can trap borrowers in debt, so cheap and affordable credit is essential for development.

Teacher's Note:
1. Credit can help or harm depending on its terms.
2. Formal credit has lower interest and better terms.

Answer: Improvements in transport technology have lowered costs and made it faster to carry goods over long distances, such as in containers. Information and communication technology, like the internet and mobile phones, lets firms contact customers and manage production in distant places. Call centres and online services in India are examples.

Teacher's Note:
1. Technology reduced the cost of moving goods and information.
2. Telecom and IT are the fastest-changing areas.

Answer: An MNC owns or controls production in more than one country, while a national company operates only within its own country. MNCs set up factories where labour and other resources are cheap, sell goods worldwide and often have much larger resources. For example, Ford and Nestle have offices and factories in many countries.

Teacher's Note:
1. MNCs are also called transnational corporations.
2. A joint venture or partnership with local companies is common.

Answer: 1. Wheat needs 50-75 cm of annual rainfall.
2. It is a rabi crop, sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in summer (April-June).
3. It needs a cool growing season with about 10-15°C at sowing and 21-26°C at ripening.

Teacher's Note:
1. Wheat is the second most important cereal in India.
2. The main wheat belt is the Ganga-Sutlej plains and the Deccan black soil region.