CBSE Class 10 Social Science Social Science Long Answer (5 Marks) Important Questions Set 06

Answer: 1. Resources are all things in the environment that can satisfy human needs if they are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
2. Human greed and over-use of resources by a few individuals have led to depletion; unequal distribution has accumulated resources in a few hands and divided society into rich and poor.
3. Resources can be used judiciously by planning their use, avoiding waste, recycling and using renewable substitutes.

Teacher's Note:
1. Answer (c) with practical measures.
2. Parts carry 1, 2 and 2 marks.

Answer: 1. Institutional reforms: land reforms such as abolition of zamindari and consolidation of holdings, and giving farmers better credit through banks and the Kisan Credit Card scheme.
2. Technical reforms: the Green Revolution with high-yielding seeds, fertilisers and irrigation, and the White Revolution in milk production.
3. Support measures: Minimum Support Price and procurement, crop insurance, and radio and TV weather bulletins and agricultural programmes.

Teacher's Note:
1. Institutional reforms change the system while technical reforms raise yield.
2. Mention at least one example for each group.

Answer: Energy demand rises with population, industry and a higher standard of living, while conventional sources like coal and petroleum are limited and cause pollution. A sustainable path means (1) promoting renewable sources such as solar, wind, tidal and biogas; (2) using energy-efficient devices, public transport and car pooling; (3) switching off unused appliances and avoiding waste; and (4) using clean technologies and improving the efficiency of power plants. Each citizen should thus save energy to ensure the future supply.

Teacher's Note:
1. Energy saved is energy produced.
2. Give both supply-side and demand-side measures.

Answer: 1. New Mangalore port in Karnataka.
2. Marmagao is the premier iron ore exporting port and handles about half of India's iron ore export, earning foreign exchange.
3. Kandla is a tidal port with a productive granary and industrial belt behind it, covering Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat, which makes large-scale trade convenient.

Teacher's Note:
1. Use facts only from the passage.
2. Each part carries marks as per the points.

Answer: 1. Using the latest techniques to make the best use of equipment and cut pollution.
2. Reducing waste by making maximum use of ash, e.g. in cement, bricks and road building.
3. Planting trees (green belts) around plants to absorb pollutants.
4. Reducing environmental damage through ash pond management, ash water recycling and liquid waste management.
5. Regular ecological monitoring, review and an online database to track the environment.

Teacher's Note:
1. NTPC is India's largest power company.
2. Link each step to one pollution control purpose.

Answer: Physiographic: The northern plains, with level land, dense population and many rivers bridged easily, have a dense railway network. In contrast, hilly areas, the Himalayas, the Thar desert and the forested regions have fewer lines because laying tracks is difficult; the Western Ghats were crossed through tunnels and gaps such as Thal and Bhor.
Economic: Densely populated and industrial regions such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have more lines for movement of goods and passengers, and the mineral-rich areas of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are well connected. Remote and sparsely populated areas have few lines because they are not economically viable.

Teacher's Note:
1. Plains favour railways, while hills and deserts limit them.
2. Give one example for each factor.

Answer: 1. Horizontal distribution among organs of government: legislature, executive and judiciary, e.g. in India, with checks and balances.
2. Vertical distribution among governments at different levels: Union, state and local governments, e.g. India's federal system.
3. Sharing among social groups: community government in Belgium and reserved constituencies for SC and ST in India.
4. Sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements: coalition governments and competition among parties.

Teacher's Note:
1. Horizontal and vertical distribution are the two main forms.
2. The third level of government in India is also a form of sharing power.

Answer: In Belgium about 59 percent of people live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch, 40 percent live in the Wallonia region and speak French, and the rest speak German. The minority French-speaking community was rich and powerful, and the Dutch-speaking community felt that it had not benefited from development; this caused tension. In Brussels the Dutch speakers are a minority of about 20 percent and French speakers are a majority of about 80 percent, but nationally the position is reversed, so each group feels like a minority and Brussels became the centre of conflict.

Teacher's Note:
1. Belgium solved the problem through accommodation.
2. Brussels has a separate government with equal representation.

Answer: India is a 'Union of States' and its federalism leans towards a strong Centre. The Constitution divides powers into the Union, State and Concurrent Lists and gives residuary powers to the Centre. Parliament can make laws on state matters in certain cases, the Governor is appointed by the Centre and the President can dismiss a state government in an emergency. However, states have powers of their own and the courts safeguard the division of powers, so the system is federal with a strong unitary tilt.

Teacher's Note:
1. India is called a holding-together federation.
2. The Constitution says India is a Union of States.

Answer: 1. Everyday beliefs: stereotypes about other religions, e.g. believing that one's religion is superior.
2. Seeking majority dominance: majoritarianism, e.g. Sinhala dominance in Sri Lanka.
3. Using religious symbols and leaders to win votes, e.g. appeals to the voters on grounds of religion during elections.
4. Forming political groups on religious lines, e.g. demand for separate electorates for a community.
5. Violence and riots as the extreme form, e.g. the Partition riots of 1947.

Teacher's Note:
1. Communalism assumes that religion is the main basis of social community.
2. It is not a secular approach.

Answer: 1. No parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of a single caste, so every candidate and party must win the support of more than one caste.
2. Voters have other loyalties and interests such as the party's record, a candidate's performance and issues like prices and development; the ruling party and sitting MPs often lose.

Teacher's Note:
1. Caste does play a role in elections but is not the only factor.
2. Parties select candidates keeping caste composition in mind.

Answer: After the Treaty of Vienna, conservative regimes restored monarchies and censored newspapers, books, plays and songs that reflected liberty and freedom. Many liberal-nationalists went underground and set up secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, founded Young Italy and Young Europe, and revolts in Greece, France (1830) and elsewhere followed.

Teacher's Note:
1. Conservatives wanted to preserve the traditional institutions.
2. Censorship drove opposition underground.

Answer: 1. It was the first mass movement in India that brought the national struggle to every corner, with peasants, students, lawyers and women taking part.
2. It united Hindus and Muslims on the Khilafat issue.
3. The boycott of foreign cloth reduced imports sharply and boosted khadi and Indian mills.
4. It shook the foundations of British rule and showed the strength of non-violent mass action, although it was called off in 1922 after violence at Chauri Chaura.

Teacher's Note:
1. It ran from 1920 to 1922.
2. Mention both the gains and the reason it ended.

Answer: Gandhiji made the freedom struggle a mass movement by using satyagraha, based on truth and non-violence. He led local satyagrahas in Champaran (1917), Kheda (1917) and Ahmedabad (1918), launched the Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919), the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), the Civil Disobedience Movement with the Dandi March (1930) and the Quit India Movement (1942). He promoted khadi, swadeshi and social reform, and by involving peasants, women and workers he turned Congress into a movement of the people.

Teacher's Note:
1. His methods were non-violent and inclusive.
2. Always link events with years.

Answer: 1. Advertisements made products seem desirable and necessary.
2. Labels carried the place of manufacture, e.g. 'Made in Manchester', and the brand name, which showed quality.
3. Calendars were printed to be displayed in homes, shops and offices, and could be seen even by those who could not read.
4. Images of Indian gods and goddesses on labels gave the product divine approval and made it familiar.
5. Pictures of Indian rulers and nationalist leaders were used to appeal to patriotic sentiment.

Teacher's Note:
1. Advertising created a demand for new products.
2. Labels also helped customers identify the quality.

Answer: Labour was plentiful, so wages were low and jobs were uncertain; many workers found work only in some seasons. Poor migrants crowded into slum housing in cities, and fear of machines meant many workers opposed new technology such as the spinning jenny. During periods of depression, as many as 35 to 75 percent of workers in some trades became unemployed. Wages gradually rose after the 1840s, but real incomes stayed low for a long time.

Teacher's Note:
1. Industrial cities grew rapidly and were overcrowded.
2. Mention both low wages and unemployment.

Answer: 1. People enjoy longer life expectancy because of better health facilities and nutrition.
2. Higher literacy and enrolment make the workforce skilled and productive.
3. Higher per capita income raises the standard of living and reduces poverty.
4. The country gains a better position in global rankings, and attracts investment and has a better social and economic condition overall.

Teacher's Note:
1. HDI combines health, education and income.
2. It gives a better picture than income alone.

Answer: Unorganised workers have low and irregular wages, no paid leave, no job security and long working hours, and many work in unsafe conditions without medical benefits. They need protection in the form of minimum wages, rules on safety and working hours, health insurance and social security. The government also needs to extend loans, marketing support and raw materials to small units, and to enforce the laws in the unorganised sector.

Teacher's Note:
1. Most Indian workers are in the unorganised sector.
2. Protection means law and actual enforcement.

Answer: A Self Help Group is a small group of 15 to 20 members, usually women of one neighbourhood, who save a small amount regularly. After a year or two the pooled savings are lent to members for their needs at a reasonable rate of interest, and the members decide on loan size and repayment. After the group builds a good savings record, banks give loans to the group, usually without collateral. The members also meet regularly to discuss other social issues.

Teacher's Note:
1. Self Help Groups help borrowers to get credit without collateral.
2. They free members from dependence on moneylenders.

Answer: The Reserve Bank of India supervises formal sources of credit. It requires banks to keep a minimum cash balance of their deposits, and checks that they give loans not only to profit-making businesses but also to small cultivators, small industries and small borrowers. Banks have to submit information to RBI on how much they lend, to whom and at what interest rate.

Teacher's Note:
1. RBI also issues currency notes and controls monetary policy.
2. Informal lenders are not supervised by anybody.

Answer: 1. Consumers, especially the well-off, have more choice of goods and better quality at lower prices, e.g. mobile phones and electronics.
2. MNCs have invested in India, creating jobs in industries and services, and some Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys and Asian Paints have become multinationals.
3. Service sectors such as IT and call centres have grown, giving employment.
4. However, small producers of batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys and vegetable oil faced competition and many closed, and workers lost jobs.

Teacher's Note:
1. Globalisation has had both positive and negative effects.
2. The impact has been unequal.