CBSE Class 10 Social Science Mixed Questions from History, Geography, Civics and Economics Assignment Set 13

Answer: (a) – (iv); (b) – (v); (c) – (ii); (d) – (i); (e) – (iii).

Teacher's Note:
1. The French Revolution moved sovereignty from the king to the people.
2. The Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored the old conservative order after Napoleon.

Answer: Kaiser William I (Wilhelm I), king of Prussia, was proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.

Teacher's Note:
1. Prussia led the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck.
2. The ceremony followed Prussia's victory over France.

Answer: 1. Politically, liberalism meant government by consent, an end to autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and a representative parliament; but voting rights were limited to men with property.
2. Economically, it stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital, such as tariffs and trade barriers.
3. The Zollverein (customs union) of 1834 in Prussia is an example of such economic liberalism.

Teacher's Note:
1. Separate the political meaning from the economic meaning.
2. Mention the Zollverein as an example.

Answer: (d) Panchayati Raj bodies. One-third of the seats in panchayats and municipalities are reserved for women, whereas no such reservation exists in the cabinet.

Teacher's Note:
1. Local self-government bodies have a constitutional reservation for women.
2. The Lok Sabha and state assemblies had no such reservation at the time this question was framed.

Answer: The third level is the community government, elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French or German-speaking) regardless of where they live.

Teacher's Note:
1. Belgium has the central, the regional and the community governments.
2. The community government deals with culture, education and language.

Answer: (b) The central law prevails. The Constitution gives the Union law precedence in case of a conflict on a Concurrent List subject.

Teacher's Note:
1. Both governments can make laws on Concurrent subjects.
2. Residuary powers also rest with the Centre.

Answer: (b) Right to work. The Act guarantees 100 days of employment per year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer for unskilled manual work.

Teacher's Note:
1. MGNREGA gives a legal right to work.
2. It was passed in 2005 to reduce rural unemployment.

Answer: Mass communication means communicating with a large number of people at the same time through media such as radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films. It spreads information, entertains and educates, and it also helps in advertising.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mass means a very large audience.
2. Mention at least three media examples.

Answer: The Golden Quadrilateral connects the four metropolitan cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Teacher's Note:
1. It is a major project of the National Highways Authority of India.
2. The four corners of the quadrilateral are these metros.

Answer: Agglomeration economies are the benefits that industries gain by locating close to each other in an industrial area. They get shared infrastructure such as transport, banking, insurance, power and skilled labour, which reduces costs.

Teacher's Note:
1. Industries cluster to share services.
2. This is why many factories are found in the same region.

Answer: Rice is a kharif crop (sown with the monsoon in June–July and harvested in November–December). It requires a high temperature of above 25°C with high humidity.

Teacher's Note:
1. Rice is a tropical crop that needs plenty of water.
2. Kharif crops are grown during the rainy season.

Answer: 1. The region has difficult terrain with hills, dense forests, rivers and heavy rainfall, which make road and rail construction hard.
2. Floods and landslides often cut off roads and railway lines.
3. The region is remote and has international borders, so air transport saves time and gives quick access to the rest of the country.

Teacher's Note:
1. Think about the physical geography of the region.
2. Air links are fast and not blocked by floods.

Answer: Challenges: 1. Stiff competition from synthetic substitutes and from other jute-producing countries such as Bangladesh, Brazil, the Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. 2. Falling demand for jute products at the international level.
Government step: The National Jute Policy, 2005 was formulated to raise productivity, improve quality and ensure good prices for jute farmers, and jute packaging has been made mandatory for certain products.

Teacher's Note:
1. Name one competitor and one policy.
2. The policy aims to increase demand and quality.

Answer: 1. Non-Cooperation meant refusing to cooperate with the British (boycotting schools, courts, councils and foreign cloth); Civil Disobedience meant openly breaking colonial laws, such as the salt law.
2. It was launched with the Dandi March in 1930, while Non-Cooperation began in 1920–21.
3. Civil Disobedience involved more groups, including women in large numbers and merchants, and called for non-payment of taxes as well.

Teacher's Note:
1. Non-cooperation is refusal; civil disobedience is open defiance of laws.
2. The Dandi March marks the start of the second.

Answer: 1. The Supreme Court and the High Courts settle disputes between the Centre and the states, and among states, on the division of powers.
2. The judiciary acts as the guardian of the Constitution and can strike down laws that go beyond the powers of the relevant government.
3. Its independence ensures that neither level of government overrides the other.

Teacher's Note:
1. Courts are umpires in a federation.
2. Mention the power of judicial review.

Answer: 1. Many problems are best solved at the local level, and local people know their problems best.
2. It increases participation of people in decision making and strengthens democracy.
3. It reduces the burden on the Centre and the state governments and speeds up decisions.
4. In India, the 73rd and 74th Amendments of 1992 gave constitutional status to panchayats and municipalities.

Teacher's Note:
1. Decentralisation means power to local governments.
2. Quote the 1992 amendments.

Answer: 1. Horizontal sharing among organs of government – the legislature, executive and judiciary – for example, courts checking the executive.
2. Vertical sharing among governments at different levels – the union, state and local governments (federal division).
3. Sharing among social groups – community government in Belgium and reserved constituencies in India.
4. Sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements – coalition governments and competition between parties.

Teacher's Note:
1. Power can be shared between organs, levels, groups and parties.
2. Give a one-line example for each form.

Answer: Physical factors: topography (plains, hills, plateaus), climate and soil type. (Others: availability of water.)
Human factors: population density, technological capability and land-ownership/tenure patterns. (Others: culture and tradition, capital.)

Teacher's Note:
1. Physical factors are from nature, human factors from society.
2. Give three of each as asked.

Answer: 1. Khadi, made by hand spinning and weaving, was a symbol of self-reliance and a means of boycotting foreign cloth.
2. It gave work to the poor villagers and revived village industries.
3. It gave dignity to manual labour and brought the rich and the poor together by making everyone spin.

Teacher's Note:
1. Khadi was both economic and political.
2. It reduced dependence on imported mill cloth.

Answer: 1. Gandhiji returned from South Africa in 1915 and successfully organised satyagraha movements in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.
2. He launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), the latter beginning with the Dandi March.
3. His methods were truth (satyagraha), non-violence, boycott and civil disobedience.
4. He drew peasants, workers, women and tribals into the movement and made it a mass struggle.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mention his methods along with the movements.
2. Satyagraha and non-violence are the key words.

Answer: 1. Only the final goods and services are counted, not intermediate goods, because intermediate goods are already included in the price of the final goods.
2. Counting both would result in double counting of values.
3. Only goods and services produced in the given year are counted, so that the figure reflects the production of that year.

Teacher's Note:
1. Avoid counting the same value twice.
2. Final goods are those ready for consumption or investment.

Answer: 1. Health, measured by life expectancy at birth – a long, healthy life is the basis of other opportunities.
2. Education, measured by years of schooling – it builds knowledge and skills for a better quality of life.
3. Standard of living, measured by per capita income – it shows the ability to buy goods and services (adjusted for purchasing power).

Teacher's Note:
1. The three dimensions are health, education and income.
2. Each attribute reflects a different part of a good life.

Answer: 1. Credit is useful when it helps to earn more: for instance, a farmer who takes a loan for seeds and fertilisers and gets a good harvest can repay it and earn a profit.
2. It is harmful when the risk is high: if the crop fails, the farmer is unable to repay, and the debt trap grows because of the high interest, sometimes forcing the farmer to sell land.
3. Therefore, the outcome depends on the risk in the activity and on the terms of credit.

Teacher's Note:
1. Use one example showing profit and one showing loss.
2. Mention a crop failure as the risk.

Answer: Shankar works in the primary (agriculture) sector, mostly in the unorganised sector: his wages are low, the work is seasonal, there is no job security, and he gets no paid leave or pension. Deepak works in the tertiary (service) sector; if he works in a school in the organised sector he has regular salary, fixed working hours, job security, paid leave, provident fund and other benefits.

Teacher's Note:
1. Landless labour is in agriculture and unorganised work.
2. Teaching is a service-sector job.