CBSE Class 10 Social Science History and Geography Assignment Set 16

Answer: To undo most of the changes brought about in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars and restore the conservative monarchical order.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Congress of Vienna was hosted by Austria's chancellor Duke Metternich after Napoleon's defeat.
2. It restored the Bourbon dynasty in France and set up buffer states on France's borders to prevent future expansion.

Answer: The Zollverein (customs union) was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most German states.
1. It abolished tariff barriers between the member states.
2. It reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
3. It was formed to promote economic unity, and the growing network of railways further strengthened this unity and nationalist sentiment.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Zollverein shows how economic ties prepared the ground for German political unity.
2. Remember the year 1834 and the leading role of Prussia.

Answer: 1. Population growth led to unemployment, and peasants and workers migrated to overcrowded cities and lived in slums.
2. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from cheap machine-made goods imported from England.
3. In the countryside, peasants were burdened by feudal dues and obligations; food shortages and rising prices added to the misery.

Teacher's Note:
1. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe, which fed discontent against conservative governments.
2. Write any three points with one line of explanation each.

Answer: Romanticism was a cultural movement that tried to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
1. Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
2. They tried to create a sense of a shared collective heritage by glorifying folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances (for example, Herder).
3. Promoting local dialects and vernacular languages, as in the use of Polish in Church gatherings and in literature, helped spread the message of nationalism to the illiterate masses.

Teacher's Note:
1. Romantics did not want to rouse nationalist feeling by war but by culture and language.
2. Herder and the Polish language are the standard examples to quote.

Answer: 1. In the mid-nineteenth century Italy was divided into seven states; only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house, while the north was under Austrian Habsburgs and the south under Spanish Bourbons.
2. Giuseppe Mazzini had formed the secret society Young Italy, but his republican attempts of 1831 and 1848 failed.
3. The task then fell to Sardinia-Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel II; his chief minister Cavour led the movement and, through a diplomatic alliance with France, defeated the Austrian forces in 1859.
4. Giuseppe Garibaldi and his armed volunteers (the Red Shirts) marched into South Italy in 1860 and, with the support of local peasants, drove out the Spanish rulers.
5. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy, and Rome was added in 1871.

Teacher's Note:
1. Learn the roles of Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II in the right order.
2. Cavour used diplomacy while Garibaldi used a people's army.

Answer: 1. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour, replaced the royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
5. A centralised administrative system made uniform laws for all citizens, internal customs duties were abolished, and uniform weights and measures were adopted.
6. French, as spoken and written in Paris, became the common national language, while regional dialects were discouraged.

Teacher's Note:
1. These steps were meant to create a unified nation out of people with different regional loyalties.
2. Any five of the six points are enough for full marks.

Answer: The Inland Emigration Act of 1859.

Teacher's Note:
1. Under this act workers needed permission to leave the plantation and were rarely given it.
2. When Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement began, the workers left the plantations, believing that Gandhi Raj was coming.

Answer: The Poona Pact of 1932, signed by Gandhiji and Dr B. R. Ambedkar.

Teacher's Note:
1. Gandhiji had opposed separate electorates for the depressed classes and went on a fast against them.
2. The Pact gave them reserved seats but allowed them to be voted for by the general electorate.

Answer: 1. It was an agreement signed in March 1931 between Mahatma Gandhi and the Viceroy, Lord Irwin.
2. Gandhiji agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement and to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London.
3. The government agreed to release the political prisoners.

Teacher's Note:
1. The conference held in London broke down and Gandhiji returned disappointed.
2. The Pact is often asked along with the Dandi March and the Poona Pact.

Answer: Why it was started:
1. Gandhiji sent the Viceroy a letter with eleven demands on 31 January 1930, and Irwin did not accept them.
2. He then began the Salt March from Sabarmati to Dandi on 12 March 1930 and broke the salt law on 6 April.
How it united the country:
3. Rich peasant communities such as the Patidars and Jats, hit by the trade depression and high revenue demands, took part enthusiastically.
4. Business groups such as the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the FICCI wanted protection against imports and supported the movement.
5. Industrial workers of Nagpur and large numbers of women also joined, so people from different classes boycotted foreign cloth and broke colonial laws.

Teacher's Note:
1. The movement turned the national struggle into a mass movement with a common programme.
2. A good answer clearly separates the causes from the unifying effects.

Answer: The Congress was dominated by men, who saw women's role mainly as helpers and as upholders of the home; they were willing to accept women's presence in the struggle but not to give them positions of authority.
Participation of women:
1. Thousands of women, from high-caste urban families and rich peasant households, came out to listen to Gandhiji.
2. They took part in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
3. Many went to jail, and nationalism came to be seen as a sacred duty by them.

Teacher's Note:
1. Participation in the struggle did not by itself change the status of women in the organisation.
2. Remember to answer both parts of the question.

Answer: 1. It was printed by Johann Gutenberg in Germany in the 1450s on his printing press with metal types, and about 180 copies were printed in three years.
2. The Bible was printed in Gothic script with metal letters, but it looked like a handwritten manuscript.
3. The pages were decorated by hand with ornamental borders and illustrations, and no two copies were exactly alike.

Teacher's Note:
1. Gutenberg's press was developed from the olive press and the wine press.
2. Although slow by modern standards, it was much faster than copying by hand.

Answer: 1. Copying manuscripts was very expensive, laborious and time-consuming.
2. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around easily.
3. Their circulation was therefore limited, and they could not meet the growing demand for books.

Teacher's Note:
1. Handwritten books were available only to a small elite.
2. Printing solved these problems by producing many copies quickly and cheaply.

Answer: 1. Printing came to India with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century; the first books were printed in Konkani at Goa.
2. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and the first Malayalam book in 1713.
3. The English East India Company brought out printed material; James Augustus Hickey began the weekly Bengal Gazette in 1780.
4. In the nineteenth century, Raja Rammohan Roy's Sambad Kaumudi (1821) and newspapers like Bombay Samachar spread social and religious debates; reformers and orthodox groups both used print.
5. Cheap books, magazines and caricatures later spread nationalist ideas.

Teacher's Note:
1. Print in India grew with missionaries, the Company and Indian reformers.
2. Learn the key dates 1579, 1713 and 1780.

Answer: 1. After the Revolt of 1857 the attitude of the British changed, and they clamped down on the press.
2. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878, modelled on the Irish Press Laws, gave the government extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
3. If a report was judged seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored the press could be seized and its printing machinery confiscated.
4. Earlier, the Press Regulation of 1799 had introduced censorship, and in 1835 Governor-General Bentinck agreed to relax the laws after Macaulay's recommendations.
5. Nationalist newspapers such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Kesari continued to criticise colonial rule, and Tilak was imprisoned in 1908.

Teacher's Note:
1. Control of the press shows how powerful print had become as a political tool.
2. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 is the most important law to remember.

Answer: Jute.

Teacher's Note:
1. Jute is grown in the flood plains of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region.
2. It is used to make gunny bags, mats and ropes.

Answer: 1. To protect farmers from exploitation by middlemen and from sharp fall in prices.
2. To give farmers remunerative prices and encourage them to grow important crops such as wheat and rice.
3. To procure grain for the public distribution system and maintain buffer stocks for food security.

Teacher's Note:
1. Such price support offers farmers a safety net against uncertain market prices.
2. The Food Corporation of India carries out the procurement.

Answer: 1. Primitive subsistence farming is done on small patches of land with simple tools such as hoe, dao and digging stick, while commercial farming uses modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and machines.
2. Primitive farming depends on family or community labour, whereas commercial farming uses hired labour and heavy capital.
3. The produce of primitive farming is used mainly for family consumption, while commercial farming grows crops for sale in the market.

Teacher's Note:
1. Primitive subsistence farming includes shifting cultivation, known by names such as jhumming in the north-east.
2. Commercial farming gives higher yields per hectare.

Answer: 1. Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land, with small land holdings; commercial farming is done on large areas.
2. Intensive farming uses high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation to get higher production from small plots; commercial farming uses HYV seeds, fertilisers and pesticides on a large scale to get higher productivity.
3. Intensive farming relies on family labour (labour-intensive), while commercial farming relies on hired labour and machines.
4. The aim of intensive farming is mainly to feed the family, while the aim of commercial farming is to sell the produce.
5. Rice is a subsistence crop in Odisha but a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana.

Teacher's Note:
1. The difference lies mainly in the purpose of production and the scale of operations.
2. The rice example shows that the same crop can be grown in both ways.

Answer: Mumbai High, Gujarat (Ankleshwar) and Assam (Digboi, Naharkatia).

Teacher's Note:
1. Mumbai High, offshore in the Arabian Sea, produces the largest share of India's crude oil.
2. The Krishna-Godavari basin is another important region.

Answer: Hydroelectricity is produced by fast-flowing water that turns turbines in dams built across rivers.
Advantages over thermal power:
1. Water is a renewable resource, while thermal power uses up coal, oil or gas.
2. It does not cause air pollution, unlike thermal power stations.
3. Dams used for hydroelectricity are multipurpose, giving irrigation, flood control and water supply as well.

Teacher's Note:
1. Hydroelectricity is a renewable source of power.
2. Building large dams, however, displaces people and affects the environment.

Answer: 1. Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
2. It is widely used for thermal power generation.
3. Coking coal is essential for the iron and steel industry.
4. It is used for domestic and industrial fuel and is cheaper than oil.
5. It is the raw material for coal-based chemical industries.

Teacher's Note:
1. Coal is mainly found in the Gondwana and Tertiary coalfields.
2. Environmental concerns are the main reason for shifting to cleaner energy.

Answer: The benefits that industries gain by locating close to one another, such as shared services like banking, insurance, transport, labour supply and consultancy.

Teacher's Note:
1. Industrial clusters therefore tend to develop around cities.
2. Such benefits lower production costs for the industries concerned.

Answer: 1. Many other industries depend on it for machines and tools.
2. It supplies the raw material for engineering goods, construction and transport equipment.
3. Its products, such as steel, are used by almost all heavy, medium and light industries.

Teacher's Note:
1. It is also known as the backbone of modern industry.
2. India's major steel plants are in Chhotanagpur, close to iron ore and coal.

Answer: 1. Manufacturing industries help modernise agriculture by making machines, fertilisers and pesticides.
2. They reduce heavy dependence on agriculture by creating jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors, which also reduces unemployment and poverty.
3. Export of manufactured goods brings in foreign exchange.
4. Converting raw materials into finished goods of higher value, such as cotton into cloth, increases national income.
5. Countries that have developed their industries have become prosperous, as India aims to do.

Teacher's Note:
1. Industrial development is closely linked to national income and employment.
2. Always support the points with an example such as the textile industry.