CBSE Class 10 Social Science History and Political Science Assignment Set 17

Answer: Italy was divided into seven states in the mid-nineteenth century; only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement tried to unify it as a republic, but the revolts of 1831 and 1848 failed. Then Sardinia-Piedmont's chief minister Cavour led the process through a diplomatic alliance with France, and defeated the Austrian forces in 1859. In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi led armed volunteers (the Red Shirts) into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and won the support of the local peasants. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy, and Venetia (1866) and Rome (1870) were added later.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mention Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi with their roles.
2. The final unification came in 1870 with Rome.

Answer: Many of the German-speaking regions were divided by tariff barriers. In 1834, a customs union, the Zollverein, was formed at the initiative of Prussia, which abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies. The creation of a network of railways further increased mobility and tied the economy to national unity. A wave of economic nationalism thus strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Zollverein is the key example.
2. Economic unity helped political unity.

Answer: The Balkans, a region of geographical and ethnic variation, was under the Ottoman Empire, whose control was weakening. The Balkan people based their claims for independence on nationality. As different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity, the area became explosive. Big powers, Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary, competed for control of the area, which caused a series of wars and finally the First World War.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Ottoman decline created a power vacuum.
2. Rivalry between the big powers made the region explosive.

Answer: In Gujarat and other places, people broke the salt law and manufactured salt. In the countryside of Gujarat, the Patidars and in Uttar Pradesh the Jats were active; rich peasants demanded the reduction of revenue. In Assam, tea plantation workers left the plantations. In Punjab, the Akalis took part, and Muslim participation in the movement was limited. Merchants and industrialists, and women in large numbers, took part, and foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.

Teacher's Note:
1. Different social groups took part in different ways.
2. The Salt March gave the movement its start.

Answer: Non-Cooperation Movement (1921-22): people refused to cooperate with the British, for example by boycotting schools, law courts, councils and foreign goods; it was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34): people also actively broke colonial laws, such as the salt law, and refused to pay taxes; it began with the Salt March and was withdrawn after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and later suspended.

Teacher's Note:
1. Non-cooperation meant refusing support while civil disobedience meant breaking laws.
2. Mention the starting event for each.

Answer: On 13 April 1919, a crowd of people gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, many to attend the annual Baisakhi fair and some to protest against the Rowlatt Act. General Dyer blocked the only exit and ordered his troops to open fire without warning. Hundreds of people were killed. The incident shocked the country and led to widespread protests.

Teacher's Note:
1. The massacre took place at Amritsar on 13 April 1919.
2. It strengthened the nationalist feeling.

Answer: The Simon Commission was set up in 1927 by the British government in Britain to look into the working of the constitutional system in India and to suggest changes. All the members were British, with no Indian member. It was greeted in India with the slogan 'Go back Simon', and the Congress and the Muslim League took part in the protests.

Teacher's Note:
1. The all-British membership caused the protests.
2. It arrived in India in 1928.

Answer: The Rowlatt Act (1919) gave the government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Indians opposed it as it was undemocratic, and Gandhiji launched a nationwide satyagraha against the unjust law.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Act allowed detention without trial.
2. It led to the Rowlatt satyagraha.

Answer: At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration turned violent and a mob set fire to a police station, killing policemen. Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and that satyagrahis needed proper training in non-violence, so he called it off.

Teacher's Note:
1. Non-violence was central to Gandhiji's method.
2. The incident happened in Uttar Pradesh.

Answer: Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. They amended the constitution four times. The central government has equal numbers of Dutch and French-speaking ministers. Many powers were given to state governments of the two regions, which are not subordinate to the central government. Brussels has a separate government in which both communities are equally represented. A third kind of government, the 'community government', is elected by people of one language community wherever they live and has powers over cultural, educational and language-related issues.

Teacher's Note:
1. Give at least three arrangements.
2. Community government is a special feature of Belgium.

Answer: India is a federation with two levels of government, and the Constitution divides powers into the Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Linguistic states were created, and a three-language formula was adopted. Decentralisation is carried further through the Panchayati Raj and municipal bodies, which form a third tier. Centre-state relations are also supported by the principle of cooperation, independent judiciary and sharing of revenues.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mention the three lists and the third tier.
2. Federalism is practised through both rules and practice.

Answer: India has many languages and no single language is spoken by all. Hindi is spoken by about 40 per cent of the people. The Constitution did not give any language the status of national language. Hindi was identified as the official language, with English also used for official purposes. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages. A policy was needed to avoid conflict and to protect all languages, and the states have their own official languages.

Teacher's Note:
1. India has no national language, only official languages.
2. The policy avoided conflicts like those in Sri Lanka.

Answer: Dalits are the people who were treated as 'untouchable' and kept at the bottom of the caste hierarchy. They suffered discrimination, were not allowed to draw water from public wells or enter temples, and were often forced into the work considered unclean. Even today they face prejudice and sometimes violence in some places, although the Constitution bans untouchability.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Constitution declares untouchability illegal.
2. Discrimination still exists in practice.

Answer: 1. Reserve seats for women in the legislatures, as done in the panchayats and municipalities.
2. Encourage political parties to give more tickets to women.
3. Provide education and safe public spaces.
4. Share domestic work more equally within families.
5. Organise campaigns to change attitudes about the role of women in public life.

Teacher's Note:
1. Reservation is the most direct step.
2. Changing social attitudes is also essential.

Answer: The caste system has weakened due to economic development, urbanisation, growth of literacy and education, and occupational mobility. The leaders of social reform movements, such as Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B. R. Ambedkar, and Periyar, worked against the system, and the Constitution has banned caste-based discrimination. Despite this, caste still influences politics and social life.

Teacher's Note:
1. Economic and social change broke the link between caste and occupation.
2. Constitutional protection also helped.

Answer: Communalism is the idea that religion is the principle of social community. A communal person believes that people following the same religion share the same interests and that those of different religions cannot live as equal citizens. Communal politics uses religion as the basis for political mobilisation, so that one religious community is pitted against the others. This is harmful for the unity of the country.

Teacher's Note:
1. Communalism links religion with politics in a way that divides people.
2. India is a secular state.