CBSE Class 10 Social Science History - Nationalism and Industrialisation Assignment Set 19

Answer: (a) - (v), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii), (e) - (iii).

Teacher's Note:
1. Bankim Chandra wrote the hymn Vande Mataram in his novel Anandamath, and Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata as an ascetic woman.
2. Natesa Sastri collected Tamil folktales in a four-volume work to preserve popular culture.

Answer: C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.

Teacher's Note:
1. They formed the party within the Congress in 1923 after the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn.
2. Its aim was to return to the Legislative Councils and argue for reform from within.

Answer: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandamath in the 1870s.

Teacher's Note:
1. The novel contains the hymn Vande Mataram, which became a nationalist song during the Swadeshi movement.
2. It helped link the image of the motherland with devotion and sacrifice.

Answer: (a) Cultural movement. Romanticism sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment through art, poetry, folk culture and music.

Teacher's Note:
1. Romantic artists stressed emotion, intuition and mystical feeling rather than reason and science.
2. They tried to create a sense of shared history and collective heritage among people.

Answer: (a) - (iv), (b) - (v), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i), (e) - (iii).

Teacher's Note:
1. The Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and the revolution.
2. The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Answer: Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor.

Teacher's Note:
1. The ceremony took place in the Hall of Mirrors after Prussia defeated France.
2. Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect of this unification.

Answer: Flying shuttle.

Teacher's Note:
1. The flying shuttle is a device that carries the weft thread across the loom.
2. It made weaving faster and was one of the early technical improvements in textile production.

Answer: Surat linked India with the Gulf ports of Hormuz (Persian Gulf) and the Red Sea ports.

Teacher's Note:
1. Surat was a gateway for trade with West Asia before European trading companies took control of commerce.
2. Its decline came as Bombay and Calcutta grew under the British.

Answer: (b) China trade. Many early Indian entrepreneurs, such as Dwarkanath Tagore, made fortunes by exporting opium and cotton to China.

Teacher's Note:
1. Indian merchants shipped raw cotton and opium to China and brought back tea and silk.
2. Their profits were later invested in industries and shipping.

Answer: 1. Politically, liberalism meant government by consent, an end to autocracy, a constitution and a representative parliament.
2. It stood for equality before the law, and individual freedom, but voting rights were limited to men with property.
3. Economically, it stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. The Zollverein of 1834 removed tariff barriers among German states.

Teacher's Note:
1. Liberal nationalism wanted a nation-state with a constitution, not rule by a single monarch.
2. Economic liberalism supported a unified market, which also helped the nationalist cause.

Answer: 1. Non-Cooperation (1920-22) asked people to refuse cooperation with the government, such as boycotting schools, courts and councils. Civil Disobedience (1930) asked people to break colonial laws, such as the salt law, as well.
2. Civil Disobedience began with the Salt March to Dandi, with a clear demand to repeal the salt tax. Non-Cooperation joined the Khilafat and Swaraj demands.
3. Participation was wider in 1930, with large numbers of women, merchants and industrialists joining, while foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.

Teacher's Note:
1. Non-Cooperation was about withdrawing support, while Civil Disobedience added the active violation of unjust laws.
2. The Dandi march gave the second movement a powerful symbol.

Answer: 1. Indian weavers lost export markets as British cotton cloth, made by machines, flooded the Indian market at lower prices.
2. Raw cotton became scarce and costly when it was exported to England, particularly during the American Civil War.
3. Weavers could not compete with cheap machine-made cloth, and many became poor or moved to agriculture and other work.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mechanised production in Britain lowered costs, while import duties on British cloth in India were removed.
2. Handloom weaving survived only in some specialised and fine cloth markets.

Answer: 1. The first cotton mill was set up in Bombay in 1854, and by 1862 four mills were working. Jute mills began in Bengal in 1855.
2. Mills were also set up in Ahmedabad (1861), and a cotton mill in Kanpur (the Elgin Mill, 1860s). Indian businessmen such as Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetji Tata set up enterprises.
3. The first Indian-owned steel works, Tata Iron and Steel, began in 1912. Industrial growth increased greatly in the 1900s with the Swadeshi movement.

Teacher's Note:
1. Early growth was led by the cotton and jute industries and by investment by Indian merchants.
2. Colonial policy often favoured British goods, which limited Indian industrial growth.

Answer: 1. The Treaty of Vienna restored monarchies and suppressed liberal and nationalist ideas, and censorship was imposed on newspapers, books and plays.
2. Many liberal-nationalists went underground to form secret societies, such as Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy.
3. Revolutionaries thought that fighting for liberty and creating nation-states was a duty, which led to uprisings in 1830 and 1848.

Teacher's Note:
1. Repression pushed supporters of liberty to work in secret.
2. Revolutionaries such as Mazzini saw nation-building as part of the fight for freedom.

Answer: 1. It was the first mass movement in which large numbers of Indians, including peasants, students, lawyers and tribals, took part.
2. It showed the weakness of British power as foreign cloth was boycotted and imports fell, and Indian mills gained.
3. It brought the Khilafat issue and Swaraj together and spread nationalism to new areas, though the movement ended in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura violence.

Teacher's Note:
1. The movement turned the national struggle into a people's struggle.
2. It was called off by Gandhi because he was against violence.

Answer: 1. Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915 and used satyagraha, a method of non-violent resistance based on truth, in Champaran (1917), Kheda (1917) and the Ahmedabad mill strike (1918).
2. He launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) with the Dandi march, and the Quit India Movement in 1942.
3. He supported Hindu-Muslim unity through the Khilafat issue and worked for the upliftment of Harijans.
4. He used simple symbols such as the charkha, khadi and salt, which brought in common people and women across classes.
5. His leadership turned the Congress into a mass movement.

Teacher's Note:
1. Gandhi's strength was in uniting different sections of Indian society around non-violent protest.
2. His methods used moral force and mass participation rather than armed action.

Answer: 1. Advertisements: British makers used advertising in newspapers, hoardings and posters to make products appear desirable.
2. Labels: Labels on cloth bundles showed the place of manufacture and the brand, and gave a mark of quality.
3. Images of Indian gods and goddesses on labels and calendars: this helped products appeal to Indian buyers.
4. Calendars: These were used even by the poor, who displayed them in homes and offices, and so spread the brand.
5. Images of important people, such as emperors and nawabs, and the use of nationalist messages in advertisements: these appealed to patriotic buyers and added to demand.

Teacher's Note:
1. Manufacturers used familiar religious and cultural images to make new products acceptable.
2. Calendars carried advertising into homes where newspapers did not reach.

Answer: 1. Labour was plentiful, so jobs were hard to find, and workers often waited long at factory gates and in the mills.
2. Wages were low and many jobs were seasonal, so workers had no work for part of the year.
3. Many migrants lived in overcrowded slums with poor sanitation, and the arrival of new machines threatened jobs, as with the spinning jenny.
4. Fear of unemployment made workers resist new technology.
5. Things changed little before the 1840s, when building activity and a growth in urban employment created more jobs, and workers later formed associations to demand better conditions.

Teacher's Note:
1. Abundant labour kept wages low and weakened workers' bargaining power.
2. Workers in cities faced hard living conditions as well as unstable jobs.