CBSE Class 10 Biology Our Environment Management Of Natural Resources Worksheet Set E

Sustainable Management of Natural Resources

Multiple Choice Questions

Question. The major ill effect of monoculture practice in forests is on the
(a) biodiversity which faces large destruction
(b) local people whose basic needs can no longer be met from such forests
(c) industries
(d) forest department
Answer: a

Question. The most appropriate definition of a natural resource is that it is a substance or commodity that is :
(a) Present only on land
(b) A gift of nature which is very useful to mankind
(c) A man-made substance placed in nature
(d) Available only in the forest
Answer: b

Question. It is important to make small check dams across the flooded gullies because they :
(i) Hold water for irrigation.
(ii) Hold water and prevent soil erosion.
(iii) Recharge ground water.
(iv) Hold water permanently.
(a) (i), (iv)
(b) (ii), (iii)
(c) (iii), (iv)
(d) (ii), (iv)
Answer: b

Question. Expand the abbreviation GAP :
(a) Government agency for pollution control
(b) Gross assimilation by photosynthesis
(c) Ganga action plan
(d) Governmental agency for animal protection
Answer: c

Question. The pH range most conductive for life of fresh water plants and animals is :
(a) 6.5–7.5
(b) 2.0–3.5
(c) 3.5–5.0
(d) 9.0–10.5
Answer: a

Question. The important message conveyed by the “Chipko Movement” is :
(a) To involve the community in forest conservation efforts
(b) To ignore the community in forest conservation efforts
(c) To cut down forest trees for developmental activities
(d) Government agencies have the unquestionable right to order destruction of trees in forests.
Answer: a

Question. The pH of water sample collected from a river was found to be acidic in the range of 3.5–4.5. On the banks of the river were several factories that were discharging effluents into the river. The effluents of which one of the following factories is the most likely cause for lowering the pH of river water ?
(a) Soap and detergent factory.
(b) Lead battery manufacturing factory.
(c) Plastic cup manufacturing factory.
(d) Alcohol distillery.
Answer: b

Question. Select the incorrect statement :
(a) Economic development is linked to environmental conservation.
(b) Sustainable development encourages development for current generation and conservation of resources for future generations.
(c) Sustainable development does not consider the view points of stakeholders.
(d) Sustainable development is a long planned and persistent development.
Answer: c

Question. Pick the right combination of terms which has no fossil fuel.
(a) Wind, ocean and coal
(b) Kerosene, wind and tide
(c) Wind, wood, sun
(d) Petroleum, wood, sun
Answer: c

Question. Select the eco-friendly activity among the following :
(a) Using car for transportation
(b) Using poly bags for shopping
(c) Using dyes for colouring clothes
(d) Using windmills to generate power for irrigation
Answer: d

Question. Match the following
Column I
(a) Khadin
(b) Bandharas
(c) Ahars
(d) Bundhi
Column II
(i) Bihar
(ii) Rajasthan
(iii) Uttar Pradesh
(iv) Maharashtra
Answer: (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (iii)

Question. Fill in the blanks
(a) LPG is a ............................... fuel but biogas is not a ............................... fuel.
(b) One of the main aim of management of forests and wildlife is to coinherited ............................... .
(c) Khadin is a traditional ............................... harvesting system in Rajasthan.
Answer: (a) Fossil, fossil, (b) biodiversity, (c) water

Very Short Answers Type Questions

Question. Name two industries based on forest produce.
Answer: Timber industries and paper manufacturing industries are based on forest produce.

Question. Write two advantages associated with water harvesting at the community level.
Answer: (a) Exploitation of water resources will be reduced. (b) It helps to recharge natural wells and the ground water level.

Question. Although coal and petroleum are produced by the degradation of biomass, yet we need to conserve these resources. Why ?
Answer: We need to conserve coal and petroleum because they are formed in millions of years and are non-renewable also and their rate of consumption is very high. So these are limited and cannot last for longer time.

Question. State two advantages of conserving (a) forests and (b) wildlife.
Answer: (a) Advantages of conserving forest: (i) It supports life, purifies air. (ii) Holds the soils and thus prevents the soil erosion. (b) Advantage of conserving wildlife: (i) Balances ecology and biodiversity. (ii) Provides important things to sustain life.

Question. Explain two main advantages associated with water harvesting at the community level.
Answer: Two advantages associated with water harvesting at community level are: (a) Water harvesting is an ideal solution to water problems in areas having inadequate water resources. (b) It improves the quality of water and helps in raising the ground water level.

Question. Why is an equitable distribution of resources essential in a society ? List two forces which are against such distribution.
Answer: Equitable distribution of resources is when every individual gets an equal right to access all the available resources and is benefited directly or indirectly. It also avoids the division of society to an extent. The main forces which work against equitable distribution: (a) Lack of natural resources. (b) Excessive consumption by the rich. (c) Profit motive of people exploiting resources. (d) Corruption.

Question. In the following food chain, 20,000 J of energy was available to the plants. How much energy would be available to man in this chain ? Plants → Sheep → Man
Answer: In the given food chain, according to 10% law, Plants (20,000 J) → Sheep (2000 J) → Man (200 J). Amount of energy available to the man is 200 J.

Question. Find out the traditional systems of water harvesting or management in your region.
Answer: Ponds, pits, lakes etc., are the traditional systems of water harvesting or management in the regions where rain water is stored.

Question. Why should we conserve forests and wildlife ?
Answer: Forests and wildlife are rich source of biodiversity. They maintain an ecological balance in nature. Forests provide us various valuable products like honey, medicines, lac, gums, resins, wood, prevent soil erosion and flood, brings rainfall, release oxygen to atmosphere which is a life supporter. Forests are habitat of variety of living organisms. Loss of biodiversity would lead to ecological imbalance so we need to conserve forests and wildlife.

Question. Why are the Arabari forests of Bengal known to be a good example of conserved forest ?
Answer: In 1972, West Bengal forest department found that there is great degradation of Sal forests. So forest officer A.K. Banerjee involved the local villagers in protection of these forests. They were given employment in both silviculture and harvesting operations. By 1983 the sal forests of Arabari became thick and green. So, it is a good example of conserved forest.

Question. How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal ? Write any two methods.
Answer: (a) Segregation of waste at the point of its generation for convenient disposal. (b) Change in attitude producing less waste by adopting 3 R’s policy.

Short Answers Type Questions

Question. What is water harvesting ? List two main advantages associated with water harvesting at the community level. Write two causes for the failure of sustained availability of groundwater.
Answer: Water harvesting means capturing rain where it falls or capturing the run off in village or town. It can be done by capturing run off from roof tops and local catchments. Advantages: (a) Harvesting water allows capturing better utilization of an energy resource or when there is an immediate need. (b) This water is suitable for irrigation and for recharging the ground water level. Causes for failure of sustained ground water availability are: (a) Increase in agricultural activities leads to depletion or overuse of ground water. (b) Increase in population and industries are also responsible for the same which leads to deforestation.

Question. Why should there be equitable distribution of resources ? List three forces that would be working against an equitable distribution of our resources.
Answer: There should be equitable distribution of the resources so that all the people irrespective of being rich and poor have access and makes use of the resources. Equitable resource distribution also leads to sustainable development. Three factors that work against equitable distribution of resources are: (a) Over exploitation of resources by industrialists for short-term gains. (b) Improper management which has led to access of natural raw material to certain group of people which are either influential. (c) Wastage by the people who have indifferent attitude towards environment, use the resources with short term aim hence leading to depletion of resources.

Question. List three advantages each of : (a) exploiting resources with short term aims, and (b) using a long term perspective in managing our natural resources.
Answer: (a) Three advantages of exploiting resources with short term aims: (i) Immediate benefit to few people. (ii) Progress in science and technology for development in a country. (iii) Urbanisation and industrialisation of an area. (b) Three advantage of using a long term perspective: (i) Resources will be made available for sustaining development. (ii) Provides valuable contribution to the socio-economic development. (iii) Quality of environment will be conserved.

Question. What is a dam ? Why do we seek to build large dams ? While building large dams, which three main problems should particularly be addressed to maintain peace among local people ? Mention them.
Answer: Dam is a structure made to obstruct the flow of river for creating an impoundment or diverting the flow of water for one's own use like irrigation. Dams are built for storage of water, electric generation, recreation, protection from drought or flood etc. Problems to be addressed: (i) People must be provided with full rehabilitation facilities. (ii) They must be given required sum of money for our recovery creating conditions for them. They should also be provided with equal land area that has been taken from them to construct a dam with all developmental approach. (iii) Benefits of dam must be guaranteed to them and not only to rich urban areas & industries. (iv) Afforestation to reduce the damages due to large forests being cut & a shelter for wildlife which has been displaced.

Question. Why must we conserve our forests ? List two factors responsible for causing deforestation.
Answer: We must conserve forests because we derive countless benefits such as food, timber etc., from them and they are an important component of our ecosystem. Factors that contribute to deforestation: (a) Large scale development projects. (b) Forests cleared for industrialisation needs. (c) Mining. (d) Increase in population and demand for commercial crops. (e) Growing urbanisation.

Question. You being an environmentalist are interested in contributing towards the conservation of natural resources. List four activities that you can do on your own.
Answer: (a) Reuse and recycle paper products. (b) Reduce consumption of water in daily activities. (c) Adopt water harvesting. (d) Reduce consumption of fossil fuels by using public transport or carpooling.

Question. Why are coal and petroleum categorised as natural resources ? Give a reason as to why they should be used judiciously ?
Answer: Coal and petroleum are categorised as natural resources because they are formed from the fossils of dead plants and animals respectively. They should be used judiciously because they are non-renewable, have limited reserves, and will get exhausted very soon.

Question. What is sustainable management ? Why is reuse considered better in comparison to recycle ?
Answer: Sustainable management is a resource management technique which aims to conserve the resource, use them efficiently and avoid their misuse so they are conserved for the future. Reuse is better than recycle because: (a) Recycling needs processes to use the same material again. (b) Reuse saves energy. (c) Reuse prevents pollution by not creating waste. (d) Reuse saves cost.

Question. Management of forest and wildlife resources is a very challenging task. Why ? Give any two reasons.
Answer: (a) There are many stakeholders with conflicting interests (local people vs. industries). (b) Industries view forests only as a source of cheap raw material and lobby the government for access, making management difficult.

Question. Explain how would the involvement of local people be useful for successful management of forests.
Answer: (a) Local people are aware of the ecological balance and can object to illegal activities. (b) They can report phenomena like forest fires immediately for quick action.

Question. How do advantages of exploiting natural resources with short term gains in mind differs from the advantages of managing our resources with a long term perspective ?
Answer: Short-term exploitation provides immediate benefits for current growth without considering the future, often leading to environmental damage and resource exhaustion. Long-term management involves judicious use to ensure resources are available for future generations, ensures uniform distribution, and uses more eco-friendly methods.

Question. What is meant by wildlife ? How is it important for us ?
Answer: Wildlife refers to all naturally occurring non-domesticated plants and animals. Importance: (a) Essential for ecological balance. (b) Provides biological diversity. (c) Source of products like drugs, honey, and leather.

Question. Compare the traditional system with the probable systems in hilly or mountainous areas or plains or plateau regions.
Answer: In hilly regions like Himachal Pradesh, local systems called Kulhs (man-made channels) were used for irrigation. In plains or plateau regions, water is traditionally stored in structures like dams, tanks, or Khadins.

Question. We saw in chapter (Management of natural resources) that there are four main stake-holders when it comes to forests and wildlife. Which among these should have the authority to decide the management of forest produce ? Why do you think so ?
Answer: Local people and the Forest Department should have authority. Local people know sustainable practices and have a history of protecting forests (e.g., Chipko movement). A governing body is needed to create broad awareness and coordinate conservation.

Question. On the basis of the issue raised in this chapter, (Management of natural resources) what changes would you incorporate in your life style in a move towards a sustainable use of our resources ?
Answer: (a) Use energy efficient bulbs. (b) Plant more trees. (c) Switch off appliances when not in use. (d) Close taps while brushing. (e) Repair leaks. (f) Segregate waste. (g) Walk or use public transport. (h) Use renewable energy like solar.

Question. Give four characteristics of a good fuel.
Answer: (a) Low pollution. (b) High calorific value. (c) Economical and easily available. (d) Moderate ignition temperature.

Question. Which of the two is better option : (a) To collect rain water in ponds or artificial lakes. (b) To let it recharge ground water by water harvesting. List two causes for the failure of sustained availability of ground water.
Answer: Option (b) is better because it prevents loss via evaporation, avoids contamination, and doesn't provide breeding grounds for insects. Causes of failure: (a) Rising population demands. (b) Industrial pollution and effluent dumping.

Question. What is “Sustainable Management of Natural Resources” ? Why is it necessary ? Which one out of reuse and recycle, would you practise in your daily life and why ?
Answer: It is managing resources to meet current needs while preserving them for future generations. It is necessary to maintain environmental quality and resource continuity. I prefer reuse because recycling requires additional energy.

Question. Why are certain forests considered ‘‘biodiversity hot spots’’ ? Suggest any two ways in which an individual can contribute effectively to the management of forests and wildlife.
Answer: They are hot spots because they contain a vast variety of species. Contributions: (a) Avoiding cutting trees and killing animals. (b) Educating others about conservation.

Question. What is sustainable development ? State its two main objectives.
Answer: Development that can be maintained long-term without undue environmental damage. Objectives: (a) Economic well-being for present and future generations. (b) Maintaining a healthy environment and life support system.

Question. List four causes of damage to forests.
Answer: (a) Local people meeting daily needs. (b) Industrial deforestation. (c) Developmental projects (roads, dams). (d) Tourism-related arrangements.

Long Answers Type Questions

Question. Mention the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy. List four steps you would suggest to reduce the consumption of energy.
Answer: Consequences: (i) Increased pollution of air, water, soil. (ii) Greenhouse effect from \( \text{CO}_2 \) emissions. (iii) Global warming. (iv) Acid rain corroding heritage and affecting life. Steps to reduce: 1) Use alternatives like CNG. 2) Use public transport. 3) Harness non-conventional energy sources. 4) Create awareness and use energy judiciously.

Question. What are dams ? Give some examples of major dams in our country ? State some benefits of constructing dams ?
Answer: Dams are large water storage bodies built to regulate flow for human benefit. Examples: (a) Bhakhra (Sutlej). (b) Tehri (Ganga). (c) Mettur (Cauvery). (d) Sardar Sarovar (Narmada). (e) Hirakud (Mahanadi). Benefits: (a) Irrigation. (b) Piped water supply. (c) Hydroelectricity. (d) Flood control.

Question. (a) Water is an elixir of life, a very important natural resource. Your science teacher wants you to prepare a plan for a formative assessment activity, ‘‘How to save water, the vital natural resource’’. Write any two ways that you will suggest to bring awareness in your neighbourhood, on how to save water.
(b) Name and explain any one way by which the underground water table does not go down further.
Answer: (a) (i) Promoting bucket use over showers. (ii) Promoting reuse of kitchen water for plants. (b) Rainwater harvesting: Collecting rain water to recharge ground water levels, preventing the table from dropping.

Question. (a) What is meant by rain water harvesting ? Name some of the ancient structures used for rain water harvesting by the rural people.
(b) What are the various advantages of water stored in ground ?
Answer: (a) Rain water harvesting is collecting and storing rain water for future use. Ancient structures: Khadins, Nadis, Bandharas, Kulhs, Kattas, Tals. (b) Advantages: (i) No pollution. (ii) No evaporation. (iii) No insect breeding. (iv) Recharges wells. (v) Provides moisture for crops. (vi) Mitigates floods/droughts.

Question. Is water conservation necessary ? Give reasons. Suggest a few useful ways of utilizing waste water.
Answer: Yes, because fresh water is scarce and unevenly distributed, and demand is rising. Ways to utilize waste water: (a) Irrigation. (b) Recharging ground water. (c) Gardening/mopping. (d) Industrial cooling. (e) Sewage sludge as manure.

Question. (a) In the context of conservation of natural resources, explain the terms reduce, recycle and reuse.
(b) Why is conservation of water necessary ? State any four reasons.
Answer: (a) (i) Reduce: Less use, avoid wastage. (ii) Recycle: Processing waste into new items. (iii) Reuse: Using items again. (b) Necessary because: (i) Essential for life. (ii) Limited availability. (iii) Needed for equitable distribution. (iv) Required for sustainable development.

Question. (a) What is sustainable development ? Why is it necessary ?
(b) What is water harvesting ? List its four benefits.
Answer: (a) Development meeting current needs without compromising future ones; necessary for environmental conservation. (b) Storing rain water for future use. Benefits: (i) Recharges wells. (ii) Provides soil moisture. (iii) No loss by evaporation. (iv) Prevents ground water contamination.

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Question. Assertion : Forests are ‘biodiversity hot spots’.
Reason : In forest we can find variety of species of both flora and fauna.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is ture.
Answer: a

Question. Assertion : Reuse is better than recycling.
Reason : Recycling uses some energy.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is ture.
Answer: a

Question. Assertion : There are abundant coliform bacteria in the river Ganga.
Reason : Coliform bacteria are found in human intestines and in unburnt corpses.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is ture.
Answer: a

Question. Assertion : Sustainable development encourages development for current generation and conservation for resources for future generations.
Reason : Sustainable development does not consider the viewpoints of stakeholders.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is ture.
Answer: c

Question. Assertion : Recycling of waste material can help in maintaining ecological balance.
Reason : Non- degradable waste posses serious disposal problems.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is ture.
Answer: a

Creating Based Questions

Question. Ramesh is concerned about the quality of water in the river flowing in his village. On the banks of the river were several factories that were discharging effluents into the river. There were soap and detergent factory, lead battery manufacturing unit, plastic cup manufacturing unit and alcohol distillery in the nearby area. He collected the water samples and send them for testing in a laboratory, the pH of water sample collected from a river was found to be acidic in the range of 3.5 – 4.5. The effluents of which one of the following factories is the most likely cause for lowering the pH of river water ? Suggest what should Ramesh do ?
Answer: Acid spillage from lead battery manufacturing factory can lower down the pH. Ramesh should talk to management authorities of lead battery manufacturing unit, to make alternative arrangements for disposal of their effluents.

Question. In our country, there are attempts to increase the height of several existing dams like Tehri and Almati, dams across Narmada. People living in nearby area are afraid of the consequence of raising the height of dams, can you suggest some such consequences that might affect these people.
Answer: People might face social problems because such projects displace large number of peasants and tribals without adequate compensation or rehabilitation, economic problems because these projects swallow up huge amounts of public money without the generation of proportionate benefits, environmental problems because they contribute enormously to deforestation and the loss of biological diversity.

Question. Rahul visits his village on hills after a long time. He feels the need of developing a water harvesting system, suggest some traditional methods of developing water harvesting system in hilly areas.
Answer: In hilly areas like Himachal Pradesh a local system of irrigation was developed called kulhs. The water flowing in the streams was diverted into manmade channels which took this water to numerous villages down the hillside. The management of the water flowing in these kulhs was by common agreement among all the villages. Interestingly, during the planting season, water was first used by the village farthest away from the source of the kulh, then by villages progressively higher up.

Question. Using the following information form a pathway showing the meaning of three R’s with example. And also include information that is not mentioned below to complete it. Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, save electricity, plastic, use again.
Answer: Reduce → use less → example → save electricity by switching off unnecessary lights and fans. Recycle → recycle materials to make required things → example → recycle the products like plastic, paper, glass and metal. Reuse → use things again and again → example → Like the plastic bottles in which you buy various food-items like jam or pickle can be used for storing things in the kitchen.

Paragraph/Table and Case Study Based Questions

The following table shows types of substances categorized into two columns.
1. Apple core | Aluminium foil
2. Cotton cloth | Hard plastic
3. Cardboard box | Tin cans
4. Paper | Glass bottles

Question. Which type of substances is represented by column I ?
Answer: Column I represents biodegradable substances.

Question. Which type of substances is represented by column II ?
Answer: Column II represents non-biodegradable substances.

Question. What is the main difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances ?
Answer: Biodegradable substances can be broken down into simpler forms by micro-organisms but non-biodegradable substances are not.

Question. Give one other example of non-biodegradable substances.
Answer: Metallic products.

India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity. For centuries, rural communities have relied on their local knowledge to conserve their environment. Through learning from experiences, imitating and observations, rural people have developed a body of knowledge on forest and wildlife conservation. The term conservation in this context refers to the processes of maintaining, protecting and managing forest and wildlife resources.

Question. Endangered species are:
(a) Those that are in danger of extinction
(b) Whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category
(c) Species with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category
(d) None of the above
Answer: a

Question. Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award is given for:
(a) Water harvesting
(b) Wildlife conservation
(c) Excellence in Science
(d) Energy conservation
Answer: b

Question. In which year Indian wildlife protection act was implemented?
(a) 1972 (b) 1983
(c) 1999 (d) 2001
Answer: a

Question. Which one of the following is a great achievement of the Chipko Movement?
(a) More trees are planted
(b) Development in Himalayan region
(c) Successfully resisted deforestation
(d) Soil erosion gets declined.
Answer: c

Question. A local system of canal irrigation called kulhs is practised in which state?
(a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Orissa
(c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer: a

Waste has become a big challenge for the environment and humans in modern times. Our water bodies, our grasslands, our fields, our public spaces; all of them are being affected by the waste we discard. The concept of 5R’s is to decrease the amount of things we use and simultaneously also decrease the amount of things we throw away.

Question. Which of the following solid wastes describes the term ‘Municipal Solid Waste’?
(a) Toxic (b) Hazardous
(c) Non-toxic (d) Non-hazardous
Answer: d

Question. Why is it difficult to recycle plastics?
(a) It is very hard
(b) It comes in different sizes
(c) It is adhesive
(d) It contains different types of polymer resins
Answer: d

Question. Which of the following is done on an individual level?
(a) Burning (b) Disposal
(c) Recycling (d) Source reduction
Answer: d

Question. Why is recycled paper banned for use in food containers?
(a) Because it creates a lot of spaces
(b) Because it creates contamination
(c) Because paper can be used only one time
(d) Because paper is very thick and can’t cover the food containers
Answer: b

Question. The burning of solid waste is not recommended because
(a) It is very costly
(b) It requires a lot of space
(c) It requires modern technologies
(d) It causes several environmental issues
Answer: d

Archives

Question. Write any two applications of biogas.
Answer: As a fuel for cooking and for generating electricity.

Question. You have been appointed as the ‘eco club incharge’ of your school. You have to take care of the maintenance and conservation of the environment.
(a) Suggest any three ways by which you will carry on your duties.
(b) Write any three qualities that you would like your school mates to develop for environment conservation.
Answer: (a) Organizing tree plantation drives, ensuring waste segregation in school, conducting awareness rallies. (b) Responsibility, sensitivity towards nature, and discipline.

Question. ‘’What was Chipko Andolan’’ ? How did this Andolan ultimately benefit the local people and the environment ?
Answer: It was a movement where people hugged trees to prevent them from being felled. It benefited locals by preserving their resource base and the environment by preventing deforestation and soil erosion.

Question. ‘’Burning of fossil fuels results in global warming’’. Give reasons to justify this statement.
Answer: Burning fossil fuels releases \( \text{CO}_2 \), a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to an increase in global temperatures.

Question. Forests are ‘’biodiversity hot spots.’’ Justify this statement.
Answer: They host a huge variety of life forms, from microorganisms to large animals and diverse plant species, in a small concentrated area.

Question. List four stakeholders which may be helpful in the conservation of forests.
Answer: Local people, Forest Department, Industrialists, Wildlife enthusiasts.

Question. List two natural ecosystems.
Answer: Forests and Lakes.

Question. Explain giving example where active involvement of local people leads to efficient management of forest.
Answer: The Arabari forest range case where villagers helped protect Sal forests in exchange for employment and a share in the harvest.

Question. Anita visited her village during summer vacation and saw her grandmother burning firewood to cook food. This caused lots of smoke and resulted in the bad health of Anita’s grandmother. Anita suggested some alternatives to her family in the village and offered to help them. Now answer the following questions :
(a) List any two alternatives that Anita must have suggested to her grandmother.
(b) How will Anita’s grandmother benefit herself and the community by not burning the firewood ? Give one reason each.
(c) Which qualities of Anita are reflected in her way of thinking ?
Answer: (a) Biogas or LPG. (b) Grandmother: Better respiratory health. Community: Reduced air pollution. (c) Empathy and scientific temper.

Question. List two main causes of the pollution of water of the river Ganga. State how pollution and contamination of river water prove harmful for the health of the people of neighbouring areas.
Answer: Industrial effluents and domestic sewage. Harmful effects: Spread of water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid.

Question. What is biodiversity ? What will happen if biodiversity of an area is not preserved ? Mention one effect of it.
Answer: The variety of life forms in an area. If not preserved, ecological balance is lost, leading to food chain disruption.

Question. List any two advantages associated with water stored in the ground.
Answer: It doesn't evaporate and it recharges wells.

Question. Why is sustainable management of natural resources necessary ? Out of the two-reuse and recycle - which, in your opinion, is better to practice ? Give reason.
Answer: Necessary for resource longevity. Reuse is better as it saves energy required for recycling.

Question. Why are forests considered “biodiversity hot spots” ? List two ways in which an individual can contribute effectively to the management of forests and wildlife.
Answer: Because of the high density of diverse species. Individual contribution: Reducing paper use and participating in plantation drives.

Question. What is meant by “sustainable management” ? Why is reuse considered better than recycling ?
Answer: Managing resources for current and future needs. Reuse is better as it uses zero energy for processing.

Question. (a) Why do we need to manage our resources carefully ?
(b) Why management of natural resources requires a long term perspective ?
Answer: (a) Because they are limited and demand is increasing. (b) To ensure they last for future generations and aren't exploited for short-term gain.

Question. List four measures that can be taken to conserve forests.
Answer: Afforestation, preventing overgrazing, controlling forest fires, and involving local communities.

Question. List two advantages associated with water harvesting at the community level.
Answer: Reduces runoff and recharges groundwater.

Question. Why do herbivores have longer, small intestine than carnivores ?
Answer: Because herbivores eat plants containing cellulose, which is harder to digest and requires a longer time/pathway for complete digestion.