CBSE Class 11 Sociology Worksheet Set A Solved

1. What is biodiversity and deforestation? 

2. What are effluents and emissions? 

3. What do you understand by Calvinism? 

4. Define bureaucracy. 

5. What is meant by Historical Materialism? 

6. Discuss the various types of authority as stated by Webber. 

7. Discuss various forms of pollution with examples.

VALUE POINTS 

1. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of interdependencies.mDeforestation: The loss of forest area due to cutting down of trees and/or taking over of the land for other purposes, usually cultivation.

2. Effluents: Waste materials in fluid form produced from industrial processes.
Emissions: Waste gases given off by a human-initiated process, usually in the context of industries or vehicles.

3. Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

4. It was a mode of organisation which was premised on the separation of the public from the domestic world. This meant that behaviour in the public domain was regulated by explicit rules and regulations. Moreover, as a public institution, bureaucracy restricted the power of the officials in regard to their responsibilities and did not provide absolute power to them.

5. Historical materialism is the methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time, claiming that they follow a number of observable tendencies. It is principally a theory of history according to which the material conditions of a society's way of producing and reproducing the means of human existence or, in Marxist terms, the union of its technological and productive capacity and social relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and development.

6. Weber again used the ideal type to illustrate the three types of authority that he defined as traditional, charismatic and rational-legal. While the source of traditional authority was custom and precedence, charismatic authority derived from divine sources or the ‘gift of grace’, and rational-legal authority was based on legal demarcation of authority. Rational legal authority which prevailed in modern times was epitomised in the bureaucracy.

7. Air pollution is considered to be a major environmental problem in urban and rural areas, causing respiratory and other problems which result in serious illness and death. The sources of air pollution include emissions from industries and vehicles, as well as the burning of wood and coal for domestic use. Indoor pollution from cooking fires is also a serious source.
Water pollution is also a very serious issue affecting surface as well as groundwater. Major sources include not only domestic sewage and factory effluents but also the runoff from farms where large amounts of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides are used. The pollution of rivers and water bodies is a particularly important problem. Cities also suffer from noise pollution, which has been the subject of court orders in many cities. Sources include amplified loud speakers used at religious and cultural events, political campaigns, vehicle horns and traffic, and construction work.

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