CBSE Class 11 Sociology Worksheet Set 02 Solved

1. What is meant by Historical Materialism? 

2. Define hydrology and aquifers. 

3. Define ideal type. 

4. What are effluents and emissions? 

5. Define bureaucracy. 

6. Write a note on the age of enlightenment. 

7. Discuss various forms of pollution with examples.

VALUE POINTS 

1. Historical materialism is the methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time, claiming that they follow a number of observable tendencies. It is principally a theory of history according to which the material conditions of a society's way of producing and reproducing the means of human existence or, in Marxist terms, the union of its technological and productive capacity and social relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and development.

2. Hydrology: The science of water and its flows; or the broad structure of water resources in a country or region.
Aquifers: Natural underground formations in the geology of a region where water gets stored.

3. Weber also suggested another methodological tool for doing sociology —nthe ‘ideal type’. An ideal type is a logically consistent model of a social nphenomenon that highlights its most significant characteristics.

4. Effluents: Waste materials in fluid form produced from industrial processes.
Emissions: Waste gases given off by a human-initiated process, usually in the context of industries or vehicles.

5. It was a mode of organisation which was premised on the separation of the public from the domestic world. This meant that behaviour in the public domain was regulated by explicit rules and regulations. Moreover, as a public institution, bureaucracy restricted the power of the officials in regard to their responsibilities and did not provide absolute power to them.

6. The Enlightenment

• Experienced in Europe during the late 17th and 18th centuries.
• Also known as the ‘age of reason’.
• Human being was regarded at the center of the universe,
• Rational thought as the central features of the human being.
• Only persons who could think and reason could be considered as fully human.
• The Enlightenment was made possible by, and in turn helped to develop, scientific, secular and humanistic, attitudes of mind and a new understanding of the world.
• Science and reason came to be considered more important than religion and tradition.

7. Air pollution is considered to be a major environmental problem in urban and rural areas, causing respiratory and other problems which result in serious illness and death. The sources of air pollution include emissions from industries and vehicles, as well as the burning of wood and coal for domestic use. Indoor pollution from cooking fires is also a serious source. Water pollution is also a very serious issue affecting surface as well as groundwater. Major sources include not only domestic sewage and factory effluents but also the runoff from farms where large amounts of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides are used. The pollution of rivers and water bodies is a particularly important problem.

Cities also suffer from noise pollution, which has been the subject of court orders in many cities. Sources include amplified loud speakers used at religious and cultural events, political campaigns, vehicle horns and traffic, and construction work.

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