NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Writing and City Life

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Themes in World History Chapter 01 Writing and City Life NCERT Book Class Class 11 PDF (2025-26)

CITY life began in Mesopotamia*, the land between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers that is now part of the Republic of Iraq. Mesopotamian civilisation is known for its prosperity, city life, its voluminous and rich literature and its mathematics and astronomy. Mesopotamia’s writing system and literature spread to the eastern Mediterranean, northern Syria, and Turkey after 2000 BCE, so that the kingdoms of that entire region were writing to one another, and to the Pharaoh of Egypt, in the language and script of Mesopotamia.Here we shall explore the connection between city life and writing, and then look at some outcomes of a sustained tradition of writing.
In the beginning of recorded history, the land, mainly the urbanised south (see discussion below), was called Sumer and Akkad. After 2000 BCE, when Babylon became an important city, the term Babylonia was used for the southern region. From about 1100 BCE, when the Assyrians established their kingdom in the north, the region became known as Assyria. The first known language of the land was Sumerian. It was gradually replaced by Akkadian around 2400 BCE when Akkadian speakers arrived. This language flourished till about Alexander’s time (336-323 BCE), with some regional changes occurring. From 1400 BCE, Aramaic also trickled in. This language, similar to Hebrew, became widely spoken after 1000 BCE. It is still spoken in parts of Iraq.
 
Archaeology in Mesopotamia began in the 1840s. At one or two sites (including Uruk and Mari, which we discuss below), excavations continued for decades. (No Indian site has ever seen such long-term projects.) Not only can we study hundreds of Mesopotamian buildings, statues, ornaments, graves, tools and seals as sources, there are thousands of written documents.
Mesopotamia was important to Europeans because of references to it in the Old Testament, the first part of the Bible. For instance, the Book of Genesis of the Old Testament refers to ‘Shimar’, meaning Sumer, as a land of brick-built cities. Travellers and scholars of Europe looked on Mesopotamia as a kind of ancestral land, and when archaeological work began in the area, there was an attempt to prove the literal truth of the Old Testament.
From the mid-nineteenth century there was no stopping the enthusiasm for exploring the ancient past of Mesopotamia. In 1873, a British newspaper funded an expedition of the British Museum to search for a tablet narrating the story of the Flood, mentioned in the Bible.
By the 1960s, it was understood that the stories of the Old Testament were not literally true, but may have been ways of expressing memories about important changes in history. Gradually, archaeological techniques became far more sophisticated and refined. What is more, attention was directed to different questions, including reconstructing the lives of ordinary people. Establishing the literal truth of Biblical narratives receded into the background. Much of what we discuss subsequently in the chapter is based on these later studies.

 

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Themes in World History Chapter 01 Writing and City Life
NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Writing and City Life
Themes in World History Chapter 02 An Empire Across Three Continents
NCERT Book Class 11 History An Empire Across Three Continents
Themes in World History Chapter 03 Nomadic Empires
NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Nomadic Empires
Themes in World History Chapter 04 The Three Orders
NCERT Book Class 11 History The Three Orders
Themes in World History Chapter 05 Changing Cultural Tradition
NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Changing Cultural Tradition
Themes in World History Chapter 06 Displacing Indigenous Peoples
NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Displacing Indigenous Peoples
Themes in World History Chapter 07 Paths to Modernisation
NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Paths To Modernisation
z NCERT Books for Class 11 History in Hindi Medium
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NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 10
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 11
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 2
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 3
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 4
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 5
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 6
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 7
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 8
NCERT Book Class 11 History Vishwa Ithaas Ke Kuch Vishay Chapter 9
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NCERT Book Class 11 History Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution
NCERT Book Class 11 History From the Beginning of Time
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NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History The Central Islamic Lands

Important Practice Resources for Class 11 History

NCERT Book Class 11 History Themes in World History Chapter 01 Writing and City Life

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