NCERT Class 11 History An Empire Across Three Continents

Read and download NCERT Class 11 History An Empire Across Three Continents in NCERT book for Class 11 History. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This History textbook for Class 11 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 11 History to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter

NCERT Book for Class 11 History Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents

Class 11 History students should refer to the following NCERT Book Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents in Class 11. This NCERT Book for Class 11 History will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents NCERT Book Class 11

Empires

OVER the two millennia that followed the establishment of empires in Mesopotamia, various attempts at empirebuilding took place across the region and in the area to the west and east of it.

By the sixth century BCE, Iranians had established control over major parts of the Assyrian empire. Networks of trade developed overland, as well as along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Mediterranean, Greek cities and their colonies benefited from improvements in trade that were the result of these changes. They also benefited from close trade with nomadic people to the north of the Black Sea. In Greece, for the most part, city-states such as Athens and Sparta were the focus of civic life. From among the Greek  states, in the late fourth century BCE, the ruler of the kingdom ofMacedon, Alexander, undertook a series of military campaigns and conquered parts of North Africa, West Asia and Iran, reaching up to the Beas. Here, his soldiers refused to proceed further east. Alexander’s troops retreated, though many Greeks stayed behind.

Throughout the area under Alexander’s control, ideals and cultural traditions were shared amongst the Greeks and the local population. The region on the whole became ‘Hellenised’ (the Greeks were called Hellenes), and Greek became a well-known language throughout. The political unity of Alexander’s empire disintegrated quickly after his death, but for almost three centuries after, Hellenistic culture remained  important in the area. The period is often referred to as the ‘Hellenistic period’ in the history of the region, but this ignores the way in which other cultures (especially Iranian culture associated with the old empire of Iran) were as important as – if not often more important than – Hellenistic notions and ideas.

This section deals with important aspects of what happened after this. Small but well-organised military forces of the central Italian citystate of Rome took advantage of the political discord that followed the disintegration of Alexander’s empire and established control over North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean from the second century BCE.  At the time, Rome was a republic. Government was based on a complex system of election, but its political institutions gave some importance to birth and wealth and society benefited from slavery. The forces of Rome established a network for trade between the states that had once been part of Alexander’s empire. In the middle of the first century BCE, under Julius Caesar, a high-born military commander, this ‘Roman Empire’ was extended to present-day Britain and Germany. Latin (spoken in Rome) was the main language of the empire, though many in the east continued to use Greek, and the Romans had a great respect for Hellenic culture. There were changes in the political structure of the empire from the late first century BCE, and it was substantially Christianised after the emperor Constantine became a Christian in the fourth century ce.

To make government easier, the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in the fourth century CE. But in the west, there was a breakdown of the arrangements that existed between Rome  and the tribes in frontier areas (Goths, Visigoths, Vandals and others). These arrangements dealt with trade, military recruitment and settlement, and the tribes increasingly attacked the Roman administration. Conflicts increased in scale, and coincided with internal dissensions in the empire, leading the collapse of the empire in the west by the fifth century CE. Tribes established their own kingdoms within the former empire, though, with the prompting of the Christian Church, a Holy Roman Empire was formed from some of these   kingdoms from the ninth century CE. This claimed some continuity with the Roman Empire.

Between the seventh century and the fifteenth century, almost all the lands of the eastern Roman Empire (centred on Constantinople) came to be taken over by the Arab empire – created by the followers of the Prophet Muhammad (who founded the faith of Islam in the seventh century) and centred on Damascus – or by its successors (who ruledfrom Baghdad initially). There was a close interaction between Greek and Islamic traditions in the region. The trading networks of the area and its prosperity attracted the attention of pastoral peoples to the north including various Turkic tribes, who often attacked the cities of the region and established control. The last of these peoples to attack the area and attempt to control it were the Mongols, under Genghis Khan and his successors, who moved into West Asia, Europe, Central Asia and China in the thirteenth century.

All these attempts to make and maintain empires were driven by the search to control the resources of the trading networks that existed in the region as a whole, and to derive benefit from the links of the region with other areas such as India or China. All the empires evolved administrative systems to give stability to trade. They also evolved different types of military organisation. The achievements of one empire were often taken up by its successor. Over time, the area came to be marked by Persian, Greek, Latin and Arabic above many other languages that were spoken and written.

The empires were not very stable. This was partly due to disputes and conflict over resources in various regions. It was also due to the crisis that developed in relations between empires and pastoral peoples to the north – from whom empires derived support both for their trade and to provide them with labour for production of manufactures and for their armies. It is worth noting that not all empires were citycentric. The Mongol empire of Genghis Khan and his successors is a good example of how an empire could be maintained by pastoral people for a long time and with success. Religions that appealed to peoples of different ethnic origins, who often spoke different languages, were important in the making of large empires. This was true in the case of Christianity (which originated in Palestine in the early first century CE) and Islam (which originated in the seventh century CE).


Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 11 History An Empire Across Three Continents

Themes in World History Chapter 01 From the Beginning of Time
NCERT Class 11 History From the Beginning of Time
Themes in World History Chapter 02 Writing and City Life
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History Writing and City Life
Themes in World History Chapter 03 An Empire Across Three Continents
NCERT Class 11 History An Empire Across Three Continents
Themes in World History Chapter 04 The Central Islamic Lands
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History The Central Islamic Lands
Themes in World History Chapter 05 Nomadic Empires
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History Nomadic Empires
Themes in World History Chapter 06 The Three Orders
NCERT Class 11 History The Three Orders
Themes in World History Chapter 07 Changing Cultural Tradition
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History Changing Cultural Tradition
Themes in World History Chapter 08 Confrontation Of Cultures
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History Confrontation Of Cultures
Themes in World History Chapter 09 The Industrial Revolution
NCERT Class 11 History Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution
Themes in World History Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History Displacing Indigenous Peoples
Themes in World History Chapter 11 Paths to Modernisation
NCERT Class 11 History Themes in World History Paths To Modernisation

History NCERT Book Class 11 Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents

The above NCERT Books for Class 11 History Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents History Class 11 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 11 History are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 11 Themes in World History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents book for History also includes collection of question. We have also provided NCERT solutions for Class 11 History which have been developed by teachers of StudiesToday.com after thorough review of the latest book and based on pattern of questions in upcoming exams for Class 11 students.

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