Revision Notes for Class 4 Social Science: The Northern Mountains
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The Northern Mountains
The Northern Mountains include the Himalayan Range, the Karakoram Range and the Purvanchal Range. 'Himalaya' comes from the Sanskrit words hima (snow) and alaya (abode). The Himalayas hold nine of the ten highest peaks on earth, with Mount Everest (8848 m) the highest. They are among the youngest mountains. The Karakoram range lies north-west of the Himalayas beyond the Indus and has K2, the second highest peak. The Purvanchal range in the north-east is covered with thick forest. Kangchenjunga is the highest peak in India.
Three Parallel Ranges of the Himalayas
| Range | Features |
|---|---|
| Greater Himalaya (Himadri) | Northernmost and highest; snow covered all year; glaciers; Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra and Indus rise here |
| Middle Himalaya (Himachal) | South of Himadri; lower; forests of pine, fir and deodar; hill stations Shimla, Nainital, Darjeeling |
| Outer Himalaya (Shiwalik) | Southernmost and lowest; forests with many wild animals |
Life in the Mountains
Farming is the main occupation. As there is little flat land, farmers cut steps or terraces on the slopes. This is called terrace farming. Pastures make sheep rearing important. People also weave carpets and shawls, carve wood, make pottery and cane and bamboo goods.
States of the Region
| State | Special facts |
|---|---|
| Jammu and Kashmir | Apples and saffron; Srinagar, Gulmarg, Amarnath; Phiran (woollen kurta), Kangri (fire pot), Kahwa (tea) |
| Himachal Pradesh | Apples; Shimla, Dalhousie, Manali; Kullu Dussehra; Kullu cap, Dhazu scarf |
| Uttarakhand | Basmati rice, apples, lychees, plums; Dehradun, Mussoorie, Nainital, Haridwar; woollen shawls and rugs |
| Sikkim | Oranges, cardamom, orchids; Gangtok, Pelling; dress called Bakhu |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Apple orchards and orchids; Itanagar, Ziro, Tawang; wood carving, carpets, bamboo and cane |
| Nagaland | Farming, weaving, wood carving, pottery; Kohima, Dimapur; shawls show the tribe |
| Manipur | Lychee, chestnut, passion fruit, walnut; Imphal, Ukhrul; Manipuri dance |
| Mizoram | Fruit and rose cultivation; Chapchar Kut festival with bamboo dance; Aizawl |
| Tripura | Jute, rubber, bamboo; Agartala, Unakoti; Bangla and Kokborok languages |
| Meghalaya | 'Abode of clouds'; Garo, Khasi and Jaintia tribes; Shillong, Cherrapunji; Mawsynram is the wettest place on earth |
Definitions
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Kangri | Small earthen pot with burning coal to keep warm |
| Glacier | Slow-moving river of ice or snow |
| Terrace farming | Farming on cut steps on mountain slopes |
| Phiran | Long woollen kurta worn in Jammu and Kashmir |
Questions and Answers
1. Which are the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas?
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Answer: The Greater Himalaya (Himadri), the Middle Himalaya (Himachal) and the Outer Himalaya (Shiwalik).
Teacher's Note: Use the key term in your answer.
2. What is terrace farming? Why is it popular in the mountains?
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Answer: It is farming on cut steps along the mountain slopes. It is popular because there is little flat land.
Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.
3. What is Sikkim famous for?
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Answer: Oranges, cardamom and orchids.
Teacher's Note: Write a short, clear answer.
4. What are the main occupations in Arunachal Pradesh?
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Answer: Wood carving, carpet weaving, and making cane and bamboo products.
Teacher's Note: Remember this for your exam.
5. How can we tell which tribe a Naga belongs to?
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Answer: From the design of the shawl he or she wears.
Teacher's Note: Learn this point and write it in your own words.
6. Name the highest peak in India. Which sea existed before the Himalayas? Which Himalayan range is home to many wild animals? In which festival is the bamboo dance performed?
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Answer: Kangchenjunga; the Tethys Sea; the Outer Himalaya (Shiwalik); Chapchar Kut.
Teacher's Note: Use the key term in your answer.
7. Fill in: ___ and ___ are spoken in Tripura. ___ is the wettest place on earth.
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Answer: Bangla and Kokborok; Mawsynram.
Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.
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