CBSE Class 8 Social Science History and Civics Colonial Cities Education and Criminal Justice Assignment Set 07

Answer: 1. The first telegraph line between Calcutta and Agra began in 1854 (the first experimental line was near Calcutta in 1851).
2. The Chairman of the Municipality was assisted by the Municipal Commissioners.
3. A moat is a deep ditch, often filled with water, around a fort.
4. Three islands of Bombay: Colaba, Mazagaon and Parel (also Mahim, Worli and Matunga).
5. Urbanisation is the growth of towns and cities as people move there from villages.
6. William Jones set up the Asiatic Society (in 1784).
7. Nai Talim is Mahatma Gandhi's idea of basic education, through crafts and in the mother tongue.
8. The D.A.V. schools and colleges were set up by the followers of Swami Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj), led by Lala Hansraj.
9. Lord William Bentinck passed the English Education Act (1835).
10. Two Anglicists: Thomas Babington Macaulay and James Mill.
11. A cognisable offence is a serious offence for which the police can arrest a person without a warrant and begin an investigation without the court's permission.
12. A public prosecutor must be an advocate with at least seven years of practice.
13. Article 39A directs the State to provide free legal aid and equal justice to all.
14. F.I.R. stands for First Information Report.
15. The police are employed by the State to prevent crime and maintain public order.

Teacher's Note: Use the key term in your answer.

Answer: The British set up a police system under Lord Cornwallis, who divided the districts into thanas headed by a daroga. The police force had constables and officers, the district police were headed by the Superintendent of Police, and it was meant to protect the British rule and maintain law and order. Indians were given the lower posts.

Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.

Answer: Earlier, education was given in pathshalas, madrasas and gurukuls in local languages, with religion and traditional subjects. The British introduced English as the medium, schools and colleges, universities (1857) and a European curriculum of science and literature. The earlier system was flexible and local, while the British system was formal, with fixed timetables, exams and fees.

Teacher's Note: Write a short, clear answer.

Answer: A person who knows of a cognisable offence goes to the nearest police station and gives the information orally or in writing. The police officer writes it in the register, reads it out to the person, who signs it, and gives a free copy. The police then begin to investigate.

Teacher's Note: Remember this for your exam.

Answer: The judge hears both sides, listens to witnesses, examines the evidence, makes sure the trial is fair and decides whether the accused is guilty. If guilty, the judge decides the punishment as per the law. The judge acts as an impartial referee.

Teacher's Note: Learn this point and write it in your own words.

Answer: Murshidabad was the Nawab's capital of Bengal. After the British won at Plassey and Buxar, the centre of power and trade moved to Calcutta, where the Company set up its capital and port. The Nawab lost his power, and the trading and weaving activity of the town declined.

Teacher's Note: Use the key term in your answer.

Answer: The British needed educated Indian clerks and officers to run the administration cheaply. Macaulay wanted a class of people 'Indian in blood but English in taste'. Christian missionaries and some reformers also wanted to spread Western ideas and science.

Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.

Answer: A fair trial is one that gives the accused a just chance to prove his innocence. The points are: the accused is presumed innocent until proved guilty, is told the charges, gets a lawyer (free if poor), the trial is open and held before an impartial judge, witnesses are cross-examined, and the accused has the right to appeal.

Teacher's Note: Write a short, clear answer.