CBSE Class 7 Social Science Chapter 04 Turning Tides 11th And 12th Centuries MCQs Set 01

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Question: Why did control of the Khyber Pass matter so much to the Hindu Shahis in their struggle against invaders?
A. It was one of the main routes through the Hindu Kush that invading armies had to use to enter the Indus plains
B. It was the only source of fresh water for their army camps
C. It connected their capital directly to the Somnath seaport
D. It was the location of their main temple treasury
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (A) It was one of the main routes through the Hindu Kush that invading armies had to use to enter the Indus plains

Explanation:
The chapter explains that the Khyber Pass was a key mountain passage through the Hindu Kush, used both by invaders and by traders and monks for centuries. Holding this pass gave the Hindu Shahis a real strategic advantage in resisting incursions.

Question: What ultimately allowed Mahmud of Ghazni to overcome the Hindu Shahis despite their resistance?
A. He bribed rival Indian kings to switch sides
B. His fast-moving army and mounted archers proved decisive after defeating Jayapala and then Anandapala
C. He formed a lasting alliance with the Chandellas
D. He used naval power to outflank their defenses
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) His fast-moving army and mounted archers proved decisive after defeating Jayapala and then Anandapala

Explanation:
• Mahmud first defeated Jayapala
• He then defeated Jayapala's son Anandapala in a long battle in Punjab despite support from other Indian rulers
• The chapter credits his army's rapid marches and cavalry archers as the deciding factor

Question: According to the chapter, what does al-Utbi's account of Mahmud's campaigns suggest about the sultan's motives?
A. He acted purely to punish rebellious local governors
B. He sought both plunder and to spread his version of Islam by replacing temples with mosques
C. He was mainly interested in expanding Ghazni's trade routes
D. He wanted to unite India under a single Hindu monarch first
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) He sought both plunder and to spread his version of Islam by replacing temples with mosques

Explanation:
Al-Utbi's writing describes Mahmud destroying temples and building mosques to make 'the light of Islam visible,' which the chapter presents alongside evidence of plunder as dual motives behind the campaigns.

Question: In the account of Salar Masud's campaign into the Gangetic region, what was the outcome at Bahraich?
A. Salar Masud captured the city and ruled it for years
B. Local ruler Suheldev resisted the attack and Salar Masud died in the battle
C. Salar Masud allied with Suheldev against a common enemy
D. The battle ended in a truce with tribute paid to Salar Masud
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Local ruler Suheldev resisted the attack and Salar Masud died in the battle

Explanation:
Oral tradition and a later chronicle mentioned in the chapter record that Suheldev's forces successfully repelled the attack, and Salar Masud lost his life in that battle.

Question: What does al-Biruni's remark about Indian sciences 'fleeing' to Kashmir and Varanasi mainly reveal?
A. That Indian scholars deliberately migrated to escape taxation
B. That Mahmud's invasions disrupted scholarly life in the conquered regions, pushing learning towards safer areas
C. That Kashmir and Varanasi were newly founded centres of learning built by Mahmud
D. That al-Biruni personally relocated Indian libraries to those cities
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) That Mahmud's invasions disrupted scholarly life in the conquered regions, pushing learning towards safer areas

Explanation:
Al-Biruni, who travelled with Mahmud, observed that the destruction wrought by the campaigns forced Indian scientific traditions to retreat to places beyond the invader's reach, showing the disruptive impact of war on intellectual life.

Question: Which of the following best describes the purpose behind Bhaskaracharya's use of riddles and stories in his mathematical works?
A. To hide his findings from rival scholars
B. To make abstract mathematical and astronomical ideas engaging and easier to learn
C. To disguise the texts as religious poetry to avoid censorship
D. To demonstrate his skill in Persian composition
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) To make abstract mathematical and astronomical ideas engaging and easier to learn

Explanation:
Bhaskaracharya blended poetry with clear explanations and worked examples, making texts like Lilavati enjoyable and effective teaching tools, which is why they remained popular with students for centuries.

Question: How did the Sena dynasty's approach to religion in Bengal differ from that of their predecessors, the Palas?
A. The Senas continued exclusive patronage of Buddhist monasteries
B. The Senas promoted Hindu thought and literature, unlike the Buddhist-leaning Palas
C. The Senas banned all religious practices except Jainism
D. The Senas and Palas had identical religious policies
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) The Senas promoted Hindu thought and literature, unlike the Buddhist-leaning Palas

Explanation:
While the Palas had supported Buddhist institutions, the chapter notes that the Senas shifted patronage towards Hindu thought and literature, hosting poets such as Jayadeva.

Question: Why did the Vengi region become a major flashpoint between the Cholas and the Western Chalukyas?
A. It contained the only seaport on the eastern coast
B. The Eastern Chalukyas ruling there were drawn into the Chola sphere through marriage alliances, making the fertile region a contested prize
C. It was the site of the Brihadishvara temple
D. Both powers wanted it as a naval base to reach Southeast Asia
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) The Eastern Chalukyas ruling there were drawn into the Chola sphere through marriage alliances, making the fertile region a contested prize

Explanation:
As the Eastern Chalukyas grew closer to the Cholas through matrimonial ties, control over Vengi's fertile land became a point of prolonged conflict, ultimately weakening the Western Chalukyas.

Question: The legend of the Hoysala name being derived from 'Poy, Sala' illustrates what about the dynasty's own historical memory?
A. Historical facts recorded exclusively in Persian court chronicles
B. A traditional origin story linking the dynasty's founder to a moment of courage before an ascetic, later commemorated in inscriptions and temples
C. A myth invented by the Cholas to mock the Hoysalas
D. An account of a naval battle fought near Belur
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) A traditional origin story linking the dynasty's founder to a moment of courage before an ascetic, later commemorated in inscriptions and temples

Explanation:
This legend, preserved in inscriptions and temple depictions, tells how founder Sala struck down a tiger on an ascetic's command, and the dynasty's name is traditionally traced to that command.

Question: What was the underlying economic trigger behind Rajendra Chola I's naval expedition against the Srivijaya kingdom?
A. A religious dispute over pilgrimage rights in Southeast Asia
B. Competition over control of the Strait of Malacca, a vital route for Chola trade with China
C. A refusal by Srivijaya to send a diplomatic mission to the Chola court
D. A territorial claim over the Maldives
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Competition over control of the Strait of Malacca, a vital route for Chola trade with China

Explanation:
• Chola trade with China flourished and depended partly on sea routes through the Strait of Malacca
• The Srivijaya king controlled this strait, creating rivalry with the Cholas
• Rajendra's fleet defeated Srivijaya forces, though he did not annex the territory afterward

Question: What can be inferred from the fact that Rajendra Chola did not occupy Srivijaya territory after defeating it?
A. The Chola navy lacked the strength to hold distant territory
B. The expedition was meant as a punitive strike to secure trade interests rather than as an attempt at conquest
C. Rajendra was forced to withdraw due to a rebellion at home
D. Srivijaya surrendered its throne to a Chola prince
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) The expedition was meant as a punitive strike to secure trade interests rather than as an attempt at conquest

Explanation:
The text describes the campaign as a punitive expedition carried out with merchant guild support, suggesting its goal was to protect trading interests rather than annex new land.

Question: What made King Bhoja of the Paramara dynasty distinct among rulers described in this chapter?
A. He was purely a military conqueror with no scholarly interests
B. He combined governance and warfare with prolific scholarship on architecture, medicine, and poetics
C. He refused to support any Sanskrit literary work
D. He was defeated early in his reign and had no lasting influence
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) He combined governance and warfare with prolific scholarship on architecture, medicine, and poetics

Explanation:
Bhoja is remembered both for extending his kingdom through campaigns and for authoring wide-ranging texts such as the Samarangana Sutradhara, alongside sponsoring public works like the Bhojtal lake.

Question: Which sequence correctly places these events in the order they occurred according to the chapter?
A. Second Battle of Tarain, First Battle of Tarain, Death of Muhammad Ghuri
B. First Battle of Tarain, Second Battle of Tarain, Death of Muhammad Ghuri
C. Death of Muhammad Ghuri, First Battle of Tarain, Second Battle of Tarain
D. Second Battle of Tarain, Death of Muhammad Ghuri, First Battle of Tarain
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) First Battle of Tarain, Second Battle of Tarain, Death of Muhammad Ghuri

Explanation:
Prithviraja III first defeated Muhammad Ghuri in 1191 at the First Battle of Tarain; Ghuri returned the next year and won the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192; he was killed later, in 1206.

Question: Why is the destruction of Nalanda and Vikramashila considered especially significant among the events described in the chapter?
A. They were minor local shrines with little scholarly value
B. Historians largely agree that the loss of these great centres of learning helped speed up the decline of Buddhism in India
C. They were rebuilt immediately afterward with royal support
D. They had no connection to Buddhist teaching or manuscripts
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Historians largely agree that the loss of these great centres of learning helped speed up the decline of Buddhism in India

Explanation:
The chapter states there is a consensus among historians that this destruction contributed heavily to Buddhism's decline in India, even though other factors may have played a role too.

Question: What best captures the overall theme the chapter wants readers to take away from this period of Indian history?
A. India was completely conquered and culturally erased by foreign invaders in these two centuries
B. Despite invasions and conflict, much of India continued to show resilience through thriving trade, art, science, and new philosophical movements
C. The period was defined solely by peaceful cooperation between all Indian kingdoms
D. Foreign invasions had no lasting impact anywhere in India during this period
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Despite invasions and conflict, much of India continued to show resilience through thriving trade, art, science, and new philosophical movements

Explanation:
The chapter's closing sections emphasise that alongside the destruction caused by invasions, large parts of India continued to flourish culturally and economically, framing resilience and creativity as the central lesson of the era.

Question: In the battle near Mount Abu against Muhammad Ghuri in 1178, which ruling family successfully repelled the invasion?
A. The Chaulukyas of Gujarat
B. The Chahamanas of Ajmer
C. The Paramaras of Malwa
D. The Chandellas of central India
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (A) The Chaulukyas of Gujarat

Explanation:
The Chaulukya (Solanki) king Mularaja II, possibly aided by his mother Queen Naikidevi leading the charge, defeated Muhammad Ghuri at the foot of Mount Abu in 1178, halting his advance into Gujarat.

Question: What did the title 'sultan', adopted by Mahmud of Ghazni, originally signify in Arabic?
A. Conqueror of infidels
B. Authority or power
C. Protector of the faith
D. Commander of cavalry
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Authority or power

Explanation:
The word came from Arabic meaning 'authority' or 'power', and later became the standard title for a sovereign ruler in the Muslim world, as seen later with the Delhi Sultanate.

Question: After Prithviraja III's defeat and execution at the Second Battle of Tarain, what happened next in Muhammad Ghuri's campaign?
A. He immediately returned to Ghazni and never sent forces back to India
B. He went on to capture Delhi and left generals like Qutb-ud-din Aibak to consolidate his gains
C. He made peace with the Chahamanas and withdrew from Punjab
D. He was killed shortly afterward by Bakhtiyar Khilji's rebellion
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) He went on to capture Delhi and left generals like Qutb-ud-din Aibak to consolidate his gains

Explanation:
Unlike Mahmud, who plundered and left, Ghuri pursued lasting territorial control. He captured Delhi and, before returning to Ghazni himself, entrusted commanders such as Qutb-ud-din Aibak to hold and expand the conquered territory — a decision that eventually led to the founding of the Delhi Sultanate.

Question: Why did Bakhtiyar Khilji's expedition into Kamarupa (Assam) end in disaster for his army?
A. He was betrayed by his own soldiers before reaching the region
B. Local forces resisted him and the population destroyed food and fodder, effectively starving his troops
C. He was ambushed by the Sena ruler he had earlier defeated
D. His army got lost in the mountains and never reached Kamarupa
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Local forces resisted him and the population destroyed food and fodder, effectively starving his troops

Explanation:
Local resistance combined with a scorched-earth strategy left Bakhtiyar's forces without supplies, forcing him to flee back to Bengal with only a few surviving men.

Question: What was the main purpose behind Basaveshvara establishing the Anubhava Mandapa at Kalyani?
A. To train soldiers for the Kalyani administration
B. To provide a space where people of every social and religious background could discuss ideas on equal terms
C. To compile a written code of Lingayat rituals for temple priests
D. To negotiate trade agreements between guilds and the royal treasury
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Answer: (B) To provide a space where people of every social and religious background could discuss ideas on equal terms

Explanation:
Basaveshvara's reformist outlook rejected caste hierarchy and ritual privilege; the Anubhava Mandapa reflected this by bringing together saints, philosophers, and ordinary people from varied backgrounds to freely exchange views on life and religion.

Question: How did Ramanujacharya's teachings mark a departure from Adi Shankaracharya's advaita vedanta?
A. He rejected Sanskrit texts in favour of vernacular scripture alone
B. He treated the world and individual souls as real, stressing devotion and surrender to God as the path to liberation
C. He argued that liberation could only be attained through royal patronage of temples
D. He denied the existence of a personal God altogether
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) He treated the world and individual souls as real, stressing devotion and surrender to God as the path to liberation

Explanation:
Where advaita vedanta held the world to be illusory, Ramanuja's vishishtadvaita vedanta affirmed the reality of the world and the soul, placing bhakti — loving devotion — at the centre of spiritual life.

Question: Which feature of governance is specifically credited to the Kakatiya rulers of Warangal?
A. A network of temporary land grants tied to military service
B. Strong village self-governance paired with an efficient revenue and irrigation system
C. A centralised bureaucracy modelled on the Ghurid administration
D. Exclusive patronage of Buddhist monastic institutions
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Strong village self-governance paired with an efficient revenue and irrigation system

Explanation:
The chapter notes that Kakatiya administration relied on local, village-level self-governance combined with organised revenue collection and irrigation works that boosted farming.

Question: The Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia is significant to this chapter mainly because it illustrates:
A. A joint military campaign between the Cholas and the Khmer king
B. How deeply Indian religious and artistic traditions had spread into Southeast Asia
C. The Srivijaya empire's expansion into mainland Southeast Asia
D. The decline of Hindu worship after Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasions
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) How deeply Indian religious and artistic traditions had spread into Southeast Asia

Explanation:
Built by a Khmer king in the 12th century, Angkor Wat was originally a Vishnu temple with Sanskrit inscriptions and reliefs from the Ramayana and Mahabharata — clear evidence of cultural influence flowing from India across the seas, quite apart from any political or military ties.

Question: Someshvara III's work Manasollasa is notable for covering which range of subjects?
A. Only military strategy and fortification techniques
B. Astronomy, architecture, music, medicine, cooking and games, framed as a guide to royal life
C. Exclusively temple architecture and sculpture
D. Naval navigation methods used by south Indian kingdoms
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (B) Astronomy, architecture, music, medicine, cooking and games, framed as a guide to royal life

Explanation:
• Composed by the Chalukya ruler in the 12th century
• Functions as a wide-ranging encyclopaedia rather than a narrow technical manual
• Also touches on a king's duties toward subjects, making it a guide to governance as much as culture

Question: Why, according to the chapter, did Mahmud of Ghazni's raids leave a different long-term mark on India than Muhammad Ghuri's campaigns did?
A. Mahmud focused on plunder and withdrew each time without settling rule beyond Punjab, while Ghuri and his generals pursued permanent territorial control
B. Mahmud never faced any resistance, whereas Ghuri was defeated in every battle he fought
C. Mahmud's campaigns targeted only Buddhist centres, while Ghuri targeted only Hindu temples
D. Mahmud ruled directly from Delhi, while Ghuri never set foot in India
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (A) Mahmud focused on plunder and withdrew each time without settling rule beyond Punjab, while Ghuri and his generals pursued permanent territorial control

Explanation:
Mahmud's pattern was to raid, plunder temples, and return to Ghazni, leaving no lasting administration in India beyond Punjab. Muhammad Ghuri, by contrast, sought lasting conquest and left commanders like Qutb-ud-din Aibak behind, which paved the way for a sultanate based in India itself.

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