CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Nationalism and Print Culture Important Questions Set 07

Answer: Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont was proclaimed king of united Italy in 1861.

Teacher's Note:
1. Cavour's diplomacy and Garibaldi's campaign in the south made the unification possible.
2. Victor Emmanuel II, the ruler of Sardinia-Piedmont, then became the king.

Answer: It allowed the government to arrest and detain political prisoners for two years without trial and conviction in a court.

Teacher's Note:
1. Indian members of the Imperial Legislative Council unanimously opposed the Act, but it was passed in haste in 1919.
2. It took away basic civil rights, so Gandhiji called a nationwide satyagraha against it.

Answer: China and Japan.

Teacher's Note:
1. Hand printing with woodblocks began in China and was later taken to Japan by Buddhist missionaries.
2. Marco Polo brought this knowledge to Italy in the thirteenth century.

Answer: It was sent to look into the working of the constitutional system in India and to suggest changes (constitutional reforms).

Teacher's Note:
1. The Commission was set up in 1927 and had no Indian member.
2. This is why it was met with the slogan 'Go Back Simon' when it arrived in 1928.

Answer: It was titled 'The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics'. It showed people of Europe and America marching in a long train and paying homage to the Statue of Liberty.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Statue of Liberty was shown as a female figure holding the torch of Enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man.
2. Sorrieu was a French artist who imagined an ideal liberal-nationalist world.

Answer: Calligraphy is the art of beautiful and stylised writing done with a pen or brush.

Teacher's Note:
1. Before printing spread, books in China, Japan and the Islamic world were often copied by calligraphers.
2. The skill was highly valued, and it was also the model for early printed letters.

Answer: The Zollverein was formed to abolish tariff barriers between the German states so that trade could move freely across them.

Teacher's Note:
1. It was started on Prussia's initiative and joined by most German states.
2. It also reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two, which strengthened economic nationalism.

Answer: Because the imperial state recruited its officials through civil service examinations, and candidates needed a large number of printed textbooks.

Teacher's Note:
1. The number of candidates grew from the sixteenth century, so the demand for printed books rose.
2. This made China the largest producer of printed material for a long time.

Answer: He felt that translations of English novels did not appeal to Malayali readers, so he wrote an original novel, 'Indulekha', in Malayalam instead (published in 1889).

Teacher's Note:
1. He wanted a story set in Kerala life and language that readers could relate to.
2. Indulekha became one of the first modern novels in Malayalam.

Answer: The session was held at Lahore under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. It demanded Purna Swaraj, or complete independence, for India.

Teacher's Note:
1. 26 January 1930 was fixed as the day of independence and was celebrated across the country.
2. This decision prepared the ground for the Salt March.

Answer: Gandhiji broke the salt law at Dandi (Gujarat coast) on 6 April 1930, after the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram.

Teacher's Note:
1. He picked salt because it was consumed by all sections of society and was taxed by the British.
2. This act began the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Answer: The special session in September 1920 was held at Calcutta and the regular session in December 1920 at Nagpur.
The Non-Cooperation programme was adopted at Calcutta and the compromise on it was settled at Nagpur.

Teacher's Note:
1. Both sessions are asked together because students often confuse them.
2. The Calcutta session adopted the programme and the Nagpur session confirmed it.

Answer: It took place at Amritsar in Punjab on 13 April 1919, when General Dyer ordered his troops to fire on an unarmed crowd.

Teacher's Note:
1. The crowd had gathered on Baisakhi, partly to protest the arrest of local leaders.
2. The tragedy shocked the nation and added strength to the demand for self-government.

Answer: 1. Books became cheaper, so common people, and not just the rich and the clergy, could buy them.
2. Ordinary people could now hear or read texts; books were read aloud in village gatherings by literate people to those who could not read.
3. Popular literature such as ballads, folk tales, almanacs and penny chapbooks reached a wide audience, while religious books such as the Bible spread new ideas.

Teacher's Note:
1. The press changed reading from a privilege of a few into a habit of many.
2. Each point above may be supported with an example such as Gutenberg's Bible or the chapbooks of Britain.

Answer: 1. The ideas of 'la patrie' (the fatherland) and 'le citoyen' (the citizen) stressed a united people with equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour, replaced the royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated in the name of the nation.
5. A centralised administrative system made uniform laws for all citizens; internal customs duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
6. Regional dialects were discouraged and French as spoken in Paris became the common language.

Teacher's Note:
1. The measures were meant to replace loyalty to the king with loyalty to the nation.
2. Writing five of these points with correct terms such as 'la patrie' and 'tricolour' secures full marks.

Answer: Reasons
1. The Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous opposition from the Indian members.
2. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activity and to detain prisoners for two years without trial.
3. Gandhiji saw it as an unjust law that took away civil rights.
Organisation
1. He called for a non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, beginning with a hartal on 6 April 1919.
2. Rallies were held in many cities, railway workshop workers went on strike and shops were closed.

Teacher's Note:
1. This was Gandhiji's first nationwide satyagraha.
2. The protest soon turned violent in places such as Amritsar, which led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Answer: 1. Dr Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 and demanded separate electorates for them.
2. The British government accepted this demand in the Communal Award, but Gandhiji opposed it as he feared it would divide society and slow down the process of integration.
3. Gandhiji began a fast unto death in Yerawada jail.
4. Ambedkar finally accepted Gandhiji's position and the Poona Pact (September 1932) gave reserved seats to the Depressed Classes in the central and provincial legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Teacher's Note:
1. Both leaders wanted the upliftment of the Dalits but differed on the method.
2. The Pact was a compromise which gave reserved seats but not separate electorates.

Answer: 1. Defence expenditure rose sharply and the government met it by raising taxes and by taking war loans.
2. Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
3. Prices of goods rose and nearly doubled between 1913 and 1918, which caused great hardship to common people.
4. Villagers were forced to supply soldiers, which caused widespread anger in rural areas.
5. Crops failed in many parts of India in 1918-19 and 1920-21, causing food shortages, and an influenza epidemic killed 12 to 13 million people.

Teacher's Note:
1. The war years brought heavy burdens on all sections of Indian society.
2. This discontent was later channelled into the national movement by Gandhiji.

Answer: 1. The image of Bharat Mata, first painted by Abanindranath Tagore, gave the nation a form that people could identify with; Bankim Chandra's 'Vande Mataram' became a hymn.
2. Folk tales and ballads collected by nationalists in Madras, Bengal and elsewhere were used to give a true picture of traditional culture.
3. Icons and symbols such as the tricolour flag (Swaraj flag) designed in 1921 by Gandhiji united people.
4. Reinterpretation of history by Indian writers made people proud of the nation's glorious past.

Teacher's Note:
1. These cultural forms gave people a shared identity beyond region and religion.
2. Writing any three of the above with examples is enough for full marks.