CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography and Economics Assignment Set 11

Answer: Causes: deforestation, overgrazing, mining (which leaves deep scars and quarries), over-irrigation leading to waterlogging and salinity, and industrial effluents and dust. Mining in Odisha and Jharkhand and overgrazing in Gujarat and Rajasthan are examples.
Solutions: afforestation, proper management of grazing, planting shelter belts, stabilising sand dunes with thorny bushes, proper management of waste lands, and control of mining and of industrial waste before disposal.

Teacher's Note:
1. Link each cause to a region or a human activity.
2. Solutions should match the causes you have listed.

Answer: 1. Contour ploughing: ploughing along the contour lines slows run-off down the slope.
2. Terrace farming: steps cut into slopes reduce soil erosion.
3. Strip cropping: strips of grass are left between crops to break the force of wind.
4. Shelter belts: rows of trees planted to check wind in arid regions.
5. Mulching and afforestation protect the soil surface and bind the soil.

Teacher's Note:
1. Name the method and say how it protects the soil.
2. Match the method to the kind of erosion it controls.

Answer: Yes. India has plenty of some resources: coal, iron ore, mica and bauxite are abundant, there is much arable land, and the country has large water, solar and wind potential. At the same time it is deficient in others: oil and natural gas, copper, lead, zinc, sulphur and phosphate are insufficient and have to be imported, and many regions suffer from water shortage.
This is why resource planning, conservation and use of substitutes such as renewable energy are necessary.

Teacher's Note:
1. Give at least two examples of both abundance and deficiency.
2. Finish with the need for planning.

Answer: Multipurpose projects displaced large numbers of local people without adequate compensation or rehabilitation. They also changed the flow of rivers and flooded fertile land and forests, and benefits often went to large farmers and industrialists. This led to movements such as the Narmada Bachao Andolan and the Tehri Dam protest. Disputes over sharing river water between states and sedimentation behind dams also added to resentment.

Teacher's Note:
1. Mention displacement and the Narmada movement.
2. The costs fell on local people while the benefits went elsewhere.

Answer: Wheat is a rabi crop sown in winter and harvested in summer. It needs a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening, with 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
It is grown mainly in the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and in the black soil region of the Deccan, in states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Teacher's Note:
1. Rice is the first and wheat the second most important cereal.
2. Remember that wheat is a rabi crop.

Answer: 1. High-yielding variety seeds were introduced in the Green Revolution to raise yields of wheat and rice.
2. Fertilisers and pesticides were promoted to improve soil fertility and protect crops.
3. Irrigation was expanded through canals, tube wells and dams so that crops do not depend only on rain.
4. Mechanisation and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) increased farm and dairy output.

Teacher's Note:
1. Each initiative should mention how production increases.
2. The Green Revolution mainly helped wheat and rice.

Answer: In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or layers. They were formed by deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore were formed through long periods of great heat and pressure on deposited material. Another group, such as gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt, were formed by evaporation, especially in arid regions.

Teacher's Note:
1. Two processes matter: deposition under pressure and evaporation.
2. Give coal and gypsum as examples.

Answer: Dams change the natural flow of rivers, which causes sedimentation of the reservoir bed and shortens the life of the dam. They interfere with fish migration and breeding, drown forests and farmland, and lead to loss of habitat and biodiversity. Large reservoirs can also cause waterlogging and in some cases floods.

Teacher's Note:
1. Focus on effects on rivers, aquatic life and vegetation.
2. Relate one effect to the loss of biodiversity.

Answer: Minerals are concentrated in particular regions. Most iron ore, coal and manganese are in the peninsular plateau (Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh), while bauxite is found mainly in Odisha and Gujarat. Copper is mined in Madhya Pradesh, mica in Jharkhand and Rajasthan, and mineral oil in Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High. The Himalayan and northern plains have very few minerals.

Teacher's Note:
1. Name at least three minerals with their regions.
2. State clearly which region is poor in minerals.

Answer: The World Bank uses average income per person (per capita income); countries with a high per capita income are called rich and those with a low one are called low-income countries. The limits are revised from time to time.
Limitations: the average hides inequality between people, and it ignores non-income aspects such as health, education, safety, clean environment and quality of life.

Teacher's Note:
1. Per capita income is a simple and useful but incomplete measure.
2. The UNDP report uses additional indicators in the Human Development Index.

Answer: (a) Development: improvement in the quality of life of people, which includes income, health, education, security and freedom.
(b) HDI: an index of the UNDP that combines life expectancy (health), education (years of schooling) and per capita income.
(c) National income: the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year.

Teacher's Note:
1. Define each term in one or two sentences.
2. HDI uses three dimensions.

Answer: (a) IMR: the number of children who die before the age of one year per 1000 live births in a year.
(b) Per capita income: the total income of a country divided by its total population.
(c) Sustainable development: development that meets today's needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Teacher's Note:
1. Write the unit of IMR as deaths per 1000 live births.
2. Sustainable development protects resources for the future.

Answer: 1. People want a regular job and a good income, so that they can live without worry.
2. People want security, equal treatment and respect from others. Freedom and a clean environment are other common goals.

Teacher's Note:
1. Different people can have different development goals.
2. Goals depend on the situation of each person.

Answer: 1. Formal sources are banks and cooperatives, while informal sources are moneylenders, traders, relatives and friends.
2. Formal lenders are supervised by the Reserve Bank of India; informal lenders are not supervised by anyone.
3. Formal sources charge a lower rate of interest, while informal lenders usually charge a high and sometimes unfair rate.

Teacher's Note:
1. The Reserve Bank of India regulates the formal sector.
2. Higher interest in the informal sector can trap borrowers in debt.

Answer: Demand deposits are deposits in bank accounts that can be withdrawn on demand by the account holder. They can be used for payments through cheques, cards and online transfers.
The money is safe because banks keep only a small part of deposits as cash and lend out the rest. The banks are supervised by the Reserve Bank of India, and deposits are insured up to a limit.

Teacher's Note:
1. Demand deposits act as money because they are accepted for payments.
2. Banks make their profit from the gap between lending and deposit rates.

Answer: Barter is the exchange of goods for goods without using money. It needs a double coincidence of wants, that is, each party must want what the other has. This made trade difficult and led to the use of money.

Teacher's Note:
1. Money removes the need for a double coincidence of wants.
2. A common example is exchanging wheat for cloth.

Answer: The Act gives every rural household whose adult members ask for work a legal right to 100 days of guaranteed employment in a year. If the government fails to provide the work, it has to give an unemployment allowance. The work is to be of the type that creates durable assets such as roads, ponds and canals, and a part of the jobs is reserved for women.

Teacher's Note:
1. It is a right to work for rural households.
2. Provisions of this Act may be revised by the government from time to time.

Answer: Only final goods and services should be counted. The value of intermediate goods, such as the wheat used to make flour, is already included in the value of the final product (bread), so adding both would count the same output twice (double counting).

Teacher's Note:
1. Count final goods and avoid double counting.
2. Intermediate goods are used up in making other goods.