UP Board Solutions Class 12 English Chapter 7 The Heritage of India

Lesson At A Glance

A.L. Basham, the author of this lesson, was deeply interested in Indian culture, its traditions and customs. He makes us realize that the ancient Hindu civilization, assimilating the best in different cultures, continues with its cultural tradition which will never be lost.

According to the author, Mahatma Gandhi developed the theme of social service as a religious duty, and the development still continues. The author believes that Gandhiji, though an epitome of Hindu tradition, was much influenced by Western ideas. His passionate love of the undeveloped and his antipathy to caste, were unorthodox in the

extreme and owed more to European 19th century liberalism than anything Indian. This championing of women’s right is also the result of Western influence.

But there is no denying to the fact that Gandhi and his followers of the Indian National Congress have given new orientation and new life to Hindu culture, after centuries of stagnation. Indians of coming generations will not be unconvincing and self-conscious copies of Europeans, but will be men rooted in their traditions, and aware of continuity of their culture.

In the past, Hindu civilization has received, adapted and digested elements of many different cultures—Indo European, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Greek, Roman, Scythian, Turkish, Persian and Arab. With each new influence it has somewhat changed. Now it is well on the way to assimilating the culture of the West.

पाठ का हिन्दी अनुवाद

(1) Ram Mohan Roy ………………… successors.
राममोहन राय ने समाज-सुधार की जोरदार वकालत करके नये युग को सूत्रपात किया। विवेकानन्द ने इसे और अधिक राष्ट्रीय सुर में दोहराया जब उन्होंने घोषित किया कि महान माता (भारतमाता) की सेवा सर्वोच्च समाज-सेवा है। अन्य महान भारतीयों ने भी, जिनमें मुख्य महात्मा गाँधी थे, समाज-सेवा के विषय को धार्मिक कर्तव्य के रूप में विकसित किया और यह विकास गाँधी जी के उत्तराधिकारियों के अधीन भी चल रहा है।

(2) Mahatma Gandhi was ………………… stagnatton.
बहुत से भारतीय भी और यूरोपियन भी महात्मा गाँधी को हिन्दू परम्परा के प्रतीक मानते थे। किन्तु यह एक झूठा निर्णय था, क्योंकि वे पाश्चात्य विचारों से बहुत प्रभावित थे। गाँधीजी अपनी प्राचीन संस्कृति के आधारभूत सिद्धान्तों में विश्वास करते थे। यद्यपि प्राचीन भारत में उनका दलितों के प्रति अत्यधिक प्यार और जात-पाँत से अत्यधिक घृणा अनूठी थी फिर भी वे अत्यधिक रूढ़िवादी न थे और किसी भी भारतीय बात ' की अपेक्षा उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के यूरोप में उदारवाद के अधिक ऋणी थे। जैसा कि हम देख चुके हैं उनका अहिंसा में विश्वास किसी भी प्रकार हिन्दुत्व की विशेषता नहीं थी। विद्रोह में उनसे पहले उनके पूर्वज, मराठा ब्राह्मण बी० जी० तिलक तथा गाँधीजी के कट्टर अनुयायी सुभाषचन्द्र बोस इस सम्बन्ध में कहीं अधिक कट्टर थे। गाँधीजी की शान्तिवाद की नीति के लिए ईसा का व्याख्यान ‘सर्मन ऑन दी मॉउण्ट’ तथा टॉल्सटॉय की ओर देखना चाहिए। स्त्रियों के अधिकारों के लिए उनका समर्थन भी पाश्चात्य प्रभाव का ही परिणाम था। अपने सामाजिक सन्दर्भ में वे सदा रूढ़िवादी होने की अपेक्षा आधुनिक अधिक थे। यद्यपि उनके कुछ साथी उनके सीमित समाज-सुधार के कार्यक्रम को अत्यधिक धीमा मानते थे फिर भी हिन्दू विचार के समस्त बल को जाति तथा वर्ग की प्रणाली के स्थान पर एक प्रसिद्ध तथा समानता के आधार वाले सामाजिक ढाँचे की ओर ले जाने में उन्हें सफलता मिली। उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के कम विख्यात सुधारक के कार्य को आगे बढ़ाकर गाँधीजी ने तथा भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के उनके अनुयायियों ने हिन्दू संस्कृति को जो शताब्दियों से निर्जीव पड़ी थी, नया जीवन प्रदान किया है।

(3) Today there are ………………… culture of the West.
आज ऐसे भारतीय बहुत कम हैं जिनका धार्मिक विश्वास चाहे कुछ भी हो किन्तु जो अपनी प्राचीन संस्कृति को गर्व से न देखते हों और ऐसे भारतीय भी बहुत कम हैं जो उसकी दुर्बलताओं को बलिदान करने को तैयार न हों ताकि भारत उन्नति और विकास कर सके। राजनीतिक एवं आर्थिक दोनों क्षेत्रों में भारत कठिन समस्याओं का सामना कर रहा है और कोई भी व्यक्ति निश्चित रूप से उसके भविष्य के विषय में भविष्यवाणी नहीं कर सकता। किन्तु निश्चित रूप से यह भविष्यवाणी की जा सकती है कि भारत का भविष्य चाहे कुछ भी हो किन्तु भावी पीढ़ियों के भारतीय यूरोप के लोगों की बिना सोचे-समझे नकल करने वाले नहीं होंगे, किन्तु वे ऐसे व्यक्ति

Passage (4) Hindu civilization ………………… ways of the West.
हमें विश्वास है कि हिन्दू सभ्यता अपनी निरन्तरता को बनाए रखेगी। भगवद्गीता कर्मशील व्यक्तियों को प्रेरणा देना बन्द नहीं करेगी और उपनिषद् विचारशील व्यक्तियों को। भारतीय जीवन की सुन्दरता और भलाई बनी रहेगी चाहे यह पश्चिम की मेहनत बचाने वाले उपायों से कितनी ही प्रभावित क्यों न हो। लोग महाभारत और रामायण के वीरों की कहानियों से प्यार करते रहेंगे तथा दुष्यन्त, शकुन्तला, पुरुरवा तथा उर्वशी के प्रेम को भी। वह शान्त और सज्जनता से पूर्ण आनन्द जो प्रत्येक काल में भारतीय जीवन में व्याप्त रहा और जहाँ दमन, बीमारी और गरीबी इस पर प्रभाव नहीं डाल सके हैं, वह पश्चिम की उत्तेजना से भरपूर जीवन के ढंगों के सामने निश्चित रूप से गायब नहीं होगा।

 

Passage (5) Much that was ………………… never be lost. [2018]
प्राचीन भारतीय संस्कृति में जो बेकार था उसमें से बहुत कुछ पहले ही नष्ट हो चुका है। वैदिक युग की विनाशकारी और असभ्य सार्वजनिक बलि बहुत पहले ही भुला दी गई है फिर भी कुछ वर्गों में पशु-बलि अभी जारी है। विधवाओं को अपने पति की चिताओं पर भस्म होना बन्द हो चुका है। कानून के अनुसार लड़कियों का बचपन में विवाह नहीं हो सकता। पूरे भारतवर्ष में बसों और रेलगाड़ियों में ब्राह्मण अत्यधिक शुद्धता का विचार किये बिना नीची जाति के लोगों से मिलजुल सकते हैं और मन्दिर कानून सभी के लिए खुले हैं। जाति-भेद अदृश्य होता जा रहा है। यह प्रक्रिया बहुत दिनों पहले आरम्भ हो गई थी किन्तु अब इसकी रफ्तार इतनी तेज है कि जाति को अत्यधिक आपत्तिजनक स्वरूप लगभग एक पीढ़ी में ही समाप्त हो जाएगा। पुरानी प्रणाली आज की परिस्थितियों के अनुकूल हो रही है। वास्तव में पूरे भारत का रूप बदल रहा है, किन्तु सांस्कृतिक परम्परा जारी है और यह कभी भी समाप्त नहीं होगी।

 

Understanding the Text

Explanations

Explain one of the following passages with reference to the context :

 

Question 1. Ram Mohan Roy had ………………… Gandhiji ‘s successors. [2010, 18]
Answer:
Reference: These lines have been taken from the lesson ‘The Heritage of India’ written by Sh.A.L. Basham. [N.B.: The above reference will be used for all explanations of this lesson.]

Context: In this lesson the author describes his experiences about Indian culture, its traditions and customs which he felt during his short stay in India. He makes us realize that the ancient Hindu civilization assimilating the best in different cultures continues with its cultural tradition which will never be lost.

Explanation: In this opening paragraph the author tells us that Ram Mohan Roy expressed the need of social reform and started a new age. Then Vivekanand also repeated it in another way saying that the service of Bharat Mata is the greatest social service. Other Indians also, the main among whom is—Mahatma Gandhi developed this topic as the religious duty. The successors of Gandhiji also continued this development, carrying forward the legacy of social and cultural harmony.
In simple words: This passage highlights how great Indian leaders like Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and Mahatma Gandhi initiated social reforms, and how their followers successfully continued their mission to improve society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always structure your explanation answers with clear sub-headings for Reference, Context, and Explanation to make it easy for the examiner to award full marks.

p>Question (2) Mahatma Gandhi ………………… to anything Indian. [2010]
Answer: Context: In this lesson the author describes his experiences about Indian culture, its traditions and customs which he felt during his short stay in India. He makes us realize that the ancient Hindu civilization assimilating the best in different cultures continues with its cultural tradition which will never be lost.
Explanation: In these lines the author says that many Indians as well as foreigners regard Mahatma Gandhi as the epitome of Hindu tradition. But the writer does not agree with this statement because Gandhiji was much influenced by western ideas. His passionate love of the under developed and his antipathy to caste, were unorthodox in the extreme and owed more to European 19th century liberalism than anything Indian. This highlights how Gandhiji blended global progressive values with his vision for India's social reform.
In simple words: Gandhiji is often seen as the ultimate symbol of traditional Indian culture, but the author points out that many of his ideas actually came from Western thoughts on equality and freedom. He used these modern ideas to fight against unfair social systems like the caste system.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining this passage, highlight the contrast between Gandhiji's traditional image and his modern, Western-influenced ideas on social reform.

 

Question (3) His championing ………………… class and caste. [2009]
Answer: Context: Here the author says that there was a great influence of West on Gandhiji. Gandhiji was not a man of conservative views. He realised the pitiable condition of down-trodden and low caste people. So, he worked hard for them.
Explanation: Gandhiji was not an orthodox follower of old theories. In social field he always preferred a change in old theories and customs. Some of his followers thought that the speed of Gandhiji was very slow. But this was not true. Gandhiji established a new society based on equality. He abolished the class and caste system from the society. Thus, he gave a new shape and new life to Hindu culture. His dedication to uplifting the marginalized laid the foundation for a more inclusive and democratic nation.
In simple words: Gandhiji did not blindly follow old traditions and instead worked hard to remove social evils like the caste system. By promoting equality for everyone, he helped modernize and revitalize Indian society.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on keywords like "equality", "abolished caste system", and "modernize" to show how Gandhiji transformed traditional social structures.

 

Question (4) Today there are ………………… with any certainty. [2013]
Answer: Context: Here the author tells us about the greatness of Indian culture and traditions. For many centuries–there had been no change in it. But in 20th century Gandhiji brought many changes in it and moulded it according to needs of modern society.
Explanation: In these lines the author says that Indian culture is very old and great. Most of Indian people are proud of their old culture without any distinction of caste or creed. They are also ready to sacrifice the weaknesses of their culture. They know well that without removing the weaknesses and shortcomings of Indian culture, country cannot make progress. So, the outlook of every Indian is pragmatic. At present India is facing many difficult political and economical problems. So it can’t be forecasted what would be the future of India. This practical approach helps the nation balance its ancient heritage with modern developmental goals.
In simple words: Indian culture is ancient and highly respected, but modern Indians are willing to change outdated customs to help the country progress. Even though India faces tough political and economic challenges today, its adaptable nature keeps it strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the term "pragmatic outlook" clearly, as it shows the willingness of Indians to adapt their ancient culture to modern needs.

 

Question (5) Politically and ………………… feat of synthesis. [2009, 14, 16, 17]
Answer: Context: Here the author tells us that most of the Indian people are proud of their culture. Yet they are ready to sacrifice its shortcomings so that India may develop and progress.
Explanation: Here the author points out that in the present time in India there are so many political and economical problems. They seem to be very difficult to be solved. So, no one can forecast about the future of India. The author says that in ancient time the people were blind followers of the West. But the coming generations will not copy them. Instead, future generations will strive to create a unique blend of Indian values and global advancements.
In simple words: India faces complex modern challenges, making its future hard to predict. However, instead of blindly copying Western ways, the new generation of Indians will combine the best of both worlds to move forward.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the concept of "synthesis"—which means combining different cultural elements to create something new and stronger.

 

Question (6). Already, after ………………… feat of synthesis. [2018]
Answer: Context: Here the author says that every Indian concerns with the progress of India. In ancient time they were blind followers of the West. But the people of coming generations do not copy them blindly. They use their own reason.
Explanation: In these lines the author says that only seven years have passed when we attained independence. But a great change in the outlook and mentality of our people is noted. We see that the factors of national self-condemnation and unreasoning enthusiasm for the glory of our own country are disappearing. This transition highlights the growing self-reliance of the nation. Now the people of India are busy in combining the different people and different elements although this is a very difficult work.
In simple words: The author explains that India is changing for the better after gaining independence. Instead of blindly copying Western ways, modern Indians are using their own logic to unite different cultures and build a stronger nation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly separate the 'Context' and 'Explanation' in your answer to help the examiner easily identify your understanding of the passage.

 

Question (7). Hindu civilization ………………… of the West. [2009, 13, 18]
Or
The quiet and ………………… of the West. [2015]
Answer: Context: Here the author tells us about the continuity of Hindu civilization. Our religious books have always inspired us and will go on inspiring in future also.
Explanation: In these lines the author says that Hindu civilization will never cease. But it will go on as usual. The Bhagavad Gita will always teach us to work and Upanishads to think deeply. It is possible that the people of India may follow the labour saving devices of the West but they will not forget the ideals of religious books e.g., the Mahabharata, the Ramayana etc. This enduring spirit keeps the cultural heritage alive across generations. Calm and gentle happiness has ever been the characteristic of Indian life and people will never forget it. Western hectic ways of hurry and worry will be away from us.
In simple words: Indian culture and values are permanent and will never disappear. Even if Indians adopt modern technology from the West, they will still hold onto their peaceful lifestyle and religious teachings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning key texts like the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads shows a deep understanding of the cultural references used by the author.

 

Question (8). Much that was ………………… generation or so. [2009, 18]
Answer: Context: The author says that there are so many old customs in the society, but there is no existence of these customs now. This is only due to the change of time.
Explanation: The author says that time is changing rapidly. The cruel customs of the Vedic period do not attract a man of modern age. Now Sati Pratha is not in existence. Now widows are not burnt with the dead bodies of their husband. There is no childhood marriage system, because this system is illegal now. In buses, trains and aeroplanes Brahman and Thakur travel with lowest castes. They do not feel ashamed. Now all castes are equal according to law. These progressive changes mark a significant shift towards social equality. So the conclusion of author is that the Indian civilization will never perish. Hindu culture is not accepting distinction between persons. Now Indian society is free from untouchability system. There is no high or low caste in Indian society. The process of rejection of distinction between persons began before sometime, but now it is widely accepted.
In simple words: Old and harmful social customs like Sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination are fading away with time. Modern India is moving towards equality, where everyone is treated the same regardless of their caste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use specific examples of social reforms (like the abolition of Sati and child marriage) to make your explanation concrete and impactful.

Caste is Vanishing... Never Be Lost [2009, 10, 17, 18]

Context: Here the author says that in 20th century a tremendous change has been brought in Indian culture. The main changes are abolition of animal sacrifice, caste system, burning of widows, child marriage, untouchability, etc.

Explanation: To conclude his views the author says that caste system has been vanishing at a very high speed and very soon the points on which the people disagree will be totally abolished. A great change in family system also is seen and people are moulding it according to the present condition. Although there are changes in every field yet the cultural tradition will continue. Thus, we can say that many social evils have been abolished in 20th century for the good of the society.

Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. What did Ram Mohan Roy advocate? [2009, 18] (राम मोहन राय ने क्या वकालत की?)
Answer: Ram Mohan Roy advocated social reform. He strongly opposed outdated and harmful practices to modernize Indian society. (राम मोहन राय ने समाज-सुधार की वकालत की ।)
In simple words: Ram Mohan Roy wanted to improve society by removing bad customs and bringing in helpful reforms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always mention the term "social reform" clearly, as it is the core keyword for this answer.

 

Question 2. What, according to Vivekananda, was the highest form of service of the Great Mother? [2016] (विवेकानन्द के अनुसार भारत माँ की सबसे बड़ी सेवा क्या थी?)
Answer: According to Vivekananda the highest form of service of the Great Mother was social service. He believed that serving humanity is the truest way to worship the divine. (विवेकानन्द के अनुसार भारत माँ की सबसे बड़ी सेवा समाज-सेवा थी ।)
In simple words: Vivekananda believed that helping other people in society is the best way to serve our motherland.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state "social service" as the highest form of service to get full marks.

 

Question 3. What contribution did Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekanand make to the Indian society? (राम मोहन राय तथा स्वामी विवेकानन्द को भारतीय समाज के लिए क्या योगदान रहा?)
Answer: Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekanand both were ardent social-servants and worked for social upliftment throughout their life. While Ram Mohan Roy advocated social reform, Swami Vivekanand believed the greatest service to the country was social service. Their combined efforts laid the foundation for modern Indian social thought. (राजा राम मोहन राय तथा स्वामी विवेकानन्द दोनों ही समाज सेवा के लिए तत्पर रहते थे और उन्होंने आजीवन समाज की उन्नति के लिए कार्य किए। जहाँ राजा मोहन राय समाज-सुधार की वकालत करते थे तो स्वामी विवेकानन्द समाज-सुधार को ही देश की महानतम सेवा मानते थे।)
In simple words: Both leaders worked hard to improve Indian society. Ram Mohan Roy focused on changing bad customs, while Swami Vivekananda emphasized helping people through social service.

🎯 Exam Tip: Make sure to distinguish between Ram Mohan Roy's focus on "social reform" and Swami Vivekananda's focus on "social service".

 

Question 4. What do you understand by ‘social service as a religious duty’? (‘समाज सेवा धार्मिक कर्त्तव्य है’ से आप क्या समझते हैं?)
Answer: “Social service is a religious duty’ means that we should serve all human beings without any distinction of caste, creed and colour. This perspective elevates humanitarian work to a sacred spiritual practice. (‘समाज-सेवा धार्मिक कर्तव्यं है इसका अर्थ यह है कि हम सभी मनुष्यों की सेवा बिना जाति, धर्म या रंग के भेदभाव से करें।)
In simple words: It means that helping other people, regardless of their background, is a holy duty just like performing religious rituals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the key phrase "without any distinction of caste, creed and colour" to secure maximum marks.

 

Question 5. “Mahatma Gandhi was looked on as the epitome of Hindu tradition.” Why does the author call it a false statement? (“महात्मा गाँधी को हिन्दू परम्परा के प्रतीक के रूप में देखा जाता था ।” लेखक इसे झूठा वक्तव्य क्यों कहता है?)
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by western ideas. So the author does not agree with the statement that Mahatma Gandhi was merely a traditionalist. His philosophy was a unique blend of Eastern heritage and Western thought.
In simple words: The author believes Gandhi was not just a traditional Hindu leader because his ideas were also deeply shaped by Western thinking.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the influence of "western ideas" on Gandhi to explain why the author calls the statement false.

 

Question 6. Which three great Indians who took up the cause of social service have been mentioned here ?
Answer: The three great Indians who took up the cause of social service are : 1. Ram Mohan Roy, 2. Vivekanand, 3. Mahatma Gandhi. These leaders dedicated their lives to reforming society and helping the marginalized.
In simple words: The three important Indian leaders mentioned who worked to help society are Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and Mahatma Gandhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the names clearly using numbers as shown in the text to make it easy for the examiner to grade.

 

Question 7. In what ways was Gandhiji influenced by the European 19th century liberalism ?
Answer: Gandhiji was influenced by the European 19th century liberalism in his love for the poor and his dislike for caste system. This influence helped shape his ideas on social justice and equality for all.
In simple words: European liberalism taught Gandhiji to care deeply for poor people and to oppose the unfair caste system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both key aspects of the influence—love for the poor and dislike for the caste system—to secure full marks.

 

Question 8. In what ways was Gandhian philosophy moulded ?
Answer: European 19th century liberalism, discourse of Jesus Christ and Tolstoy moulded Gandhian philosophy. He began to love the poor and disliked caste system. These diverse teachings combined to form his unique approach to non-violence and truth.
In simple words: Gandhiji's ideas were shaped by European liberalism, the teachings of Jesus Christ, and the writings of Leo Tolstoy. This made him care for the poor and stand against the caste system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to credit all three sources—European liberalism, Jesus Christ, and Tolstoy—when explaining how his philosophy was formed.

 

Question 9. What were the main sources of Gandhiji’s philosophy of life ?
Answer: The main sources of Gandhiji’s philosophy of life were Christ’s Sermon on the Mount and Tolstoy, the great Russian writer. These sources deeply inspired his commitment to peace and simple living.
In simple words: Gandhiji got his main life ideas from Jesus Christ's Sermon on the Mount and the books of the famous Russian author Leo Tolstoy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state both the Sermon on the Mount and Tolstoy as the primary sources of his life philosophy.

 

Question 10. “Gandhiji was always rather an innovator than a conservative.” How?
Answer: Gandhiji did not believe in caste system and untouchability. He gave a new shape on the basis of equality. So, he was an innovator rather than a conservative. He constantly sought to reform old traditions to make society more just.
In simple words: Gandhiji did not want to keep old, harmful traditions like untouchability. Instead, he wanted to build a new society where everyone is treated equally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the difference between an innovator (someone who brings new positive changes) and a conservative (someone who wants to keep things as they are) using the example of equality.

 

Question 11. What is the contribution of Gandhiji to Hindu culture ?
Answer: Gandhiji opposed the caste system. He helped the oppressed and down-trodden. He fought for the women’s rights and equality. He gave a new direction to Hindu culture. His efforts helped modernize ancient traditions to focus more on humanity and justice.
In simple words: Gandhiji helped Hindu culture by fighting against the caste system, helping poor people, and standing up for women's rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by listing his contributions: opposing the caste system, helping the oppressed, and fighting for women's rights.

 

Question 12. What significant changes, according to the author, have taken place in India since the attainment of freedom?
Answer: According to the author many significant changes have taken place in India since freedom. Animal sacrifices, burning of widows on their husband’s pyres and girls’ marriage in childhood have almost been stopped. Untouchability also has almost been abolished. These positive developments represent a major step forward for Indian society.
In simple words: Since India became free, bad practices like animal sacrifice, burning widows, child marriage, and untouchability have mostly stopped.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all the social evils mentioned in the text (animal sacrifice, widow burning, child marriage, and untouchability) that have been reduced or stopped since independence.

 

Question 13. What does the author predict about the Indian way of life ? (भारतीय जीवन-पद्धति के विषय में लेखक की भविष्यवाणी क्या है?) Or What kind of men will the Indians of coming generation be according to the writer ? (लेखक के अनुसार आने वाली पीढ़ी के भारतीय किस प्रकार के व्यक्ति होंगे?) Or What is the future of Indian culture according to the writer ? [2011] (लेखक के अनुसार भारतीय संस्कृति का भविष्य क्या है?)
Answer: The author predicts about the Indian way of life that future generation will not be following Europeans blindly. They will root out the evils of their traditions but will be aware of the continuity of their culture. This balanced approach will help preserve our unique heritage while embracing modern progress. (लेखक भारतीय जीवन पद्धति के विषय में भविष्यवाणी करता है कि भावी पीढ़ियाँ यूरोप का अनुसरण बिना सोचे-समझे नहीं करेंगी। वे अपनी परम्पराओं की बुराइयों को उखाड़ फेंकेंगे और अपनी संस्कृति की निरन्तरता के प्रति सचेत रहेंगे।)
In simple words: The author believes that future Indians will not copy Western ways blindly. They will end bad old customs but will keep their rich culture alive.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions with multiple 'Or' options, focus on the core theme of cultural continuity and future generations to write a comprehensive answer.

 

Question 14. How will Hindu civilization retain its continuity ? [2009] (हिन्दू सभ्यता अपनी निरन्तरता को कैसे बनाए रखेगी ?) Or What does A. L. Basham mean when he says that ‘Hindu civilization will retain its continuity’? (‘हिन्दू सभ्यता अपनी निरन्तरता को सुरक्षित रखेगी इस कथन से A.L. Basham से का क्या तात्पर्य है?)
Answer: Hindu civilization will retain its continuity in the following way. The Bhagwad. Gita and Upanishads would inspire the man of actions and thoughts. People will love the tales of the heroes of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Western life of hurry and worry will not touch us. The quiet and gentle happiness, the charm and glory of Indian way of life will continue. These timeless epics and teachings serve as a moral compass for every generation. (भारतीय सभ्यता अपनी निरन्तरता को निम्न ढंग से बनाये रखेगी। भगवद्गीता और उपनिषद् मनुष्य के कार्य और विचारों को प्रेरणा देंगे। लोग महाभारत तथा रामायण के वीरों की कहानियों से प्रेम करेंगे। शोर-शराबे व चिन्ता का पाश्चात्य जीवन हमारा स्पर्श भी नहीं कर सकेगा । शान्त एवं सौम्य आनन्द तथा भारतीय जीवन-पद्धति की सुन्दरता एवं वैभव निरन्तर रहेगा ।)
In simple words: Hindu culture will survive because people will keep reading holy books like the Gita and Upanishads. They will also continue to love stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, keeping their peaceful way of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key texts like the Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, Ramayana, and Mahabharata as they are crucial keywords for scoring full marks.

 

Question 15. What contrast does the author see between the Indian way of life and that of the West ? (लेखक भारतीय जीवन-पद्धति एवं पाश्चात्य जीवन-पद्धति में क्या अन्तर बताता है?) Or What, according to the writer, is the difference between the Indian and Western way of life? . (लेखक के अनुसार भारतीय तथा पाश्चात्य जीवन पद्धति में क्या अन्तर है ?)
Answer: According to the author Indian way of life is full of quiet and gentle happiness while the Western way of life is of hurry, worry and mechanization. This fundamental difference highlights how Eastern philosophy prioritizes inner peace over material speed. (लेखक के अनुसार भारतीय जीवन पद्धति शान्त एवं सौम्य आनन्द से भरी हुई है, जबकि पाश्चात्य जीवन-पद्धति जल्दबाजी, चिन्ताओं और मशीनीकरण से भरी हुई है।)
In simple words: The Indian way of life is calm, peaceful, and happy. On the other hand, the Western way of life is full of rush, stress, and machines.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use contrasting words clearly, such as 'quiet and gentle happiness' for India versus 'hurry, worry and mechanization' for the West.

 

Question 16. Which useless customs in ancient Indian culture have been discarded ? (प्राचीन भारतीय संस्कृति के कौन-कौन से व्यर्थ के रीति-रिवाज समाप्त हो चुके हैं?)
Answer: Useless customs in ancient Indian culture e.g., animal sacrifice, burning of widow, child marriage, untouchability, etc., have been discarded. These positive social reforms have paved the way for a more egalitarian and humane society. (भारतीय संस्कृति के व्यर्थ के रीति-रिवाज; जैसे-पशु-बलि, विधवाओं का आत्मदाह, बाल विवाह, छुआछूत आदि समाप्त हो गए हैं।)
In simple words: Old and harmful customs like animal sacrifice, child marriage, and untouchability have now been stopped in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: List at least three specific examples of discarded customs (like child marriage or untouchability) to ensure you get full marks.

 

Question 17. What evidence does the author give to prove that Indian culture has changed a lot ? [2011] (यह सिद्ध करने के लिए कि भारतीय संस्कृति बहुत बदल गई है, लेखक क्या प्रमाण देता है?)
Answer: The author has given many evidences to prove that Indian culture has changed a lot. For untouchability he says that now in buses and trains even the great brahmins rub their shoulders with low caste people. Temples and public wells are open to all. Many evils, e.g., animal sacrifice, widow’s burning, child marriage, etc have been abolished. These progressive changes highlight a significant shift towards social equality. (लेखक यह सिद्ध करने के लिए कि भारतीय संस्कृति बहुत बदल गई है, अनेक प्रमाण देता है; जैसे-छुआछूत के विषय में वह कहता है कि अब महान् ब्राह्मण भी निम्न जाति के लोगों से सटकर बसों और रेलगाड़ियों में यात्रा करते हैं। मन्दिर तथा सार्वजनिक कुएँ सभी के लिए खुले हैं। बहुत-सी बुराइयाँ; जैसे-पशु-बलि, विधवाओं का आत्मदाह, बाल-विवाह आदि समाप्त हो गए हैं।)
In simple words: The author shows that Indian culture is changing because old social evils like untouchability and child marriage are ending, and everyone now has equal access to public places.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention specific examples like transport equality and the opening of temples to score full marks.

 

Question 18. What does the heritage of India consist of ? [2017] (भारत की धरोहर क्या है?)
Answer: The heritage of India consists of its ancient culture and traditions, its glorious past, its holy books and literature and its peaceful and gentle way of living. This rich legacy continues to inspire people across generations. (भारत की धरोहर में प्राचीन संस्कृति एवं परम्पराएँ, इसका शानदार भूतकाल, इसकी धार्मिक पुस्तकें और साहित्य तथा इसकी शान्त एवं सौम्य जीवन-पद्धति शामिल हैं।)
In simple words: India's heritage is made up of its old traditions, history, holy books, and its calm and peaceful way of life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list all key components of heritage: culture, history, literature, and lifestyle.

 

Question 19. What changes have taken place in Indian caste system ? (भारतीय जाति-प्रथा में कौन-कौन से परिवर्तन हुए हैं ?) Or How is the old caste system perishing ? Give examples. (पुरानी जाति-प्रथा कैसे समाप्त हो रही है ? उदाहरण दीजिए।)
Answer: The old caste system is vanishing rapidly, Brahmins rub shoulders with lowest castes. Temples are open to all. People of all backgrounds now enjoy equal opportunities in modern society. (पुरानी जाति-प्रथा तेजी से समाप्त हो रही है। ब्राह्मण निम्न जाति के लोगों से कन्धे से कन्धा मिलाकर चलते हैं। मन्दिर सभी के लिए खोल दिए गए हैं।)
In simple words: The old caste system is breaking down quickly because people of different castes now interact freely and share public spaces like temples.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the phrase "rub shoulders" as it is a key expression used by the author to describe social mixing.

 

Question 20. What change in the old family system is taking place ? (पुरानी परिवार प्रथा में क्या परिवर्तन हो रहा है ?)
Answer: The old family system is moulding itself to present day conditions. This adaptation helps families stay connected while meeting modern demands. (पुरानी परिवार प्रथा स्वयं को वर्तमान स्थितियों के अनुसार ढाल रही है।)
In simple words: The traditional family setup is changing and adapting to fit the needs of modern life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the word "moulding" to describe how the family system adapts to modern times.

 

Question 21. What is unique about Indian culture ? [2013, 14, 17, 18] (भारतीय संस्कृति के विषय में अनूठी क्या बात है ?)
Answer: Indian culture has received, adapted and digested elements of different cultures but itself remained unchanged. This remarkable resilience allows it to grow without losing its core identity. (भारतीय संस्कृति ने भिन्न-भिन्न संस्कृतियों के तत्त्वों को स्वीकार किया है और अपने में मिलाया है, किन्तु स्वयं अपरिवर्तनीय रही है।)
In simple words: Indian culture is unique because it absorbs good things from other cultures while keeping its own basic identity alive.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the three key verbs: "received", "adapted", and "digested" to secure maximum marks.

 

Vocabulary

Choose the Most Appropriate Word or Phrase That Best Completes the Sentence :

 

Question 1. In his social context, he (Gandhiji) was always rather an ………………… than a conservative.
(a) innovator
(b) technician
(c) inventor
(d) discoverer
Answer: (a) innovator
In simple words: Gandhiji preferred to bring in new ideas and reforms rather than keeping things exactly as they were in the past.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the contrast between 'conservative' (someone who resists change) and 'innovator' (someone who introduces new ideas).

 

Question 2. There are few Indians, whatever their creed, who do not ………………… with pride on their ancient culture. [2015]
(a) look upon
(b) look after
(c) look into
(d) look back
Answer: (d) look back
In simple words: Almost all Indians feel proud when they think about or look back at their ancient history and culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn the meanings of different phrasal verbs starting with 'look' to easily solve fill-in-the-blank questions.

 

Question 3. Politically and economically India ………………… many problems.
(a) forces
(b) focuses
(c) faces
(d) fences
Answer: (c) faces
In simple words: India is currently dealing with or experiencing many political and economic challenges.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the context of the sentence; "faces" is the correct verb used when dealing with difficulties or problems.

 

Question 4. We believe that Hindu Civilization is in the act of performing its most spectacular feat of …………………
(a) unity
(b) diversity
(c) synthesis
(d) analysis
Answer: (c) synthesis
In simple words: Synthesis means combining different ideas or cultures together, which is what Hindu civilization does best.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "synthesis" (combining elements) is a key theme in A.L. Basham's essay regarding Indian culture.

 

Question 5. The Bhagvad Gita will not cease to inspire men of …………………, and the Upanishads, men of.
(a) religion, reason
(b) reason, religion
(c) action, thought
(d) thought, action
Answer: (c) action, thought
In simple words: The Gita teaches us to take action without worrying about results, while the Upanishads focus on deep thinking and philosophy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Bhagavad Gita with "action" (Karma) and the Upanishads with "thought" (Jnana) to easily remember this pair.

 

Question 6. Widows have long ………………… to be burnt on their husband’s pyres.
(a) ceased
(b) continued
(c) compelled
(d) been anxious
Answer: (a) ceased
In simple words: The practice of Sati (burning widows) stopped a long time ago in India. "Ceased" means stopped.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for historical context clues; the practice of Sati was banned and therefore "ceased" to exist.

 

Question 7. In buses and trains all over India, Brahmans rub shoulders with the lowest castes without consciousness of grave …………………
(a) pollution
(b) dirtiness
(c) sin
(d) impurity
Answer: (a) pollution
In simple words: In modern times, people of different castes travel together without worrying about becoming spiritually "polluted" or unclean by touching each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: In the context of caste systems, physical contact with lower castes was historically feared as spiritual "pollution".

 

Question 8. The old family system is ………………… itself to present day conditions.
(a) moulding
(b) making
(c) adapting
(d) adopting
Answer: (c) adapting
In simple words: The traditional joint family system is changing and adjusting itself to fit modern lifestyles.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Adapting itself to" is a standard English collocation meaning to adjust to new conditions.

 

Question 9. ………………… the whole face of India is altering, but the cultural tradition continues and it will never be lost.
(a) Really
(b) In reality
(c) In fact
(d) Consequently
Answer: (c) In fact
In simple words: "In fact" is used here to emphasize that even though India is changing a lot on the outside, its core culture remains the same.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "In fact" to introduce a statement that confirms or emphasizes a previous point about India's changing nature.

 

Question 10. Subhash Chandra Bose was one of the greatest of our ………………… leaders.
(a) social
(b) political
(c) religious
(d) nationalist
Answer: (d) nationalist
In simple words: Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent leader who fought passionately for India's independence and freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Bose is widely celebrated as a "nationalist" leader in Indian history textbooks.

 

Question 11. Gandhiji believed in the ………………… of ancient culture.
(a) sorrows
(b) materialism
(c) utilitarianism
(d) fundamentals
Answer: (d) fundamentals
In simple words: Mahatma Gandhi believed in the basic, essential values and core principles of ancient Indian culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Fundamentals" refers to the basic foundation or core values, which Gandhiji strongly supported.

 

Question 12. The cultural tradition of India will ………………… be lost.
(a) ever
(b) once
(c) always
(d) never
Answer: (d) never
In simple words: The author believes that India's rich cultural heritage is so strong that it will survive forever and never disappear.

🎯 Exam Tip: The essay emphasizes the continuity of Indian culture, meaning it will "never" be lost.

 

Question 13. Mahatma Gandhi’s passionate love of the under dog and his ………………… to caste, were unorthodox in the extreme.
(a) sympathy
(b) empathy
(c) antipathy
(d) antimony
Answer: (c) antipathy
In simple words: "Antipathy" means a strong feeling of dislike. Gandhiji strongly disliked and opposed the rigid caste system.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the word "antipathy" as it represents Gandhiji's strong opposition to the caste system in this chapter.

 

Question 14. Mahatma Gandhi and his followers have given a new ………………… and new life to Hindu culture, after centuries of stagnation.
(a) presentation
(b) orientation
(c) intimation
(d) representation
Answer: (b) orientation
In simple words: "Orientation" means a new direction or focus. Gandhiji gave Hindu culture a fresh direction and revived it.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "new orientation and new life" is a direct quote from the textbook chapter.

 

Question 15. Much that was ………………… in ancient Indian culture has already perished.
(a) violent
(b) religious
(c) unique
(d) useless
Answer: (d) useless
In simple words: Over time, old customs that were no longer helpful or practical (useless) have naturally faded away.

🎯 Exam Tip: The author argues that only the "useless" parts of ancient culture have died out, while the valuable parts remain.

 

Question 16. Hindu civilization will, we believe ………………… its continuity.
(a) loss
(b) maintain
(c) retain
(d) destroy
Answer: (c) retain
In simple words: The author is confident that Hindu civilization will keep or hold onto its continuous traditions in the future.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Retain" means to keep possession of something, which fits perfectly with "continuity".

 

Question 17. Hindu civilization will not vanish before the more ………………… ways of the West. [2015, 17]
(a) tactic
(b) hectic
(c) static
(d) erratic
Answer: (b) hectic
In simple words: Hindu culture will continue to exist and won't disappear even when compared to the very busy and fast-paced lifestyle of Western countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the context of the sentence; 'hectic' describes the fast-paced nature of Western life, which contrasts with traditional ways.

 

Question 18. The ‘Upanishads’ will not ………………… to inspire the men of thought. [2015]
(a) cease
(b) crease
(c) breeze
(d) grease
Answer: (a) cease
In simple words: The sacred writings called Upanishads will never stop inspiring deep thinkers and philosophers.

🎯 Exam Tip: The word 'cease' means to stop or come to an end, which fits perfectly in the context of continuous inspiration.