Samacheer Kalvi Class 12 English Solutions Chapter 5 The Chair

Textual Questions:

 

Question a. What was put on the family agenda?
Answer: The family decided to discuss buying a chair for their house. This was a new and exciting topic for them. They thought about how useful a chair would be.
In simple words: The family decided to talk about buying a chair.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about a specific action or decision, state it clearly and directly using key terms from the text.

 

Question b. Who visited the family?
Answer: A family friend, who worked as a sub-judge, came to visit them. His visit was an important event for the family. People often visited each other in the village.
In simple words: A family friend who was a sub-judge came to visit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify characters and their roles as mentioned in the story to answer "who" questions precisely.

 

Question c. Describe the stool that the narrator's family had.
Answer: The narrator's family owned a small, three-legged stool. It was only three-fourths of a foot tall. This stool was quite unstable; it would easily fall over if someone did not sit exactly balanced on its legs. It required careful sitting.
In simple words: The family had a small, three-legged stool that was unstable and would fall if not sat on carefully.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to describe an object, include its key features, size, and any special characteristics or problems it had.

 

Question d. What was Pedanna suggested to their father?
Answer: Pedanna suggested to their father that they should buy a chair from the town. He believed it would be easier than trying to make one in the village. This showed his practical thinking.
In simple words: Pedanna told his father they should buy a chair from town.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always clearly state who made the suggestion and what the suggestion was, ensuring all parts of the question are addressed.

 

Question e. What was offered to Maamanaar by their mother?
Answer: Their mother offered buttermilk, which was seasoned with asafoetida, to Maamanaar. This was a common and welcoming drink to offer guests. It showed her hospitality.
In simple words: The mother gave Maamanaar buttermilk with asafoetida in it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both the item offered and any specific details about it (like seasoning) for a complete answer.

 

Question f. Why were the two chairs compared to Rama-Lakshmana?
Answer: The two chairs were compared to Rama-Lakshmana because, like the brothers, they were identical in their appearance and character. They looked exactly the same. This comparison highlighted their perfect match.
In simple words: The two chairs were like Rama-Lakshmana because they looked exactly the same.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a comparison is made, explain the specific similarity that justifies the comparison.

 

Question g. When did the children shy away from the chair?
Answer: The children started to avoid the chair after it was used to prop up a dead body in their village. This made them feel uneasy and scared to sit on it. The chair became associated with something sad.
In simple words: The children avoided the chair after it was used for a dead body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific event or reason that caused the change in behavior mentioned in the question.

 

Question h. How did Maamanaar handle the chair at home?
Answer: Maamanaar was very careful with the chair at home. He would wipe it clean every single morning. When he needed to move it, he carried it gently and placed it down softly, as if it were a delicate mud pot filled to the brim with water. His meticulous care for the chair was evident daily.
In simple words: Maamanaar wiped the chair every morning and moved it very carefully, like a precious item.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples from the text to illustrate how a character handled an object, showing their attention to detail.

 

2. Answer the Following Questions in Three or Four Sentences Each:

 

Question a. What happened to the visitor when he sat on the stool?
Answer: The visitor, a sub-judge, sat on the small, three-legged stool without knowing its unstable nature. The stool was tricky and would easily fall if one's weight was not centered exactly over its legs. Before the family could warn him, he sat down, and the stool toppled over with a loud thud, making him roll onto the floor. This unexpected fall caused much amusement for the family members. They couldn't help but giggle at the incident.
In simple words: The visitor, a sub-judge, sat on the wobbly stool. Before anyone could warn him, it fell over, and he rolled onto the floor, which made the family giggle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the sequence of events clearly, including the cause and effect of the visitor sitting on the stool.

 

Question b. Why did the family find it difficult to make a chair?
Answer: The family found it very hard to make a chair because there was no example or model of a chair in their entire village. No one knew what a chair looked like or how it should be built. Additionally, there wasn't a single carpenter in the village who had the skills or knowledge to construct such an item. They lacked both a blueprint and the expertise required to create a chair from scratch. This made the task seem impossible.
In simple words: The family found it hard to make a chair because there were no chairs in their village to copy, and no carpenter knew how to build one.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all the reasons mentioned in the story that contributed to the family's difficulty in making a chair.

 

Question c. What was grandmother's suggestion of wood? Why?
Answer: The grandmother suggested using teak wood to build the chair. She explained that teak wood is naturally light in weight, which would make the chair easy to move around and carry. Furthermore, she pointed out that teak wood is also known for its strength and durability, ensuring the chair would last a long time. This was a wise choice based on its practical benefits. She believed it was the ideal material.
In simple words: Grandmother suggested teak wood because it is light, easy to carry, and also very strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for a suggestion and its reason, clearly state both parts and ensure the "why" directly supports the suggestion.

 

Question d. How was the chair made and how did the villagers react to it?
Answer: The chair was crafted from beautiful black wood that had a shiny, mirror-like finish. It had perfectly shaped front legs and elegantly curved back legs, making it a very impressive piece. When the chair arrived, the villagers were amazed and came in groups just to see it. Many people gently touched it, and one old man even lifted it, commenting on its unexpected heaviness and strength. The chair became a major attraction in the village. They had never seen such a fine piece of furniture.
In simple words: The chair was made from shiny black wood with curved legs. Villagers came in groups to see it, touched it, and felt it, amazed by its beauty and strength.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide details about both the making of the chair and the collective reaction of the villagers, covering both aspects of the question.

 

Question e. When did the children get over the fear of sitting on the chair?
Answer: The children overcame their fear of sitting on the chair after their neighbor, Suganthi, visited with her baby brother. Suganthi confidently placed her baby brother on the chair. Seeing the baby comfortably seated and safe instantly reassured the children. It was only after this incident, observing that nothing bad happened to the baby, that the children lost their fear and started to sit on the chair themselves. This single event changed their perception. It showed them the chair was just an ordinary object.
In simple words: The children stopped being afraid of the chair when their neighbor, Suganthi, put her baby brother on it, showing it was safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific turning point or event that helped the children overcome their fear.

 

Question f. Why did Maamanaar hand over the chair to the villagers to retain it?
Answer: Maamanaar handed over the chair to the villagers for them to keep and use. He thought that if a death occurred in the village, the chair would be needed for funeral rites. He wanted the chair to be available instantly for community use, especially in times of sorrow. His generosity ensured that the chair served a collective purpose, demonstrating his kindness and foresight. This selfless act highlighted his community spirit.
In simple words: Maamanaar gave the chair to the villagers to keep so it could be used quickly during funerals whenever someone died in the village.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain Maamanaar's reasoning and the intended purpose of the chair for the community.

 

3. Answer the Following in a Paragraph of 100-150 Words Each:

 

Question a. Narrate the humorous incidents that happened in the author's home before and after the arrival of the chair.
Answer: Before the chair arrived, the narrator's home had only a wobbly three-legged stool. The funniest incident happened when a sub-judge, a family friend, visited. The family provided him with this stool, but before they could warn him, he sat on it incorrectly, causing it to loudly topple over, and he rolled on the floor. This made the whole family giggle for a long time. After the chair arrived, new humorous situations began. The villagers started asking for the chair whenever there was a death, as it was used to prop up corpses. The family felt sad each time it was taken, but the mourners misunderstood their sorrow as a sign of respect. This led to funny interactions where the family members awkwardly tried to persuade visitors to sit on the chair, joking that they were practicing for their own deaths. The chair, meant for comfort, became a symbol of awkward humor. These incidents kept the household lively with laughter and unique village traditions. The children's initial fear of the chair also added to the humor.
In simple words: Before the chair, a sub-judge fell off a wobbly stool, making everyone laugh. After the chair came, villagers kept asking for it to use for dead bodies, which made the family sad but also led to funny misunderstandings and jokes about practicing for death.

🎯 Exam Tip: Divide your answer into "before" and "after" sections for clarity, and use descriptive language to bring out the humorous elements of each incident.

 

Question b. Write character sketches of Maamanaar and Pedanna.
Answer: Maamanaar is shown as an affectionate, calm, and very well-mannered individual. He rarely scolds, even when teased by his sister's children. His tidy nature is evident in how he cares for his betel box and the new chair, keeping things perfect. Despite treating his possessions like treasures, Maamanaar shows great generosity; he willingly lends his precious chair to the villagers, even suggesting they keep it for funeral purposes, which highlights his selfless community spirit. Pedanna, on the other hand, is portrayed as someone who enjoys fun and challenges authority. He disrespects elders, especially his Maamanaar, often ridiculing him. Pedanna is also a trickster, as seen when he cleverly diverts mourners who come for the chair to Maamanaar's house, revealing his cunning and playful nature. While Maamanaar is dignified and giving, Pedanna brings a mischievous and lively energy to the household. Both characters add unique flavors to the story, showing different aspects of human nature. They represent contrasting personalities within the family.
In simple words: Maamanaar is a kind, calm, and generous person who takes good care of his things but also shares them. Pedanna is playful and disrespectful, enjoys making jokes, and cleverly tricks people, especially his Maamanaar.

🎯 Exam Tip: For character sketches, describe key personality traits and provide specific examples from the story to support each trait for both individuals.

 

Conclusion:

Thus the narrator elucidates the incidents that took place because of the chair in a humorous way.

 

Vocabulary:

 

a) Find Out the Synonym of the Underlined Word in Each of the Following Sentences:

 

Question 1. Just as we thought our chuckles had subsided.
(a) diminished
(b) increased
(c) completed
(d) submerged.
Answer: (a) diminished
In simple words: "Subsided" means to become less strong or intense, so "diminished" is the closest meaning.

🎯 Exam Tip: Read the sentence carefully and try to replace the underlined word with each option to see which fits best contextually.

 

Question 2. Our father rejected it, saying it wouldn't be sturdy.
(a) weak
(b) strong
(c) tall
(d) good
Answer: (b) strong
In simple words: "Sturdy" means strong and solid, so "strong" is the correct synonym.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the core meaning of the word in its context. "Sturdy" in this case describes physical robustness.

 

Question 3. Anna would say it in an impudent smile.
(a) innocent
(b) fake
(c) disrespectful
(d) decent
Answer: (c) disrespectful
In simple words: "Impudent" means not showing proper respect to another person, so "disrespectful" is the best synonym.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the tone and behavior described by the word. "Impudent" suggests a lack of manners.

 

Question 4. A silver tumbler of buttermilk seasoned with asafoetida.
(a) mixed
(b) garnished
(c) filled
(d) loosened
Answer: (b) garnished
In simple words: "Seasoned" means to add spices or flavors, which is similar to "garnished" in the context of food.

🎯 Exam Tip: Consider the culinary context of the word "seasoned" and its relation to other food preparation terms.

 

Question 5. A few people from the house of bereavement stood outside.
(a) rejoice
(b) celebration
(c) grief
(d) war
Answer: (c) grief
In simple words: "Bereavement" refers to the state of losing a loved one, which is associated with "grief".

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that "bereavement" is a term connected to loss and mourning, leading directly to "grief."

 

b. Find Out the Antonym of the Underlined Word in Each of the Following Sentences:

 

Question 1. The anticipation of this imagined separation only increases their fondness for the calf.
(a) expectancy
(b) contemplation
(c) outlook
(d) ignorance
Answer: (d) ignorance
In simple words: "Anticipation" means expecting something to happen, so its opposite is "ignorance," which means not knowing.

🎯 Exam Tip: An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning. "Anticipation" implies knowledge of a future event, while "ignorance" means lack of knowledge.

 

Question 2. Fortuitously, a guest visited our house.
(a) luckily
(b) peacefully
(c) unfortunately
(d) happily
Answer: (c) unfortunately
In simple words: "Fortuitously" means by chance or luckily, so its opposite is "unfortunately."

🎯 Exam Tip: Consider the positive or negative connotation of the word. "Fortuitously" is positive, so its antonym will be negative.

 

Question 3. There he was sitting in splendour on his chair.
(a) magnificence
(b) pomp
(c) effulgence
(d) simplicity
Answer: (d) simplicity
In simple words: "Splendour" means great beauty or luxury, so its opposite is "simplicity," meaning plainness or lack of luxury.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Splendour" relates to grandness and display, so look for a word that represents the absence of these qualities.

 

Question 4. We cannot say whether it is inferior to anything else.
(a) inferior
(b) incomparable
(c) excellent
(d) supreme
Answer: (c) excellent
In simple words: "Inferior" means lower in quality, so its opposite is "excellent," meaning very good quality.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Inferior" implies a negative comparison. Its antonym should convey a positive comparison or high quality.

 

Question 5. He greeted me with his usual smile and banter.
(a) flattery
(b) small talk
(c) chitchat
(d) repartee.
Answer: (a) flattery
In simple words: "Banter" means playful and friendly joking, while "flattery" means excessive and insincere praise, which is an opposite idea.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Banter" is about light, often teasing conversation. Its antonym would involve speech that is not light or genuine, like "flattery."

 

c. Identify the Correct Combination of the Following Compound Words:

 

1. Haircut – Noun + Verb
2. waterfall – Noun + Verb
3. drawback – Verb + Adverb (verb+noun) This is incorrect. "Draw" is a verb, "back" is an adverb. This forms the compound "drawback," which is a noun. So, Verb + Adverb -> Noun.
4. output – Preposition + Verb This is incorrect. "Out" is an adverb, "put" is a verb. So, Adverb + Verb -> Noun.
5. show case - Verb + Noun
6. headmaster – Noun + Noun
7. swimming pool – Gerund + Verb This is incorrect. "Swimming" is a gerund (or present participle used as an adjective), "pool" is a noun. So, Gerund/Adjective + Noun -> Noun.
8. public speaking – Adjective + Gerund
9. software - Adjective + Noun

In simple words: A compound word is made of two or more words. We need to find out what type of word (like noun or verb) each part is to see the correct combination.

🎯 Exam Tip: To identify the combination, break down each compound word into its individual parts and determine the part of speech for each component before matching it to the options.

 

d. Blend the Following Words:

 

Question 1. binary + digit
Answer: bit
In simple words: When you blend "binary" and "digit," you get "bit," a common term in computers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Blending words often involves taking parts of two words to form a new one, usually a shorter form. Practice common blends.

 

Question 2. electronic + mail
Answer: email
In simple words: "Email" is a blend of "electronic" and "mail."

🎯 Exam Tip: Many blended words are related to technology, as new terms are often created by combining existing ones.

 

Question 3. foreign + exchange
Answer: forex
In simple words: "Forex" is a shortened way to say "foreign exchange."

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for the initial syllables or sounds that form the new word when blending.

 

Question 4. motor + pedal
Answer: moped
In simple words: "Moped" comes from combining parts of "motor" and "pedal," describing a bike with both.

🎯 Exam Tip: Some blended words clearly describe the two main features of the object they represent.

 

Question 5. parachute + troop
Answer: paratroop
In simple words: "Paratroop" is a blend of "parachute" and "troop," referring to soldiers who jump from planes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Blended words can also be formed by taking a whole word and part of another.

 

e. Replace the Underlined Word/ Expressions with Possibly Polite Forms:

 

Question a. The culprit was sent to jail.
Answer: Jail - Penitentiary
In simple words: "Penitentiary" is a more formal and polite term for "jail."

🎯 Exam Tip: Polite forms often use more formal or less direct language to describe sensitive topics.

 

Question b. Dheeraj is unemployed.
Answer: unemployed – between jobs
In simple words: Saying "between jobs" is a softer and more hopeful way to say someone is "unemployed."

🎯 Exam Tip: When referring to someone's employment status, use phrases that imply a temporary situation rather than a permanent one.

 

Question c. I saw a disabled man.
Answer: disabled - physically challenged
In simple words: "Physically challenged" is a more respectful and empowering term than "disabled."

🎯 Exam Tip: Use person-first language (e.g., "person with a disability" rather than "disabled person") and terms that focus on abilities rather than limitations.

 

Question d. Subsidies are given to the poor.
Answer: poor - needy
In simple words: "Needy" is a more sensitive way to describe people who require help than simply "poor."

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing economic status, use terms that convey need rather than a stigmatizing label.

 

Question e. Elambrathi has a second-hand car.
Answer: second hand – hand me down
In simple words: "Hand-me-down" is a more casual and often endearing way to refer to something that was previously owned.

🎯 Exam Tip: Sometimes a polite form can also be a more informal or gentle phrase, especially for common objects.

 

After Listening to the Pledge Played on the Tape Recorder Carefully, Fill in the Following Statements with the Right Options Given:

 

Question a. The medical graduates take oath to dedicate their _____ to the service of humanity.
i) money
ii) talent
iii) life
iv) nation
Answer: (iii) life
In simple words: Medical graduates promise to give their "life" to help people, meaning they will dedicate themselves fully.

🎯 Exam Tip: In professional oaths, the most profound dedication is often related to one's entire life or being.

 

Question b. The _____ of the patient should be the doctor's greatest concern.
i) dignity
ii) gratitude
iii) health
iv) honour
Answer: (iii) health
In simple words: A doctor's main focus is always on the "health" and well-being of their patient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always choose the option that directly relates to the core responsibility of the professional mentioned (e.g., a doctor's core role is health).

 

Question c. The would-be graduates promise to practise their profession with _____ and dignity.
i) conscience
ii) knowledge
iii) understanding
iv) respect
Answer: (i) conscience
In simple words: Graduates promise to work honestly and morally, guided by their "conscience," along with dignity.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Conscience" implies a strong moral guide, which is crucial for ethical professional practice, alongside dignity.

A. Read The Following Passage Carefully And Answer The Following Questions: (Text Book Page No. 153)

Questions And Answer: (For Passage Please Refer Text Book Page No. 152)

 

Question 1. What is meant by pollution? Mention the different kinds of pollution.
Answer: Pollution happens when harmful things enter the environment and hurt living things. There are many types, including air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, and plastic pollution. Each type causes damage in its own way to our natural surroundings.
In simple words: Pollution is when bad things mess up our environment. It includes dirty air, water, land, noise, light, and plastic.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining a term like 'pollution', always state what it is and its main effect. Listing examples or types shows a more complete understanding.

 

Question 2. How does Particulate Matter cause air pollution?
Answer: Particulate matter (PM) is a mix of tiny solid bits and liquid drops that float in the air. When people breathe in these small particles, they can cause health problems. For example, PM can get deep into the lungs and even the bloodstream, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
In simple words: Particulate matter is tiny bits in the air. Breathing them in makes people sick.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the cause (tiny particles) and effect (health issues) when explaining how something causes pollution.

 

Question 3. Identify three major causes of pollution in air.
Answer: Three main causes of air pollution are the release of various gases, very small solid particles, and tiny liquid droplets into the atmosphere. These substances spread out and mix in the air, making it unclean to breathe. Common sources include vehicle exhaust, factory emissions, and burning of fossil fuels.
In simple words: Air pollution comes from different gases, small solid pieces, and liquid drops that go into the air.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to identify causes, list distinct factors clearly. Using examples can further strengthen your answer.

 

Question 4. Name the types of pollution we encounter now.
Answer: We now encounter noise pollution, light pollution, and plastic pollution. These are some of the common forms of pollution affecting our environment today, beyond traditional air and water pollution. For instance, plastic pollution is a growing concern due to its long-lasting impact on ecosystems.
In simple words: We see noise, light, and plastic pollution around us.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to keywords like "now" to focus on contemporary or emerging types of pollution if the context implies it.

 

Question 5. What sort of health issues do people face due to air pollution?
Answer: Bad air quality leads to many health problems, especially lower respiratory disorders. People can suffer from dry coughs, trouble breathing, wheezing, chest discomfort, serious lung infections, and heart diseases. Studies show that a notable percentage of worldwide deaths, like 16% in 2015, were linked to pollution. It affects everyone, but especially children and the elderly.
In simple words: Air pollution causes coughs, breathing problems, lung sickness, and heart issues. Many people even die because of it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing health impacts, list specific symptoms and conditions. Mentioning statistics, if provided, adds weight to your answer.

 

Question 7. Suggest a suitable title to the passage.
Answer: 'Air pollution' is a suitable title for the passage. This title clearly tells the reader what the main topic of the passage is, as it focuses on the causes, effects, and types of air pollution. A good title should be concise and reflect the core content.
In simple words: A good title for the passage is 'Air pollution'.

🎯 Exam Tip: A suitable title should be short, accurately reflect the main idea of the passage, and capture the reader's attention.

 

Question 8. Identify the meaning of the word similar to the one used in the fourth para:
(a) emerging
(b) filtering
(c) floating
(d) falling.
Answer: (c) floating
In simple words: The word in the fourth paragraph that means something similar to floating describes how tiny particles hang in the air.

🎯 Exam Tip: To find the meaning of a word in a passage, read the sentence and the sentences around it to understand the context.

 

B. Read The Following Information Given In The Table Below And Answer The Questions: (Text Book Page No. 154)

A nice choice from Chennai to the National capital

RAJADHANI EXPRESS TIMETABLE

Shortest Route between Chennai and Hazrat Nizamuddin 8 Halts & 324 intermediate stations in between

 

Question a. The number of stations between Chennai Central and Hazrat Nizamuddin is ______.
i) five
iii) eight
iv) eleven
Answer: (iii) eight
In simple words: Count all the stations listed in the table between Chennai Central and Hazrat Nizamuddin to find how many there are.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully count the intermediate stations. Do not include the start and end stations themselves if the question asks for "between" them.

 

Question b. The train is expected to reach ______ around 8.45 PM.
i) Warangal
ii) Vijayawada
iii) Bhopal
iv) Nagpur
Answer: (iv) Nagpur
In simple words: Look at the departure times for each station and find which one is close to 8:45 PM.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the "Departs" column and match the time with the given options, converting 24-hour format to 12-hour PM if needed.

 

Question c. Between ______ the train runs at its maximum speed.
i) Bhopal and Gwalior
ii) Bhopal and Jhansi
iii) Bhopal and Hazrat Nizamuddin
iv) Bhopal and Agra
Answer: (ii) Bhopal and Jhansi
In simple words: Check the "Speed" column in the table and find the highest number. Then see which two stations are connected by that maximum speed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Scan the 'Speed' column for the highest value (99 for Jhansi). Then identify the segment ending at Jhansi with that speed.

 

Question d. Almost ______ the train reaches Vijayawada.
i) the day after
ii) around early morning
iii) late night
iv) around noon
Answer: (iv) around noon
In simple words: Look at the departure time for Vijayawada in the table to see when the train gets there.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the departure time for Vijayawada (11.55) and match it to the closest time period provided in the options.

 

Question e. People prefer the Rajadhani Express to travel from Chennai to reach the capital because ______.
i) it reaches the destination on the same day
ii) the charge is reasonable
iii) the train halts at ten stations
iv) it is the shortest route from Chennai to New Delhi
Answer: (iv) it is the shortest route from Chennai to New Delhi
In simple words: The table says this train takes the shortest way from Chennai to the capital city.

🎯 Exam Tip: Read the introductory text about the express train to find out its key features and advantages mentioned.

 

Question f. The destination of Rajadhani express is ______.
i) Hazarat Nizamuddin
ii) New Delhi junction
iii) Old Delhi
iv) Rajkot
Answer: (i) Hazarat Nizamuddin
In simple words: The last station listed in the timetable is where the train ends its journey.

🎯 Exam Tip: The destination is typically the last station listed in a timetable. In this case, it is Hazrat Nizamuddin.

Grammar:

Non-Finite Verbs:

Task 1: Underline The Gerunds In The Following Sentences: (Text Book Page No. 155)

 

Question 1. Boys love playing cricket.
Answer: playing
In simple words: A gerund is a verb that acts like a noun and ends in "-ing". Here, "playing" is the gerund.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for "-ing" words that are acting as nouns in the sentence, rather than as verbs indicating an action directly performed by the subject.

 

Question 2. I love eating ice creams.
Answer: eating
In simple words: The word "eating" ends in "-ing" and is used as a thing that "I love", so it is a gerund.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gerunds often follow verbs of liking, disliking, or preference, such as 'love', 'enjoy', 'hate', 'prefer'.

 

Question 3. Jessie enjoys bothering others.
Answer: bothering
In simple words: "Bothering" is the "-ing" word here that acts like a noun, showing what Jessie enjoys.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that gerunds function as nouns, meaning they can be the subject, object, or complement of a sentence.

 

Question 4. Painting is an interesting hobby.
Answer: Painting
In simple words: The word "Painting" starts the sentence and is the subject, making it a gerund used as a noun.

🎯 Exam Tip: A gerund can appear at the beginning of a sentence, acting as the subject of the verb.

 

Question 5. Dancing gives me joy.
Answer: Dancing
In simple words: "Dancing" is the "-ing" word that acts as the subject of the sentence, telling us what gives joy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Just like 'Painting' in the previous question, 'Dancing' here is the subject and thus a gerund.

Task 2: Use The Gerundial Form Of The Verb In The Brackets And Fill In The Blanks: (Text Book Page No. 156)

 

Question 1. ______ is good for health. (exercise)
Answer: Exercising
In simple words: To make the verb "exercise" a gerund, add "-ing" to it. "Exercising" then becomes a noun.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to capitalize the first letter of a gerund when it starts a sentence.

 

Question 2. ______ a kite is fun. (fly)
Answer: Flying
In simple words: We change "fly" to "flying" to make it a gerund, acting as the subject of the sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Gerunds are often used as the subjects of sentences, describing an activity or action.

 

Question 3. ______ is my favourite hobby. (shop)
Answer: Shopping
In simple words: Adding "-ing" to "shop" makes "shopping" a gerund, which acts as the name of a hobby here.

🎯 Exam Tip: When forming a gerund from a verb ending in a single vowel and consonant (like 'shop'), double the consonant before adding '-ing'.

 

Question 4. My friend waited for the ______ (meet).
Answer: meeting
In simple words: "Meeting" is the gerund form of "meet" and acts as the object of the preposition "for".

🎯 Exam Tip: Gerunds can also follow prepositions, functioning as the object of the preposition.

 

Question 5. Huckleberry Finn was responsible for ______ (signal).
Answer: signaling
In simple words: "Signaling" is the gerund of "signal" and works as the object after the word "for".

🎯 Exam Tip: Be careful with spelling when adding '-ing' to verbs. Most verbs ending in 'e' drop the 'e' before adding '-ing', but some like 'signal' just add '-ing'.

Task 3: Fill In The Blanks With The Correct Infinitives: (Text Book Page No. 156)

 

Question 1. Deva forgot ______ the letter. (post)
Answer: to post
In simple words: An infinitive is "to" plus the base form of a verb. Here, "to post" shows the action Deva forgot to do.

🎯 Exam Tip: Infinitives often follow verbs like 'forget', 'remember', 'decide', 'want', indicating an action yet to be performed.

 

Question 2. The doctor advised the patient ______ his medicines without fail. (take)
Answer: to take
In simple words: The doctor told the patient the action they needed to do, which is "to take" their medicine.

🎯 Exam Tip: Verbs like 'advise', 'ask', 'tell', 'order' are often followed by an object and then an infinitive to describe the action to be done.

 

Question 3. Rajesh went to the airport ______ his friend. (receive)
Answer: to receive
In simple words: Rajesh went to the airport for the purpose of "to receive" his friend.

🎯 Exam Tip: Infinitives can express purpose, answering the question "why?" (e.g., "He went to the shop *to buy* milk.").

 

Question 4. The bear climbed up the tree ______ the honey. (drink)
Answer: to drink
In simple words: The bear climbed the tree with the goal of "to drink" the honey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Similar to Question 3, the infinitive indicates the bear's reason or purpose for climbing the tree.

 

Question 5. The boys went to the forest ______ birds. (watch)
Answer: to watch
In simple words: The boys went to the forest for the reason of "to watch" birds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Infinitives are a versatile non-finite verb form that can express purpose, result, or even act as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

 

Question 6. I tried hard ______ both ends meet. (make)
Answer: to make
In simple words: "To make" shows the effort I put in to achieve a goal.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "make both ends meet" is an idiom meaning to earn just enough money to live, and it typically uses the infinitive form.

 

Question 7. The archaeologists are trying ______ the ruins of Keelady. (study)
Answer: to study
In simple words: The archaeologists are making an effort "to study" the old ruins.

🎯 Exam Tip: Verbs like 'try', 'learn', 'agree', 'plan', 'hope' are commonly followed by infinitives.

 

Question 8. Solar energy is used ______ electricity. (generate)
Answer: to generate
In simple words: Solar energy is used for the purpose "to generate" electricity.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is another example where the infinitive expresses the purpose or function of something.

 

Question 9. ______ concession, you have to apply well in advance. (get)
Answer: To get
In simple words: "To get" a concession means if you want a discount, you must apply early.

🎯 Exam Tip: When an infinitive starts a sentence, it often introduces the purpose for the action described in the rest of the sentence.

 

Question 10. We have plans ______ to London during summer vacation. (go)
Answer: to go
In simple words: We have plans, and the action planned is "to go" to London.

🎯 Exam Tip: The infinitive form "to go" naturally completes the phrase "have plans to..." indicating a future action.

Task 4: Combine Each Of The Following Pairs Of Sentences Using Participles. The First One Is Done For You: (Text Book Page No. 156)

Example: I didn't know what to do. I phoned the police.
Not knowing what to do, I phoned the police.

 

Question 1. He was dissatisfied. He quit his job.
Answer: Being dissatisfied, he quit his job.
In simple words: We join the two sentences by changing the first part into a participle phrase "Being dissatisfied," to show the reason for his action.

🎯 Exam Tip: To combine sentences with participles, turn one verb into a participle (ending in -ing, -ed, or being + past participle) and use it to modify the subject of the other clause.

 

Question 2. He lived alone. He had forgotten everybody.
Answer: Having forgotten everybody, he lived alone.
In simple words: We use "Having forgotten" to show that forgetting happened before he lived alone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use a perfect participle (having + past participle) when the action in the participle phrase happened before the action in the main clause.

 

Question 3. She walked out. She was smiling.
Answer: She walked out smiling.
In simple words: "Smiling" describes how she walked out, combining both actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When two actions happen at the same time and one describes the other, you can often use a present participle (-ing) directly after the verb.

 

Question 4. The child says he needs attention. He shouts loudly.
Answer: Shouting loudly, the child says he needs attention.
In simple words: "Shouting loudly" tells us how the child asks for attention.

🎯 Exam Tip: A present participle phrase can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to describe the manner or circumstance of the main action.

 

Question 5. I threw the pen. It was broken.
Answer: I threw the broken pen.
In simple words: "Broken" is a participle that describes the pen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Past participles (like 'broken', 'written', 'tired') can act as adjectives, describing a noun.

 

Question 6. His coat is tattered. It needs mending.
Answer: His tattered coat needs mending.
In simple words: "Tattered" describes the coat, making it a participle used as an adjective.

🎯 Exam Tip: As in the previous question, a past participle can function as an adjective modifying a noun.

 

Question 7. I heard the noise. I turned around.
Answer: Hearing the noise, I turned around.
In simple words: "Hearing the noise" is a participle phrase that shows why I turned around.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present participle phrases (starting with an -ing word) can show a cause-and-effect relationship, or actions happening almost simultaneously.

 

Question 8. He was dissatisfied. He quit his job.
Answer: Being dissatisfied, he quit the job.
In simple words: "Being dissatisfied" explains the reason he left his job.

🎯 Exam Tip: The participle "being" is useful for showing a state or condition that leads to the main action.

 

Question 9. The politician entered the campus. He was accompanied by many comrades.
Answer: Accompanied by many comrades, the politician entered the campus.
In simple words: "Accompanied by many comrades" describes how the politician came into the campus.

🎯 Exam Tip: A past participle phrase can describe the condition or manner of the subject as it performs the main action.

 

Question 10. The girl entered the room. She was singing a song.
Answer: Singing a song, the girl entered the room.
In simple words: "Singing a song" tells us what the girl was doing while she entered.

🎯 Exam Tip: When two actions occur at the same time, using a present participle for one of them makes the sentence more concise.

Articles And Determiners:

Articles:

Task 1: Complete The Following Exercise Using A / An / The / 'O' (No Article) In The Underlined Space Where Appropriate. Change Capital Letters To Lower Case Letters At The Beginning Of A Sentence If Necessary: (Text Book Page No. 156)

 

Question 1. According to (1) ______ National Weather Report, cyclones are winds circulating (2) ______ counter clockwise in (3) ______ Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in (4) ______ southern Hemisphere. Cyclones are usually accompanied by (5) ______ stormy weather. Tornadoes and hurricanes are types of cyclones. (6) ______ hurricane is (7) ______ cyclone that forms over (8) ______ tropical oceans and seas. (9) ______ hurricane rotates in (10) ______ shape of (11) ______ oval or a circle. (12) ______ Hurricane Andrew, which hit (13) ______ coasts of Louisiana and Southern Florida in August 1992, caused (14) ______ extreme devastation. It was one of (15) ______ most devasting hurricanes ever to hit (16) ______ U.S.. Fourteen people died of (17) ______ Andrew's effect.
Answer:
1. the
2. O
3. the
4. the
5. a
6. A
7. a
8. the
9. A
10. the
11. an
12. The
13. the
14. an
15. the
16. the
In simple words: Fill in each blank with "a", "an", "the", or "O" (meaning no article) based on the grammar rules for referring to specific or general things, or when no article is needed. For example, "the" is used for specific things like "the National Weather Report" or "the Northern Hemisphere". "A" or "an" are used for general things, like "a hurricane". "O" means no article is required, such as before "counter clockwise" because it functions as an adverb here.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to use "the" for specific or unique nouns, "a" for general singular countable nouns starting with a consonant sound, and "an" for general singular countable nouns starting with a vowel sound. Use 'O' (no article) for uncountable nouns in general statements or proper nouns not requiring an article.

Task 2: Complete The Following Sentences Using Appropriate Determiners: (Text Book Page No. 157)

 

Question 1. Only ______ people can afford to buy a flat in Chennai.
Answer: a few
In simple words: "A few" means a small number of people, which fits because not many can afford a flat.

🎯 Exam Tip: "A few" implies 'some, but not many' and is used with countable nouns. "Few" (without 'a') implies 'not many, almost none'.

 

Question 2. She earns so ______ that she could not make a decent living.
Answer: little
In simple words: "Little" means a very small amount, showing she doesn't earn enough money to live comfortably.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Little" is used with uncountable nouns (like money) and implies 'a small amount, not enough'. "A little" implies 'some amount, enough'.

 

Question 3. ______ information that she gave proved false.
Answer: Every
In simple words: "Every" means all the information she gave was found to be untrue.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Every" refers to all members of a group individually, and is followed by a singular countable noun. "All" refers to the whole group as one.

 

Question 4. How ______ sugar do you want?
Answer: much
In simple words: "Much" is used with things you cannot count, like sugar, to ask about the amount.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use "much" for uncountable nouns (sugar, water, time) and "many" for countable nouns (books, apples, students).

 

Question 5. I am very tired today, as I had ______ guests today.
Answer: some
In simple words: "Some" means an unspecified number of guests, which caused me to be tired.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Some" is a versatile determiner used with both countable and uncountable nouns to indicate an indefinite quantity or number.

Degrees of Comparison - Transformation

Task 1:

Transform Each Of The Following Sentences Using The Comparative Degree Without Changing The Meaning: (Text Book Page No. 159)

 

Question 1. Very few Indian languages are as ancient as Tamil.
Answer: Tamil is more ancient than many other Indian languages. It stands out for its long history compared to others.
In simple words: Tamil is older than many other languages in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: To transform a sentence into the comparative degree, use 'more... than' or the '-er' suffix, making sure the meaning remains the same.

 

Question 2. Hurricanes are as dangerous as tornadoes.
Answer: Tornadoes are not more dangerous than hurricanes. Both these weather events pose similar levels of threat.
In simple words: Tornadoes and hurricanes are equally dangerous. One is not worse than the other.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing equal danger, ensure your comparative sentence clearly states that neither is 'more' dangerous than the other.

 

Question 3. This is the most challenging task I have ever undertaken.
Answer: This task is more challenging than any other task I have completed before. It is the hardest one so far.
In simple words: This task is harder than all other tasks I have ever done.

🎯 Exam Tip: To convert superlatives to comparatives, use 'more... than any other' or the '-er' suffix, always including 'than any other' to maintain meaning.

 

Question 4. E-mail is the fastest means of communication.
Answer: Email is faster than any other way of communicating. It helps us send messages quickly.
In simple words: Email is faster than all other communication methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to use 'any other' when changing a superlative to a comparative to compare it against all other similar items.

 

Question 5. Compulsive gambling is the worst habit a man can develop.
Answer: Compulsive gambling is worse than any other bad habit a person can develop. It is a very harmful behavior.
In simple words: Compulsive gambling is a worse habit than any other bad habit a person can have.

🎯 Exam Tip: When using 'worse than', ensure you compare it to 'any other' habit, not just 'other' habits, to reflect the superlative meaning.

 

Question 6. I cannot do anything better for you than this.
Answer: This is the best thing I can do for you. It's the most helpful action possible.
In simple words: This is the very best I can do for you.

🎯 Exam Tip: To change from a comparative negative ('cannot do anything better than') to a superlative, use 'the best' to show the ultimate positive.

Task 2:

Rewrite Each Of The Following Sentences Using The Superlative Degree Retaining The Meaning: (Text Book Page No. 159)

 

Question 1. Shakespeare is greater than many other dramatists of the world.
Answer: Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in the world. His plays are highly regarded.
In simple words: Shakespeare is among the top playwrights in the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: To change from comparative ('greater than many other') to superlative, use 'one of the greatest' to show he is a leading figure.

 

Question 2. Some people think that nothing is as important as money in life.
Answer: Some people believe that money is the most important thing in life. They value it above everything else.
In simple words: Some people think money is the most important thing in life.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting from 'nothing is as... as' to superlative, express the subject as 'the most' important thing.

 

Question 3. The peacock is more colourful than any other bird found in India.
Answer: The peacock is the most colorful bird found in India. Its feathers are very bright and beautiful.
In simple words: The peacock is the most colorful bird in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When changing a comparative using 'more... than any other' to a superlative, simply use 'the most' before the adjective.

 

Question 4. Very few people in this town are as generous as Mr. Mohan.
Answer: Mr. Mohan is one of the most generous people in this town. He is very kind and gives a lot.
In simple words: Mr. Mohan is one of the kindest people in this town.

🎯 Exam Tip: To express 'very few... as... as' in superlative, use 'one of the most' to show the subject is among a small, top group.

 

Question 5. No other planet in our solar system is as cold as Neptune.
Answer: Neptune is the coldest planet in our solar system. It is very far from the sun.
In simple words: Neptune is the coldest planet in our solar system.

🎯 Exam Tip: When starting with 'No other', convert directly to 'the coldest' (or 'the most' + adjective) for the superlative form.

Task 3:

Replace The Comparative Adjectives In The Following Sentences With Their Positive Forms: (Text Book Page No. 159)

 

Question 1. Rural life is certainly more peaceful than urban life.
Answer: Urban life is certainly not as peaceful as rural life. Life in the countryside is much calmer.
In simple words: City life is not as calm as village life.

🎯 Exam Tip: To convert comparative to positive, use 'not as... as' structure, reversing the comparison while keeping the original meaning.

 

Question 2. The pen is mightier than the sword.
Answer: The sword is not as strong as the pen. Ideas and words often have more power than physical weapons.
In simple words: A sword is not as strong as a pen. Ideas are more powerful than fighting.

🎯 Exam Tip: The saying emphasizes that intellectual power (pen) is stronger than physical force (sword).

 

Question 3. Train journey is more comfortable than bus journey.
Answer: A bus journey is not as comfortable as a train journey. Trains usually provide a smoother and more relaxing ride.
In simple words: Traveling by bus is not as comfy as traveling by train.

🎯 Exam Tip: To change comparative to positive, state the opposite comparison using 'not as... as', ensuring the original meaning of preference remains.

 

Question 4. My mother can speak more sweetly than anyone else.
Answer: No one speaks as sweetly as my mother. Her voice is the most pleasant to hear.
In simple words: No one speaks as nicely as my mother.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 'No one... as... as' structure is effective for positive degree, emphasizing the subject's uniqueness in a particular quality.

 

Question 5. Iron is more useful than Gold.
Answer: Iron is as useful as Gold. Both materials serve many important purposes in daily life.
In simple words: Iron is just as helpful as gold.

🎯 Exam Tip: When converting comparatives to positive, ensure the new statement accurately reflects the original comparison in terms of degree or equality.

Writing:

Slogan Writing:

Look At The Pictures Given Below, And Write Slogans To Advertise The Products. Suggest Your Own Brand Name For Each Of The Products. (Text Book Page No. 159)

• 1. Toothpaste - "Smile with strength", Everyday protection for sensitive teeth.
• 2. Water purifier → "Purifying agent", Perfect quality for perfect living.
• 3. Camera → “Candid camera", we capture our memories.
• 4. Apples → "Orchard apples", An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Write Slogans To Create Awareness Of The Following Topics Using The Tips Given Above: (Text Book Page No.159)

• 1. Junk food →“Maintain your weight to just feel great"
• 2. Labour Day → "There is no success without hard work”, “No work for labours to labour day"
• 3. Save Water → "Conserve water Conserve life”, “Thousand lived without love,
• 4. Yoga → "A boon to people on earth”, “A secret to retaining the beauty of body and mind"
• 5. Blood Donation → “Bring a life back to power”, “Every blood donor is a lifesaver'.

Write A Paragraph Of About 150 Words, On The Following Topics: (Text Book Page No. 160)

 

Question. (a) The teacher I like the most:
Answer: A teacher helps students learn discipline, honesty, courage, and truth. They guide students to make good choices and avoid bad influences. The narrator's favorite English teacher was an elderly lady with a lot of knowledge. She was well-known in the school and students paid attention to her words. She used charts and new methods to make lessons easier to understand. She made sure students felt comfortable and not scared. Her affection was like a mother's, pushing the narrator to try new things and pursue hobbies with passion. Because of her, the narrator completes tasks on time and with sincerity. Good teachers help students grow in every way.
In simple words: A good teacher guides students to be disciplined and honest. The narrator's favorite English teacher used new methods to teach and made learning comfortable. Her support helped the narrator develop good habits.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing a character sketch or descriptive paragraph, focus on personality traits, actions, and how they influenced others, using simple, clear language.

 

Question. (c) Need for Moral Education in schools:
Answer: Education helps a person develop fully, not just mentally but also morally. Moral education teaches us to know right from wrong. It is important because it teaches diversity, tolerance, mutual respect, and good values. Moral values like honesty, responsibility, and respect for others are key parts of moral education. Learning about morality is very important in our fast-changing world. Schools should help children learn moral values such as truthfulness, honesty, charity, kindness, and simplicity. This type of education helps build a strong character.
In simple words: Moral education in schools helps students learn good values like honesty and respect. It teaches them what is right and wrong and helps them grow into good people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the importance of a subject, clearly state its benefits for individuals and society, and provide examples of what it teaches.

 

Question. (d) The importance of Good Health:
Answer: Good health is very important because a healthy person can enjoy life much more. Without health, we cannot achieve anything significant. The saying "Health is wealth" highlights that good health is as valuable as money. Everyone knows that good health is the most important thing in life for peace and happiness. Without good health, there is no success. Health is more valuable than money because money cannot buy health or true happiness. Good health depends on healthy food, a good environment, lifestyle, sleep, social standing, mental state, and financial situation. Taking care of our health is a lifelong investment.
In simple words: Good health is very important because it helps us enjoy life and do well. It's more valuable than money. Many things, like food and sleep, help us stay healthy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about importance, define the concept, explain its benefits, compare it to other values, and list factors contributing to it.

 

Question. (e) The importance of Reading:
Answer: Reading is one of the most important and valuable activities. If you have ever read a book, you will know the joy it brings. Reading is like exercise for the mind; it keeps your brain active and healthy. It's important to develop a reading habit not only for knowledge but also for personal growth. Reading helps us think positively and gives us a better view of life. Reading also builds imagination, knowledge, and vocabulary. The main reason for reading is to gain knowledge. Books are a rich source of information and help develop a creative mind. It is also a great way to relieve stress and improve your mood. Building reading habits boosts confidence and self-esteem.
In simple words: Reading is a very important activity. It keeps our minds active, helps us learn new things, and makes us think positively. It also helps us feel better and more confident.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the importance of a habit, explain its various benefits, connect it to different aspects of life, and highlight its impact on personal development.

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

ராஜநாராயணன் என்பவர் எல்லோராலும் தமிழிலில் கி.ரா. என்று அழைக்கப்படுபவர். இவர் ஒரு தமிழ் நாட்டார் வழக்காற்றியலாளர் (Folklorist) மற்றும் ஏராளமாகப் படைத்தளித்த (prolific) ஆசிரியர். "தி சேர்" என்ற சிறுகதை, 1969ல் நாற்காலி என்ற தலைப்பில் எழுதப்பட்டது. நாவல்கள் கோபால கிராமம் மற்றும் கோபாலபுரத்து மக்கள் அனைவராலும் மிகவும் பாராட்டப்பட்டது (acclaimed). இதற்காக 1991ல் அவருக்கு சாகித்ய அகாதமி விருது வழங்கப்பட்டது. நாட்டார் வழக்காற்றியல் துறையில் இருந்ததால், கி.ரா. 10 ஆண்டுகளில் (decade) நாட்டுப்புற கதைகளை கரிசல் காடுகளில் இருந்து சேகரித்து, இதனை மிகப் பிரபலமான இதழ்களில் வெளியிட்டார்.

2007ல் தஞ்சாவூரில் இருக்கும் புத்தக வெளியீட்டு நிறுவனம் (publishing house) “அன்னம்” இந்த நாட்டுப்புறக் கதைகளை, 944 பக்கங்களைக் கொண்ட ஒரு புத்தகமாகத் தொகுத்து "நாட்டுப்புறக் கதைக் களஞ்சியம்" என்ற தலைப்பில் வெளியிடப்பட்டது. 2009ல் கிட்டத்தட்ட அவர் 30 புத்தகங்களை வெளியிட்டார். அதிலிருந்து ஒரு சில புத்தகங்களைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து பிரித்தம் K. சக்கரவர்த்தி என்பவர் ஆங்கிலத்தில் மொழிபெயர்த்து, அதனை வேர் ஆர் யு கோயுங், யு மங்கீஸ்? என்ற தலைப்பில் தமிழ்நாட்டு நாட்டுப்புறக் கதைகளாக, புத்தக வடிவில் 2009ல் வெளியிட்டார்.

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

கீழே உள்ள கதையில் ஒரு நாற்காலி இல்லாத குடும்பத்தைப் பற்றி பார்ப்போம் ( த ஒட்டுமொத்த (entire) கிராமமே 'நாற்காலியைப் பார்த்த்திலலை ) இங்கு கதை சொல்பவர் (narrator) கிராம மக்கள் அந்த திட்டங்களை செயல்படுத்தும் விதம் பற்றியும் மற்றும் நாற்காலி வந்த பிறகு ஏற்படும் பின்விளைவு (aftermath) பற்றியும் ஒரு நகைச்சுவை சம்பவமாக மிகவும் வேடிக்கையாகக் கூறுகிறார். இதைப் பற்றி விரிவாக கீழே காண்போம்.

The Chair Summary In Tamil

தமிழாக்கம் நாற்காலி இல்லாத வீடா?

திடீரென எங்கள் வீட்டில் இருந்த அனைவரும் இவ்வாறு நினைக்கத் தொடங்கினர். அது என்னவெனில் குடும்ப நிகழ்ச்சி நிரலில் க போடப்பட்டிருந்தது (agenda) மற்றும் விவாதங்கள் ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்டன.

ஒரு நாள் முன்பு, ஒரு குடும்ப நண்பர், எங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு விஜயம் செய்தார். அவர் ஒரு துணை நீதிபதி. சட்டை அணிந்து வரவில்லை. மாறாக அவர் கோட்டும், சூட்டும், காலணியும் அணிந்து வந்திருந்தார். எங்கள் வீட்டில் ஒரு முக்காலி மட்டுமே இருந்தது. அது ஒன்றே முக்கால் மீட்டர் அடி அளவு கொண்டதாக இருக்கும். பாட்டி தயிர் சலிக்கும் போது அந்த முக்காலியில் தான் அமர்ந்திருப்பார். பாட்டி கொஞ்சம் எடை கொண்டவர் அதனால், தாத்தா அதனை தச்சரிடம் கொடுத்து கொஞ்சம் பரந்துபட்ட அளவு உடையதாக மாற்றிக் கேட்டார்.

வீட்டுக்கு வந்திருந்த துணை நீதிபதியும் சிறிய உருவம் கொண்டவர் (portly). எங்கள் வீட்டில் எந்த ஒரு இருக்கைகளும் இல்லாத காரணத்தால், அந்த முக்காலியை அவர் உட்கார கொண்டு வந்தோம் வசன் விளிம்பில் ஒருகையைவைத்தவாறு, அவரை அமரச் செய்தோம். அந்த முக்காலியைப் பற்றி ஒரு 의 (wretched) செய்தி: சரியாக அந்த முக்காலியின் கால்கள் மேல் எடையை (உடலை) அமர்த்தவில்லையென்றால் அது கீழே கவிழ்ந்து (topple) விடும். நாங்கள் இது போன்று பலமுறை கவனக்குறைவினால் கீழே விழுந்திருக்கிறோம். அதன் மீது ஏறி, உறியில் இருந்த நெய்யைத் திருடும் போது (rope net). இந்த செய்தியைச் சொல்வதற்கு முன்னால், துணை நீதிபதி கீழே விழுந்தார்.

கீழே "தொப்" (thud) என்ற மெல்லிய சத்தத்தோடு விழுந்த அவர் உருண்டோடினார். நான் எனது தம்பி மற்றும் என் குட்டித் தங்கை, இதனைக் கண்டு இளித்தவர்களாய் (giggles) பின்புறம் உள்ள தோட்டத்துக்கு ஒடினோம். இந்த உள்ளூர சிரிப்பு தணிந்தது என்று தான் நினைத்தோம். என் தங்கை பல குரலில் நன்றாக பேசுவாள். அவள் அந்த துணை நீதிபதி விழுந்தது போன்று கைகளை சாய்த்தும், தரையில் உருண்டும் செய்து காண்பித்தாள். இதைப் பார்த்து எங்களுக்குச் சிரிப்பு நீளத்தான் செய்தது.

இந்த இளிப்புக்கு இன்னொரு காரணமும் உண்டு. இது போன்று மற்ற விருந்தினர்கள் தரையில் உருண்டு விழும்போது, எங்களின் பெற்றோர் சிரிப்பை அடக்கிக் கொண்டு (suppressing) அவர்கள் முன்னே நிற்பது எங்களின் நினைவுக்கு வந்தது.

அதனால், எல்லோருடைய சார்பாகவும் சிரிப்பை முடிவுக்கு கொண்டு வந்து, நாங்கள் மெல்ல வீட்டுக்குள் அடியெடுத்து வைத்தோம் (pussy footed). ஆனால் அந்த துணை நீதிபதி அங்கு அங்கு இல்லை. அவரோடு அதனை எடுத்துச் சென்று விட்டாரா? என்று என் சகோதரி என்னிடம் கேட்டாள்.

இந்த சம்பவத்திற்குப் பிறகு, எங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு ஒரு நாற்காலி செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று முடிவு எடுக்கப்பட்டது. இதில் ஒரு பிரச்சனை என்னவென்றால், அந்த நாற்காலியை செய்வதற்கு, அந்த கிராமத்தில், மாதிரி காண்பிக்க ஒரு நாற்காலி கூட இல்லை. ஒரு தச்சர் கூட அதனை செய்வதற்கு இல்லை.

"பரவாயில்லை. ஒரு நாற்காலியை நகரத்தில் இருந்து வாங்கி விடலாம்" என்று தம்பி பெடன்னா (Pedanna) பரிந்துரைத்தான். ஆனால் என் தந்தை அதனை நிராகரித்தார். காரணம் அது சாத்தியமிக்கது அல்ல (sturdy) என்று கூறினார்.

எங்கள் அத்தை, பக்கத்து கிராமத்தில் தேர்ந்த (skilled) தச்சர் இருப்பதாகக் னார். ஆனால் அவர் எந்த ஒரு நாற்காலியும் தாமே அவருக்கு பரிசாகக் கொடுத்திருந்தார்.

அம்மா, அத்தையின் இரண்டாவது வாக்கியத்தைச் கேட்ட போது, தலையைத் திருப்பி, “அவள் எல்லாவற்றையும் பார்த்திருப்பாள்" என்று கூறுவதைப் போல இருந்தது.

அப்பா வேலைக்காரர் ஒருவரை அழைத்து, அந்த தச்சன் இருக்கும் கிராமத்துக்கு அனுப்பி (despatched) அழைத்து வரச் சொன்னார். அவர் அருகில் வந்து அமர்ந்தார். இப்போது, என்ன வகையான மரத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம் என்ற விவாதம் நடந்தது.

"தேக்குதான் சிறந்தது. அது தான் தூக்குவதற்கும், பிற இடங்களுக்கு நகர்த்தி செல்வதற்கும் சாத்தியம் உள்ளதாக இருக்கும்" என்று தன் பக்கவாத கால்களைத் தடவியவாறே கூறினார். பாட்டி (பாட்டி எப்போதும் தன் கால்களை பக்கவாதத்தின் காரணமாக, ஆட்டிக் கொண்டே இருப்பார்) அந்நேரம், மாமனார் (தாய் வழி மாமன்) உள்ளே நுழைகிறார். பெடன்னா, ஓடிச்சென்று முக்காலியை எடுத்து வருகிறான். சற்று நேரம், ஒட்டுமொத்த குடும்பமே, உணர்ச்சி மிகுதியினால் (spluttered) இளித்தது. எல்லா நிகழ்வுகளும் சீராவதற்கு முன்.

மாமனார், அவரே, தனக்கென ஒரு இருப்பிடத்தை வீட்டுக்கு வரும்போதெல்லாம் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து கொள்வார். தலையை சாய்த்தவாறு (chop off) அந்த இடத்தைத் தவிர வேறு எங்கும் அமர மாட்டார். அந்த தூணில் அவர் சாய்ந்து கொண்டு இருப்பார். அந்த தூண் பொருட்கள் வைக்கும் அறைக்கு தெற்கே உள்ள சுவருக்கும் அடுத்து இருக்கும், முதல் காரியம் என்ன செய்வார் என்றால் உட்கார்ந்த உடனே, குடுமியை அவிழ்த்துவிட்டு, நன்கு குலுக்கி, தலையைத் தலையைத் நன்கு நன்கு தேய்த்து, பின்பு இறுகலாக கட்டி விடுவார். இந்த சடங்குகளை (ritual) தவறாமல் அவர் செய்வார். பின்பு அந்த தரையினை ஆய்வு செய்வார். "ஏதாவது பணம் தலையில் இருந்து விழுந்ததா என்று பார்த்தீர்களா? அண்ணா ஒரு அடக்கமற்ற சிரிப்போடு சொல்வார்.

அவர் காகித அம்புகள் போல எப்போதும் துளைத்து கொண்டே இருப்பார். எங்களைப் பார்க்கும் போதெல்லாம் ஒரு புன்னகையுடன்கல்லுப்பிள்ளையார்போல இருப்பார். நீங்கள் என் உறவினர்கள். நீங்கள் கிண்டல் செய்யவில்லையென்றால் வேறு யார் செய்வார்கள்? நாங்கள் செய்யும் ஏளனம் எல்லை மீறி விடுவார். கடைசியாக வரும் வார்த்தை, "நீங்கள் கழுதைகள்.

மாமனார் உட்கார்ந்த உடன், அம்மா சமையலறைக்குச் சென்றுவிடுவார். ஒரு ஆட்டுக்குட்டியைப் போல அப்பாவும் அவளைப் பின்தொடர்ந்தார். சிறிது நேரத்தில், அம்மா ஒரு வெள்ளி டம்ளரில் மோர் எடுத்து வந்தாள். பெருங்காயமும் கையில் எடுத்து வந்தாள். அப்பா பின்னால் வந்தது அவளுக்கு தெரியாது. நாங்கள் அவளை, “பார், அண்ணா வந்தவுடன், எவ்வாறு அக்கறையோடு கையில் மோர் கொண்டு கொடுக்கிறாள்". மோரின் வாசனையும், பெருங்காயத்தின் வாசனையும் எங்களையும் குடிக்கத் (asafoetida) தூண்டியது.

நாங்கள் மாமனார் மோர் குடிப்பதற்காகவே வந்திருக்கிறார் என்று நினைத்தோம். எங்கள் பசுவிடம் இருந்து கிடைக்கும் மோர் மிகவும் தெய்வீகம் உடையதாக இருக்கும். இதற்கிடையில் எங்கள் மாமனார், அந்த கிராமத்தில் மிகப்பெரிய கஞ்சன் (stingiest) என்று கேள்விப்பட்டோம். அவரை எதுவும் யாருக்கும் கொடுக்க மாட்டார் என்று நம்பினோம், அவர் தானே கண்ணாவரத்திற்குச் சென்று புகழ்பெற்ற கருப்பு நாக்கு கறவை மாடு, அவரின் தங்கைக்காக வாங்கச் சென்றார். என் தம்பியும் தங்கையும் அந்த கன்றுக்குட்டியுடன் பேரன்பு கொண்டு இருந்தனர்.

மாமனார் இங்கு வரும் போதெல்லாம், அந்த மாட்டின் அருகில் சென்று தட்டிக் கொடுப்பார். (pat) (யாருடைய கண்களும் பட்டுவிடக் கூடாது என நினைப்பார்) சிக்கனமாக நடந்து கொள்வார். இதனால் அந்த குட்டிகள் எப்போதும் பயத்துடனே இருந்தன. மாட்டில் பால் வற்றி விட்டது என்றால் அவர் அந்த மாட்டை, கன்றுகளோடு அவருடைய வீட்டுக்கு அழைத்துச் சென்றுவிடுவார். : மாமனாரின் மேல் ஒரு கசப்புத் 'தனமையை உருவாக்கியது. அவர் எப்போதெல்லாம் மோரை மிக்க

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