Samacheer Kalvi Class 12 English Solutions Chapter 6 On the Rule of the Road

Textual Questions:

Question 1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each: (Note: 10 → Important Questions) (Text Book Page No. 180)

Question a. Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the road?
Answer: The lady believed she had liberty, which meant she could walk anywhere she pleased, even in the middle of the road. She felt that her personal freedom allowed her to choose her path.
In simple words: The lady thought her freedom meant she could walk wherever she wanted, even in the road's middle.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining character motivations, always connect their actions to their stated beliefs or feelings, as shown in the text.

Question b. What would be the consequence of the old lady's action?
Answer: The consequence of the old lady's action would be complete disarray and confusion for everyone. When one person ignores common rules, it can make things messy for a whole group.
In simple words: Her actions would cause total confusion for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on describing the broader impact of an individual's actions on the community or society.

Question c. What does the 'rule of the road' mean?
Answer: The 'rule of the road' means that to protect everyone's freedom, each person's own freedom must be limited a little. This helps to create a system where all can enjoy their rights without conflict.
In simple words: It means we all limit our own freedom a bit so everyone can be free.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea of 'rule of the road' is balancing individual liberty with collective order, so highlight both aspects.

Question d. Why should individual liberty be curtailed?
Answer: Individual liberty should be limited to create a social order where everyone's freedom can truly exist. If everyone did exactly what they wanted, it would lead to chaos, making it impossible for anyone to enjoy true liberty.
In simple words: Personal freedom must be limited so that a good social order can exist, making everyone's freedom real.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that curtailing individual liberty is not about restriction but about enabling collective liberty and social harmony.

Question e. How would a reasonable person react when his actions affect another person's liberty?
Answer: A sensible person would understand that if they do not follow traffic rules and behave freely at signal points, it would cause a huge traffic jam, and no one would be able to drive. They would realize their actions impact others.
In simple words: A sensible person would see that their actions can stop others from being free and cause problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing a "reasonable person," highlight empathy, awareness of consequences, and a willingness to adjust behavior for the common good.

Question f. Define Liberty as perceived by the author.
Answer: According to the author, liberty is not just a personal matter but also a social agreement. It is about everyone's interests being accommodated, meaning people adjust their freedoms to live together peacefully.
In simple words: The author sees liberty as a social agreement, not just a personal right, where everyone's needs are balanced.

🎯 Exam Tip: For definition questions, provide the key elements from the author's perspective, such as "social contract" and "accommodation of interests."

Question g. According to the author, what are we more conscious of?
Answer: The author suggests that we are more aware of the faults and flaws in other people than we are of our own imperfections. This often prevents us from seeing our own need for self-correction.
In simple words: We often notice other people's faults more than our own, says the author.

🎯 Exam Tip: When quoting an author's observation, keep the phrasing clear and directly state what is being observed.

Question h. What is the foundation of social conduct?
Answer: The basis of good social behavior is having reasonable consideration for the rights and feelings of other people. Thinking about how others feel and what their rights are helps us act in a way that benefits everyone.
In simple words: Thinking about other people's rights and feelings is the main basis for good social behavior.

🎯 Exam Tip: The foundation of social conduct involves empathy and respect for others, which are crucial keywords here.

Question i. How can we sweeten our life's journey?
Answer: We can make our life's journey more pleasant by practicing small, common habits of politeness and by showing consideration for the interests of our fellow human beings. Simple acts of kindness and respect can greatly improve daily life.
In simple words: We can make life better by being polite in everyday interactions and caring about others.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific actions mentioned by the author, such as "little habits of commonplace interactions" and "accommodating interests."

Question j. What does the traffic policeman symbolize?
Answer: The traffic policeman stands for liberty and not for oppressive rule. He does not stop people but instead helps traffic flow smoothly, making sure everyone can move freely and safely.
In simple words: The traffic policeman shows freedom, not control, by helping traffic move well.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key here is to identify the symbolic role – the policeman represents ordered liberty, not suppression.

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each: (Text Book Page No. 181)

Question a. What is 'liberty' according to the old lady?
Answer: According to the old lady, her freedom meant she could walk anywhere she liked. She felt this way because she believed all people in her country had gained liberty. For her, liberty was an absolute right to act without any limits.
In simple words: The old lady thought liberty meant she could walk anywhere she wanted because her country had gained freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the character's perception of liberty and the author's broader definition by focusing only on what the old lady believed.

Question b. How would 'liberty' cause universal chaos?
Answer: If traffic police did not control driving, it would lead to total disorder. A busy place like Piccadilly Circus would become a confusing mess where no one could cross. This shows that uncontrolled liberty can easily lead to widespread confusion and problems.
In simple words: If everyone acts freely without rules, like drivers without police, it would cause a huge mess and no one could get anywhere.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use vivid examples provided in the text (like Piccadilly Circus) to illustrate how the absence of rules creates chaos.

Question c. Why is there a danger of the world getting 'liberty drunk'?
Answer:1. When a person insists on their freedom and does whatever they like, they can unintentionally disturb other people's freedom. 2. This creates a risk of the world becoming "liberty drunk," meaning people are so focused on their own rights that they ignore the need for order. This imbalance can lead to a breakdown of social harmony.
In simple words: If people only think of their own freedom and do whatever they want, they can stop others from being free. This makes the world "drunk with liberty" and causes problems for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain "liberty drunk" by focusing on the negative consequences of excessive individual freedom on others' rights.

Question d. 'Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order' – Do you agree?
Answer:1. Yes, personal freedom is seen as a social commitment. 2. People can fully enjoy their freedom as long as it does not harm others. 3. If it causes harm, that freedom should be limited. 4. Only when this happens can a good social order be kept. This ensures everyone's rights are respected, not just one person's.
In simple words: Yes, I agree. We limit personal freedom to create a good social order. This way, everyone can enjoy their freedom without hurting others.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state your agreement and then provide the reasons, linking the curtailment of liberty directly to the benefits of social order.

3. Answer each of the following in a paragraph of 100-150 words: (Text Book Page No. 181)

Question a. What do you infer from Gardiner's essay 'On the rule of the Road'?
Answer: A.G. Gardiner's essay 'On the Rule of the Road' discusses the idea of "liberty." He begins with a story about a Russian lady who walks in the middle of the highway, causing problems for drivers. When asked why, she says she has the freedom to walk wherever she wants. Gardiner explains that if a pedestrian walks on the road instead of the sidewalk, it forces cars onto the sidewalk, leading to total confusion. Everyone would get in each other's way, and nothing would move. This situation shows how individual liberty can turn into social disorder. The essay warns that the world is in danger of becoming "liberty drunk." The 'rule of the road' teaches us that to protect everyone's freedom, each person's freedom must be limited. The traffic policeman at Piccadilly Circus is not a symbol of control, but of freedom, as he helps traffic flow smoothly. This means we must accept some limits on our freedom to ensure an orderly society.
In simple words: Gardiner's essay teaches that true freedom means we must limit our own liberty so that everyone else can also be free. If everyone did exactly what they wanted without rules, society would become chaotic and no one would truly be free. The traffic policeman helps ensure this balance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Summarize the main argument by stating the central theme, including key examples and the author's final conclusion about liberty.

Question b. Explain in your own words, “What freedom means?"
Answer: Freedom means doing what we like as long as it does not interfere with the freedom of others. It is not just a personal matter but a social agreement. We have the freedom to choose our clothes, food, and religion without needing permission, because these choices usually do not harm others. However, walking in the middle of a busy road can cause major problems for everyone. So, to keep everyone's freedom safe, some personal liberties must be limited. This ensures that while we enjoy our own rights, we also respect the rights and safety of others, preventing chaos and allowing society to function smoothly.
In simple words: Freedom means we can do what we want, but only if it doesn't stop others from doing what they want. It's a social rule that we all limit our freedom a little bit so everyone can live peacefully together without causing chaos.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define freedom by contrasting absolute individual desires with the necessity of social responsibility and mutual respect.

Question c. “My right to swing my fist ends, where your nose begins.” Elucidate with reference to, 'On the Rule of the Road'.
Answer: The phrase "My right to swing my fist ends, where your nose begins" means that personal rights are not absolute and must be balanced with the rights of others. In 'On the Rule of the Road,' Gardiner explains that our individual freedoms are not entirely private. To enjoy our rights, we must respect the rights of others. For example, a person has the right to walk on the pavement, but that right stops if it prevents someone else from driving. Even if a person wants to carry a walking stick or roll it around, their right ends where another person's safety or comfort begins. This principle means that one's actions should not harm or reduce the rights of others. We should consider not only our own rights but also the rights and feelings of everyone else in society. Gardiner uses the metaphor of traffic rules to show that these are rules of politeness and unselfishness. While we have freedom in personal choices like food or dress, we must be mindful of others' rights.
In simple words: This saying means your freedom stops when it starts to affect someone else. In the essay, it means we must respect other people's rights and not do things that hurt or bother them, even if we feel we have the right to do so.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the quote by breaking down its meaning and then provide concrete examples from the essay to show how this principle applies in daily life and society.

Question d. Civilization can only exist when the public collectively accepts constraints on its freedom of action – Explain.
Answer: It is true that civilization can only function when people willingly accept limits on their personal freedom. Everyone's liberties must be restricted to some extent so that everyone else can also enjoy their freedom. For instance, while one might choose to walk down the street in a dressing gown or eat whatever they desire, once we are in society, our personal actions must consider others' liberties. If everyone chose to do whatever they wanted without following rules, like traffic regulations, it would lead to great disorder, and no one would reach their destination on time. Therefore, a good and proper civilization can only exist when the public collectively agrees to accept limits on their freedom of action. This balance ensures order, safety, and mutual respect, allowing society to thrive.
In simple words: Civilization works only if people agree to limit their own freedom. If everyone did exactly what they wanted all the time, it would cause chaos, and no one could live well. So, we all accept some rules to keep things orderly and fair for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the collective aspect of accepting constraints, linking it directly to the benefits of order and proper functioning of society.

Paragraph:

Introduction:

“On the rule of the Road” clearly shows the difference between individual liberty and social liberty. A large old lady was walking in the middle of a street in Petrograd, causing a lot of trouble in traffic. When someone pointed this out, the old lady said that she had all the freedom to do so, but this would result in complete chaos for everyone.

Author's explanation on Liberty:

The rule of the road simply means that to protect everyone's freedom, each person's liberty must be limited. When the policeman puts out his hand at Piccadilly Circus street, we should not think that our freedom has been taken away. If we are reasonable, we will realize that he did not interfere with us, and as a result, we would never have crossed Piccadilly Circus at all. We have agreed to limit private liberty so that we can enjoy a social order that makes our freedom real.

Rule-Independent:

Freedom is not a personal matter but a social agreement. In this context, he gives examples of individual freedom. Wearing a gown and walking down the street, dyeing one's hair, wearing an overcoat, eating what one likes, following any religion, etc. These are things that do not need permission. One has the freedom to practice the trombone all night on top of Mount Everest as no one would be there. However, if the same practice is done in one's bedroom or in the streets, it naturally bothers other people's freedom.

Conclusion:

The author ends his essay by saying that we must protect both individual and social freedom. It is the small habits of everyday interaction that make our life's journey sweet or bitter.

Vocabulary:

Pronunciation – Functional Stress:

a) Now the teacher will read the following words. Listen carefully to the stress in each word. Write against each word whether it is a noun or a verb and mark the stress. (Text Book Page No 181)

c) Some British English words are given in column 'A'. Write their corresponding American English word is Column 'B': (Text Book Page No.182)

d) Similarly there is a difference in the spelling of certain words between American and British English. In Column 'A' words are spelled in American. Write down the corresponding British English spelling for those words in column 'B'. (The first one is done for you) (Text Book Page No.182)

Listening:

Listen carefully to the story being read out and answer the questions: (Text Book Page No. 182)

Question 1. According to the father, what kept the kite up?
(a) the kite itself
(b) air
(c) the string
(d) father's skills
Answer: (c) the string
In simple words: The father believed that the string was the most important thing that kept the kite flying high in the sky.

🎯 Exam Tip: For comprehension questions, always refer back to the specific details or statements made in the given text or story.

Question 2. The string helped the kite to __________.
(a) withstand the pressure
(b) break free
(c) crash
(d) soar high
Answer: (d) soar high
In simple words: The string helped the kite fly very high into the sky, allowing it to reach great heights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the most positive and logical outcome from the options that directly relates to the function of the string for a kite.

Question 3. To realize our full potential, we should __________.
(a) obey our elders
(b) follow a set of rules
(c) work hard
(d) plan well
Answer: (b) follow a set of rules
In simple words: To be our best, we need to follow certain rules. These rules guide us and help us achieve our goals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the idea of "full potential" to structured behavior and discipline, which often involves rules.

Question 4. A train should go on the __________ to reach its destination.
(a) track
(b) line
(c) road
(d) path
Answer: (a) track
In simple words: A train must stay on its tracks to get to where it needs to go safely and on time.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question highlights the concept of staying within defined boundaries or rules to achieve a goal efficiently.

Question 5. To realize our full potential, we should __________.
(a) obey our elders
(b) follow a set of rules
(c) work hard
(d) plan well
Answer: (b) follow a set of rules
In simple words: To use our talents fully, we need to follow clear rules. This helps us stay focused and reach our best.

🎯 Exam Tip: Notice if similar questions appear. If so, apply the same reasoning to ensure consistency in your answers.

Question 6. Taking freedom in our own hands will lead to ___________.
(a) self-discipline
(b) chaos
(c) a code of conduct
(d) freedom
Answer: (b) chaos
In simple words: If everyone does exactly what they want without thinking of rules or others, it will cause total disorder and confusion. Rules help keep things organized and fair for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions about societal rules, always consider the broader impact of individual actions on the community.

Question 7. The main idea of the passage is ___________.
(a) the art of flying kites
(b) father's advice to his son
(c) the importance of discipline
(d) the right to freedom
Answer: (c) the importance of discipline
In simple words: The main point of the story is that following rules and being disciplined is very important. It shows how discipline helps society work well.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for recurring themes or lessons taught in the passage to identify its main idea.

Speaking:

Question a. Everybody enjoys holidays but when it comes to safety ‘There is no holiday for safety'. Discuss in groups what safety measures one should take while driving a car two-wheeler. (Text Book Page No. 183)
Answer: When driving, especially on a holiday, it is crucial to remember that safety rules always apply. We must drive carefully and thoughtfully to protect ourselves and others. Here are some key safety measures:
1. Never drink alcohol and drive.
2. Never jump traffic signals.
3. Always follow traffic rules.
4. Always maintain the speed limit.
5. Always keep a safe distance from other vehicles.
6. Never use a mobile phone while driving.
7. Always wear a seat belt or a helmet.
In simple words: Even on holidays, we must drive safely. This means not drinking and driving, following all traffic lights and speed limits, keeping a safe distance, and always wearing a helmet or seatbelt.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing safety measures, always aim for a mix of preventive actions (e.g., don't drink and drive) and protective actions (e.g., wear a helmet).

Question b. Your school has arranged for a road safety campaign, Share a few ideas with your classmates which can be used during the campaign. For example 'Speed thrills but kills'.
Answer: For a school road safety campaign, it's good to use catchy and impactful slogans to spread awareness among students and the community. These slogans help people remember important safety messages easily. Here are some ideas for the campaign:
1. Create awareness about the bad effects of dangerous online games.
2. Slogan: "Alert today - Alive tomorrow".
3. Slogan: "Speed thrills but kills".
4. Slogan: "Stop accidents before they stop you."
5. Slogan: "Safety rules are your best tools".
6. Slogan: "Night doubles traffic troubles".
7. Slogan: "Prepare and prevent - don't repair and repent".
8. Slogan: "Stop driving saves lives".
In simple words: For a road safety campaign, we can use slogans like "Alert today - Alive tomorrow" and "Speed thrills but kills" to teach people about driving safely. We can also tell them about how online games can be dangerous.

🎯 Exam Tip: When proposing campaign ideas, focus on clear, concise, and memorable messages that target common risky behaviors.

Reading:

Cyber Safety

Technology is a double-edged sword. In this day and age, it is not possible to restrict the children totally from using the digital technologies. But some sort of checks and balances should be maintained at all times.

0512.2018. Read The Text And Answer The Questions That Follow. (For Passage Please Refer To Text Book Page No. 182)

Questions:

Question 1. Which of the following should one avoid while using social media? Tick against the correct options: (Text Book Page No. 185)
a. Interacting with strangers on social media [√]
b. Avoid posting your picture as a profile picture[ ✔ ]
c. Forwarding Whatsapp messages without verifying facts [√]
d. Use a secure browser [-]
e.Entering passwords while using public network[ ✔]
Answer:
(a) Interacting with strangers on social media
(b) Avoid posting your picture as a profile picture
(c) Forwarding Whatsapp messages without verifying facts
(e) Entering passwords while using public network
In simple words: When using social media, you should avoid talking to strangers, not use your own photo as a profile picture, and not share unverified messages. Also, don't type your passwords on public Wi-Fi.

🎯 Exam Tip: In cyber safety questions, think about privacy, verification, and network security to identify potential risks.

Question 2. How can we identify insecure websites?
Answer: We can identify insecure websites by checking their URL (web address). If the website URL starts only with "http:" instead of "https:", it is generally considered insecure. The 's' in 'https' means the connection is secure. It's a key indicator of a website's safety.
In simple words: You can tell if a website is not safe if its address starts with "http:" instead of "https:". The "s" in "https" means it's secure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always look for "https://" in the website address bar and a padlock icon to ensure a secure connection before sharing any personal information.

Question 3. Mention any three details that should not be revealed in the public domain.
Answer: To protect your personal information and prevent fraud, there are certain details you should never share publicly. It's very important to keep this information private to stay safe online and offline. Here are three such details:
1. Any passwords.
2. Credit Card / Debit Card details.
3. Bank Account details.
In simple words: You should never tell anyone your passwords, credit card numbers, or bank account information in public. Keep these details private to stay safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember that sensitive financial information and access credentials should be guarded carefully against public exposure.

Question 4. What should parents do to ensure cyber safety for their wards? (Any three points)
Answer: Parents play a vital role in ensuring their children's cyber safety. By setting clear boundaries and monitoring online activities, they can protect their children from online dangers. Here are three key actions parents can take:
1. Parents should set a fixed time during which children may be allowed to surf the internet.
2. They should not keep the computer in a secluded part of the house, but rather in a common area.
3. They should make it a habit of checking browsing history/ hidden files/apps installed etc., on the computer.
In simple words: Parents should give children a set time to use the internet. They should keep the computer in a shared room and regularly check what children do online.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing parental responsibilities for cyber safety, focus on a balance of time management, transparency, and supervision.

Question 5. Why is it not advisable to play online games?
Answer: It is not advisable to play online games excessively because they can lead to several negative consequences. These games are often designed to be highly engaging, which can make them very distracting. Prolonged gaming can take away from important activities. Playing online games can distract children from their studies and lead to addiction, and in extreme cases, have severe psychological impacts like leading to thoughts of homicide or suicide. It is important to find a balance.
In simple words: Playing too many online games is not good because it can make you forget your studies. It can also lead to addiction and other very serious mental health problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions about the downsides of online activities, emphasize potential health, academic, and social consequences.

Question 6. Pick out words which mean the same as:
(a) stop doing something (para 1)
(b) place or fix (para 2)
(c) not protected (para 2)
(d) keep a check on (para 3)
Answer:
(a) desist
(b) installed
(c) insecure
(d) monitor
In simple words: These words are synonyms for the given phrases. "Desist" means to stop, "installed" means placed, "insecure" means not safe, and "monitor" means to keep a check.

🎯 Exam Tip: When finding synonyms from a passage, always consider the context in which the word is used to ensure the best fit.

Grammar:

Agreement Of The Subject With The Verb:

Task 1:

I. Choose The Correct Option And Complete The Sentences: (Text Book Page No. 187)

Question 1. Manoj _______ (was, were) present along with his parents.
Answer: was
In simple words: Since "Manoj" is a single person, we use "was", which is for one person, instead of "were" for many.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to use a singular verb with a singular subject, even if other people are mentioned with "along with".

Question 2. Each of these boys _______ (has, have) passed.
Answer: has
In simple words: When we say "each of these boys," we are talking about each boy one by one, so we use "has" which is for a single subject.

🎯 Exam Tip: Words like "each," "every," "either," and "neither" always take a singular verb, even when followed by a plural noun or pronoun.

Question 3. One of the students _______ (has, have) been selected.
Answer: have
In simple words: When you say "one of the students," the main subject is "one," which means a single person. So, you should use the word "has" because it is for one person or thing. The plural options (students) make it tricky.

🎯 Exam Tip: The phrase "one of" always takes a singular verb because the true subject is "one," not the plural noun that follows.

Question 4. Every man, woman, and child _______ (was, were) happy.
Answer: was
In simple words: Even though many people are listed (man, woman, child), the word "every" before them makes us treat them as separate, individual items, so we use the single word "was".

🎯 Exam Tip: When "every" or "each" precedes multiple singular subjects joined by "and," the verb remains singular.

Question 5. One of the machines _______ (is, are) defective.
Answer: is
In simple words: The subject here is "one," not "machines." Because "one" is singular, the verb must also be singular, so "is" is correct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the true subject, which is often the word before "of" in phrases like "one of the..."

Question 6. A number of books _______ (is, are) missing.
Answer: are
In simple words: "A number of" means "many," so it refers to a plural quantity. Therefore, we use the plural verb "are."

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the distinction: "A number of" takes a plural verb, while "The number of" takes a singular verb.

Question 7. Sekar or his brothers _______ (has, have) done it.
Answer: have
In simple words: When "or" connects two subjects, the verb agrees with the subject closest to it. Here, "brothers" is plural and closer to the verb, so "have" is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: In sentences with "or" or "nor," the verb agrees with the subject that is nearest to it.

Question 8. To make a promise and then not to keep it _______ (is, are) dishonesty.
Answer: is
In simple words: The subject here is the action of "to make a promise and not to keep it," which is treated as a single idea or concept. Therefore, a singular verb "is" is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: When an infinitive phrase (like "to make... and not to keep...") functions as the subject, it generally takes a singular verb.

Question 9. One of the other of those men _______ (has, have) lodged a complaint.
Answer: has
In simple words: The main subject is "one," which means a single person. So, we use "has" for a singular subject, even with other plural words in the sentence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Similar to "one of," "one of the other" also indicates a singular subject, requiring a singular verb.

Question 10. Each leaf and each flower _______ (was, were) stripped off the tree.
Answer: was
In simple words: The word "each" makes us think about every single leaf and flower separately. So, we use "was" which is for one thing, even though there are many items listed.

🎯 Exam Tip: The presence of "each" before every item in a compound subject ensures the verb remains singular.

Task 2:

II. Identify The Errors In Each Of The Following Sentences And Rewrite Them Correctly: (Text Book Page No. 188)

Question 1. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Either Shyam or Ram have to pay the fine.
Answer: Either Shyam or Ram has to pay the fine.
In simple words: When "either...or" is used, the verb must match the subject that is closer to it. Here, "Ram" is singular, so the verb should be "has".

🎯 Exam Tip: With "either...or" and "neither...nor" constructions, always make the verb agree with the subject closest to it.

Question 2. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Abdul as well as Karim deserve praise.
Answer: Abdul as well as Karim deserves praise.
In simple words: The main subject is "Abdul." When "as well as" is used, the verb agrees with the first subject, which is singular, so "deserves" is correct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Phrases like "as well as," "in addition to," or "together with" do not make the subject plural; the verb agrees with the first subject.

Question 3. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Ten thousand rupees a month are an insufficient income.
Answer: Ten thousand rupees a month is an insufficient income.
In simple words: Even though "ten thousand rupees" sounds plural, it is being talked about as one single amount of income. So, we use "is" for a single thing.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a plural noun phrase refers to a single quantity or unit (e.g., a sum of money, a period of time, a distance), it takes a singular verb.

Question 4. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Many a student were awarded at the function.
Answer: Many a student was awarded at the function.
In simple words: The phrase "many a student" refers to individual students, making the subject singular. Thus, the correct verb is "was."

🎯 Exam Tip: "Many a" (followed by a singular noun) always takes a singular verb, unlike "many" (followed by a plural noun), which takes a plural verb.

Question 5. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Neither Veena nor her sisters h been informed of the accident.
Answer: Neither Veena nor her sisters have been informed of the accident.
In simple words: When "neither...nor" is used, the verb must match the subject closer to it. Here, "sisters" is plural, so "have" is correct.

🎯 Exam Tip: In "neither...nor" constructions, the verb agrees with the noun or pronoun that is closer to the verb.

Question 6. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Mithra as well as her daughters enjoy singing.
Answer: Mithra as well as her daughters enjoys singing.
In simple words: The main subject is "Mithra." Since "as well as" is used, the verb agrees with the first subject, which is singular, so "enjoys" is correct.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "as well as" does not create a compound subject; the verb should agree only with the first subject mentioned.

Question 7. Correct the verb in the following sentence: You, who is my friend, should help me.
Answer: You, who are my friend, should help me.
In simple words: The verb in the phrase "who is my friend" should agree with "You". Since "You" takes "are," the correct form is "are my friend."

🎯 Exam Tip: When a relative pronoun (like "who," "which," "that") is the subject of a clause, the verb in that clause must agree with the antecedent (the noun or pronoun it refers to).

Question 8. Correct the verb in the following sentence: My scissors is missing.
Answer: My scissors are missing.
In simple words: "Scissors" is a word that is always plural, even when it refers to one item. So, we must use "are," which is a plural verb.

🎯 Exam Tip: Nouns like "scissors," "trousers," "spectacles," and "pants" are always treated as plural and require plural verbs.

Question 9. Correct the verb in the following sentence: A variety of pleasing objects charm the eye.
Answer: A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye.
In simple words: The subject "a variety" is treated as singular, meaning "one type of." So, the verb "charms" (singular) is correct, even though "objects" is plural.

🎯 Exam Tip: "A variety of" takes a singular verb, while "the variety of" also takes a singular verb, referring to the collection as a whole.

Question 10. Correct the verb in the following sentence: Sixty miles are a long distance.
Answer: Sixty miles is a long distance.
In simple words: "Sixty miles" is seen as one whole distance, not sixty individual miles. When a distance is seen as a single unit, we use "is."

🎯 Exam Tip: Quantities or distances, when considered as a single unit, take a singular verb.

Writing:

Describing A Process: (Text Book Page No. 187)

Task 1:

Preparation Of Apple Juice: (Text Book Page No. 188)

You plan to delight your parents and sister, serving them chilled apple juice. Here is the process: (Complete the sentences with the right form of the verbs)

Question 1. Four or five apples _______ (take) and _______ (wash) well. They _______ (wipe) dry and cut into pieces of medium size. The seeds _______ (remove). Then the apples _______ (put) into the mixer. Some milk _______ (add). The apples _______ (crush) and a fine liquid _______ (obtain). This liquid _______ (filter) and the juice _______ (store) in the refrigerator. It _______ (take) out whenever needed, and after adding sugar, it _______ (serve) in cups.
Answer: Four or five apples **are taken** and **washed** well. They **are wiped** dry and cut into pieces of medium size. The seeds **are removed**. Then the apples **are put** into the mixer. Some milk **is added**. The apples **are crushed** and a fine liquid **is obtained**. This liquid **is filtered** and the juice **is stored** in the refrigerator. It **is taken** out whenever needed, and after adding sugar, it **is served** in cups. Apple juice is a healthy and refreshing drink. It's important to use fresh apples for the best taste.
In simple words: First, take and wash apples. Wipe them dry, cut them, and remove the seeds. Put the pieces in a mixer, add milk, then crush them to get liquid. Filter this liquid, store the juice in the fridge, and serve it in cups after adding sugar.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a process, use active or passive voice consistently and ensure all steps are in logical sequence to create a clear explanation.

Task 2:

Installing A Computer:

The description of installing a computer in your study room is given in the form of jumbled sentences. Rearrange the sentences in the right order and form a coherent paragraph.

Question 1. Rearrange the following sentences to describe the process of installing a computer:
1. Once you connect the CPU, connect the keyboard and mouse.
2. Before turning on the power, check that all parts are connected to the CPU.
3. First, open the box and take out the computer parts.
4. Plug both the computer and the monitor with a power cord.
5. Set the computer on a table or flat surface.
6. Finally, turn on the power.
Answer:
The correct order of sentences is: 3, 5, 4, 1, 2, 6.
Here is the reordered paragraph:
First, open the box and take out the computer parts. Next, set the computer on a table or flat surface. Then, plug both the computer and the monitor with a power cord. After that, once you connect the CPU, connect the keyboard and mouse. Before turning on the power, check that all parts are connected to the CPU. Finally, turn on the power. Following these steps helps ensure a smooth setup. Proper setup prevents technical issues and ensures safe operation.
In simple words: First, unpack the computer. Place it on a table. Plug in the power for both the computer and screen. Connect the keyboard and mouse to the computer. Check all connections, then turn on the power.

🎯 Exam Tip: For reordering tasks, identify the first and last logical steps, then look for keywords that indicate sequence (e.g., "first," "then," "after that," "finally").

Task 3:

Attempt A Description Of The Following Processes, In About 100 Words Each, Either Using The Imperative Or The Passive: (Text Book Page No. 189)

Question 1. Describe the process of preparing your favourite dish, an omelette.
Answer: To prepare an omelette, gather eggs, onion, chillies, cumin powder, pepper powder, and salt. Break three eggs into a bowl. Add two chopped onions, two green chillies, a spoon of cumin powder, and pepper powder to the egg mixture. Beat all these ingredients together with enough salt until well mixed. Keep a frying pan on the stove and pour oil into it. Once the oil is hot, pour the beaten ingredients onto the pan. Cook it until it is golden brown and serve it hot. This simple dish is quick to make and delicious.
In simple words: Mix eggs, chopped onion, chillies, and spices with salt in a bowl. Heat oil in a pan, pour the mix, and cook until done. Serve hot.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a cooking process, use clear action verbs and ensure the steps are in the correct chronological order, mentioning key ingredients and tools.

Question 2. Describe the process of organising a birthday party at your house.
Answer: Organizing a birthday party at home involves several key steps. First, plan a budget to manage expenses. Next, invite your friends and family members, ensuring you confirm their attendance. Carefully plan the menu for the party, considering everyone's preferences. Order a birthday cake in advance. Decorate your home with necessary items like balloons and streamers. Plan some fun activities or games to keep guests entertained during the party. Finally, remember to thank all the guests for attending. A well-planned party makes everyone feel special.
In simple words: First, make a budget. Invite friends and family. Plan the food menu and order a cake. Decorate your house and plan some games. Finally, thank your guests.

🎯 Exam Tip: For event planning descriptions, structure your points logically from initial preparation to the conclusion of the event, focusing on sequential tasks.

Question 3. Describe the process of sending a letter by courier service.
Answer: To send a letter by courier service, first, go to a nearby courier service office. Weigh the cover that contains your letter to ensure it meets weight limits, typically around 25kg, and fits within the prescribed size limits. Write down your detailed information and the recipient's details clearly on the package. After providing all the necessary information, pay the required fee for the service. The letter will then be sent by the courier service to its destination. Courier services offer faster and more secure delivery than regular mail.
In simple words: Go to a courier office. Weigh your letter and make sure it fits. Write your details and the receiver's details clearly. Pay for the service, and the courier will send your letter.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing a service process, include steps from preparation to submission and payment, highlighting necessary information and actions.

Question 4. Describe the steps to obtain a demand draft from a bank.
Answer: To obtain a demand draft (DD) from a bank, follow these steps. First, collect a demand draft application form from the bank. Fill in all the required details accurately, such as the sender's address and the recipient's information. Clearly mention the exact amount to be sent via the DD. Specify your mode of payment, whether in cash or by cheque. Indicate the place where the DD will be cashed or cleared. Put your signature on the form and hand it over to the bank clerk. Finally, obtain the counterfoil as proof and collect your demand draft. A demand draft is a safe way to transfer money without carrying cash.
In simple words: Get a DD form from the bank. Fill in sender, receiver, and amount details. Choose to pay by cash or cheque. Mention the city for cashing. Sign and give it to the clerk. Collect your DD and its receipt.

🎯 Exam Tip: For banking procedures, ensure you list all necessary documents, details, and actions, emphasizing accuracy and retaining proof of transaction.

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

ஆல்ஃப்ரெட் ஜார்ஜ் கார்டினர் (Alfred George Gardiner) பத்திரிக்கையாளரும், ஆசிரியரும் ஆவார். இவர் ஒரு தலைச் சிறந்த கட்டுரையாளர். இவரின் கதை எழுதும் விதம், கதைக்கரு, கற்றறிந்த சிறந்த மனிதர் என்பதை நிரூபிக்கிறது. இவரின் கட்டுரைகள் On Habits, On Being Tidy and On Talk and Talkers என்பதை உள்ளடக்கியதாகும். சாலை விதி கார்டினரின் Leaves in the wind என்பதின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும். இது Alpha of the Plough என்ற தலைப்பில் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

இப்பாடத்தில் சாலை விதிகளைப் பற்றியும், அதை நாம் கடைபிடிக்க வேண்டிய முக்கியத்துவத்தைப் பற்றியும் ஆசிரியர் கூறுகிறார். சுதந்திரத்திற்கும் விதிகளை பின்பற்ற வேண்டிய அவசியத்தையும் விரிவாக எடுத்துரைத்துள்ளார். அதிகமான எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளை கொண்டு ஆசிரியர் உணவு, உடை மற்றும் தனிப்பட்ட விசயங்களில் தனிநபர் சுதந்திரத்தை அனுபவிக்கலாம் என்றும் ஆனால் நம் தனிமனித சுதந்திரம் மற்றவர்களின் சுதந்திரங்களை பாதிக்கக் கூடாதென்றும் அறிவுறுத்துகிறார். ஒவ்வொருவரும் மற்றவரின் செயல்களில் கவனம் செலுத்தாமல் தன் சுதந்திரத்தை நேர்மையோடு அனுபவித்தால் நல்லதே நடக்கும்.

On The Rule Of The Road Summary In Tamil

ஒரு பருமனான (stout) வயது நிரம்பிய பெண்மணி சாலை நெரிசலின் குழப்பத்தோடு (confusion) மற்றும் தனக்கு ஆபத்து நேரிடாவண்ண ம் பெட்ரோகிராடின் (Pedestrian) நடு வீதியில் தனது கூடையுடன் இறங்கி நடந்து கொண்டிருந்தார். இது அவரைக் குறித்த மட்டில் அந்த தளம் வீதியில் நடப்பவரின் இடம். ஆனால் அவள் எனக்கு விருப்பமான இடத்தில் நான் நடப்பேன் இப்போது நாம் விடுதலைப் பெற்றுள்ளோம் என்று சொன்னார். ஒரு வேளை வீதியில் நடப்பவர் சாலையின் நடுவே இறங்குவதற்கு உரிமைக் கொடுத்தால் அத்தகைய சுதந்திரத்தின் முடிவு பொதுவான குழப்பமாகிவிடும் (chaos) என்பது அந்த மூதாட்டிக்கு தெரியவில்லை. ஒவ்வொருவரும் மற்றவர்களின் வழிகளை ஆக்கிரமிப்பு செய்தால் எவரும் எங்கேயும் செல்லமுடியாது.

தனிநபரின் சுதந்திரம் சமூக கட்டுப்பாடற்ற நிலையை உருவாக்கிவிடும். இந்த நாட்களில் அந்தக் கூடையுடன் கூடிய மூதாட்டியைப் போல சுதந்திர போதையில் மூழ்கி இருந்தால் இந்த உலகிற்கு ஆபத்தாகிவிடும் (social anarchy). இவை நமக்கு சாலையின் விதிகள் என்ன என்பதை நினைவூட்டுகிறது.

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

On the Rule of the Road Summary in Tamil