RBSE Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Federal Executive, Presidential E

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Text Book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which qualification for being the President of India is a must among the following?
(a) He should be a citizen of India.
(b) His minimum age should be 35 years.
(c) He should have qualifications required for a member of the Lok Sabha.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: To become the President of India, a person must meet all these requirements: be an Indian citizen, be at least 35 years old, and be qualified to be a member of the Lok Sabha. These are fundamental criteria for the highest office.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that all these qualifications are equally important and must be met by a candidate to be eligible for the President's post.

 

Question 3. Under the provision of which Article of the constitution, emergency is not declared :
(a) Article 352
(b) Article 356
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 75
Answer: (d) Article 75
In simple words: Emergency rules come from Articles 352, 356, and 360. Article 75 is about the appointment of the Prime Minister, not emergency declarations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between articles related to emergency powers (352, 356, 360) and other constitutional provisions like Article 75, which deals with the appointment of the Prime Minister.

 

Question 4. Who is not the part of the Council of Ministers?
(a) Cabinet Minister
(b) Parliamentary secretary
(c) Minister of State
(d) Deputy Minister
Answer: (b) Parliamentary secretary
In simple words: A Parliamentary Secretary helps ministers but is not officially part of the main Council of Ministers. Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers are all part of the Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be clear about the different ranks within the executive branch; only Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers form the core Council of Ministers.

 

Question 5. Under the provision of which constitutional Article does the President appoint the Prime Minister?
(a) Article 75
(b) Article 74
(c) Article 356
(d) Article 53
Answer: (a) Article 75
In simple words: The President appoints the Prime Minister based on Article 75 of the Constitution. This article outlines the process for the Prime Minister's selection and appointment.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to remember specific Articles related to key constitutional appointments, such as Article 75 for the Prime Minister.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 2. Who was the first President of our country?
Answer: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India. He served from 1950 to 1962, becoming a key figure in the early years of the Republic.
In simple words: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was India's first President.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about historical firsts, ensure to provide the full name and relevant context if possible.

 

Question 3. Who does appoint the Prime Minister?
Answer: The President appoints the Prime Minister. This appointment is a key function of the President's role in the parliamentary system.
In simple words: The President chooses the Prime Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the President's role as the constitutional head and the appointing authority for the Prime Minister.

 

Question 4. Write the two important powers of the Prime Minister.
Answer: The Prime Minister holds significant powers, including:
1. The Prime Minister allocates different government departments (ministries) to the ministers.
2. The Prime Minister gives advice to the President regarding all important appointments. These appointments shape the country's administration.
In simple words: The Prime Minister gives out jobs to ministers and tells the President whom to appoint for important roles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Prime Minister's key roles in cabinet formation and advising the President on appointments.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Explain the process of the election of the President of India.
Answer: The President of India is elected by members of Parliament's two Houses and elected members of all state legislative assemblies. The election process for the President is as follows:
The Single Transferable Vote System is used. The Presidential election uses a proportional representation method with a single transferable vote. To be elected, a candidate needs to secure a specific number of votes, known as the Quota. This Quota represents the majority of the total valid votes cast. The formula for calculating the Quota is:
\[ \text{Minimum Quota} = \frac { \text{The number of valid votes cast} }{ \text{The number of members to be elected} + 1 } + 1 \]
In simple words: India's President is chosen by elected politicians from Parliament and state assemblies. They use a special system called "Single Transferable Vote." A candidate must get a certain number of votes (a "Quota") to win, which is calculated using a formula based on total valid votes and the number of people to be elected. This system ensures fair representation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain both the electoral college composition and the concept of the 'Single Transferable Vote System' along with the quota formula for a complete answer.

 

Question 3. Clarify the rights of the President under Article 356.
Answer: The President's powers under Article 356 mainly involve imposing 'President's Rule' in a state if its constitutional machinery fails. Here are the key aspects:
1. During President's rule, the state governor acts on behalf of the President. The President can also appoint advisors to assist the governor.
2. All powers of the state legislature are transferred to the Parliament, allowing the central government to legislate for the state.
3. If the Lok Sabha is not in session, the President can order spending from the accumulated fund of the state. This ensures government operations continue.
4. The state's entire governance system comes under the central government, as the state cabinet is dissolved and executive power shifts to the President. This is a crucial power to maintain constitutional order.
In simple words: Under Article 356, the President can take over a state's government if it breaks down. The governor runs the state for the President, Parliament makes state laws, and the central government controls everything.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the transfer of state powers to the President and Parliament during Article 356 implementation, and the role of the Governor.

 

Question 4. Which special rights have been provided to President?
Answer: The President is granted several special rights, especially related to the term of office and benefits:
5. If a former President passes away, their spouse receives half the pension of a retired President and a government house for life. This ensures their well-being after service.
In simple words: A special right is that if a President dies, their spouse still gets half their pension and a government house for life.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific benefits and protections provided to the President and their family post-tenure.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Explain the election procedure and ordinary powers of the President.
Answer: President's Election:
In India, the President is elected indirectly, not directly by the public. This election follows the single transferable voting system. The process involves an electoral college:
Indirect Election:
The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college that includes:
1. The elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).
2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states. Additionally, the 70th constitutional amendment included elected members of the legislative assemblies of Union Territories in this electoral college.
Single Transferable Voting System:
The Presidential election uses a special voting system, known as the single transferable voting system, based on proportional representation. To win, a candidate must secure a minimum number of votes, called the 'quota,' which represents a majority of the total votes. Voting is conducted through a secret ballot. This system ensures that the elected President has broad support across various political entities. The formula to determine the minimum quota is:
\[ \frac { \text{The number of valid votes cast} }{ \text{The Number of members to be elected } + 1 } + 1 \]
General Powers of the President:
1. The President administers the oath of office to ministers before they start their duties.
2. The President calls for meetings of both Houses of Parliament and can also adjourn them. This power helps manage legislative sessions.
3. The President has the authority to dissolve the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
7. Any bill passed by Parliament cannot become a law without the President's signature. Except for money bills, the President can send other bills back to Parliament for reconsideration.
8. When Parliament is not in session and there's an urgent need for a new law, the President has the power to issue an ordinance. These ordinances have the same legal force as laws passed by Parliament.
Thus, the framers of the constitution designed the President as a nominal head but also as a protector of the constitution.
In simple words: The President is chosen by elected politicians, not by regular voters, using a special "single transferable vote" system with a minimum vote target. The President gives oaths to ministers, calls Parliament meetings, and can end the Lok Sabha. No bill becomes law without their sign, and they can make temporary laws (ordinances) when Parliament is not meeting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the 'indirect election' process and the 'single transferable vote system', and enumerate distinct ordinary powers like administering oaths and issuing ordinances.

 

Question 2. "Will emergency powers even make the President a dictator?” Explain this statement is context of the President's emergency powers.
Answer: Emergency provisions are outlined in Articles 352 to 360 of Part 18 of the Indian constitution. The President can declare three types of emergencies:
1. National Emergency (Article 352)
2. Failure of constitutional machinery in a state (State Emergency, Article 356)
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)
The President's emergency powers have been criticized, raising concerns about potential misuse:
1. Critics argue that the President holds sole decisive power during a crisis and can implement management measures for a month without Parliament's approval. This raises fears that an ambitious President could become a dictator. However, this is no longer possible as the President is now bound to follow the advice of the Council of Ministers. This ensures democratic accountability.
2. Under Article 356, the provision for declaring a crisis in a state due to the failure of its constitutional machinery has always raised concerns. Many feared that the central government could misuse this power through the President to suppress opposition state governments. History shows some instances of such misuse, highlighting the need for checks and balances.
Historically, the use of emergency provisions has not always aligned with the constitution makers' expectations.
The first type of emergency was unnecessarily imposed for long periods from 1962 to 1968 and from 1975 to 1977. Similarly, President's rule under Article 356 was sometimes implemented arbitrarily in states for extended periods. This history underscores the importance of safeguards against abuse of emergency powers.
In simple words: The President can declare emergencies (national, state, financial) using Articles 352, 356, and 360. Some people worry these powers could make the President a dictator because they can act fast without Parliament. However, now the President must listen to the Council of Ministers, which helps prevent misuse. Past events show that these powers were sometimes used too much, raising concerns about fairness.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing emergency powers, list the three types, present arguments for and against potential misuse, and mention historical examples or constitutional amendments that add safeguards.

 

Question 3. "Prime Minister is like the arch in the council of Ministers around whom all the powers revolve.” Throwing light on this statement, write an essay on the post and powers of the Indian Prime Minister.
Answer: The post and powers of the Indian Prime Minister:
The Prime Minister is one of India's most important institutions. Article 74 of the constitution states that there will be a Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, to advise the President. The President acts according to their advice. This structure makes the Prime Minister central to governance.
The appointment of the Prime Minister is the first step in forming the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister plays a crucial role within the Council, presiding over all its meetings. In parliamentary governance, the Prime Minister is indeed like the arch around which all the powers of the Council of Ministers revolve.
The Prime Minister resolves disputes between ministers. They advise the President on appointing ministers, allocating departments, and accepting or rejecting resignations. Dr. Jennings aptly described the Prime Minister as "the cornerstone of the entire constitution." He stated that the Prime Minister is not just first among equals but acts like the sun, with other planets (ministers) orbiting him. The Prime Minister's influence largely depends on their personality.
Goldstone further emphasized the Prime Minister's importance by calling them "the cornerstone of the cabinet building."
Following are some important facts about the Prime Minister:
3. If there is a disagreement between two or more Ministers on a particular subject, the Prime Minister mediates and resolves the conflict. This maintains unity in the government.
4. The Prime Minister is the chairperson of the cabinet and presides over all its meetings. If the Prime Minister is absent, the most senior Minister leads the cabinet meeting.
5. The Prime Minister acts as a crucial link between the Council of Ministers and the President. They inform the President about cabinet decisions and communicate the central government's administrative matters and legislative proposals. Conversely, they convey the President's views to the Council of Ministers.
6. The Prime Minister forms the Federal Council of Ministers, which the President usually accepts. The Prime Minister can ask any minister to resign. If a minister does not resign, the Prime Minister can request their removal, or even remove any old minister. This ensures cabinet cohesion.
7. All major decisions regarding the Union cabinet and other policy-making bodies are made under the Prime Minister's supervision. They lead the decision-making process.
8. The Prime Minister can ask for reconsideration of any decision made by a minister by the Council of Ministers, upon their recommendation. This allows for thorough review.
9. The Prime Minister provides leadership in Parliament's functioning. All government bills are prepared under their guidance and advice.
10. In Parliament, the Prime Minister is the government's primary spokesperson. Official declarations concerning government policy fall solely under the Prime Minister's authority.
11. The Prime Minister advises the President on all important appointments, ensuring the selection of suitable candidates.
12. The Prime Minister also serves as a communication channel between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. They advise the President on summoning, suspending, or dissolving a Parliament session.
13. The Prime Minister makes important decisions related to foreign policy and represents India on the international stage, projecting the country's image.
In simple words: The Prime Minister is the main leader of the government. They pick ministers, lead cabinet meetings, and help solve problems between ministers. They also talk to the President about big decisions and represent India in other countries. The Prime Minister is like the central pillar of the government, making sure everything runs smoothly and holds together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your essay by first defining the Prime Minister's constitutional position, then elaborating on their key roles as head of the cabinet, link to the President, and leader in Parliament and foreign policy.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Other Important Questions

 

Question 2. The executive power of the union lies in:
(a) The President
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) The Parliament
(d) The Cabinet
Answer: (a) The President
In simple words: The President holds the top executive power in the union. While the Prime Minister and cabinet assist, the President is the constitutional head of the executive.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that constitutionally, the President is the formal head of the executive, even if the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers exercise real executive power.

 

Question 3. The executive remains accountable for its action to :
(a) The Parliament
(b) The Judiciary
(c) The Speaker
(d) The President
Answer: (a) The Parliament
In simple words: The executive branch, including the Council of Ministers, is answerable to the Parliament for its actions and policies. This is a core principle of parliamentary democracy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the principle of collective responsibility, where the executive is accountable to the legislature (Parliament).

 

Question 4. Which of the following is a country having Parliamentary governance system?
(a) Germany
(b) France
(c) Russia
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer: (a) Germany
In simple words: Germany uses a parliamentary system of government. In this system, the executive (government) is accountable to the legislative body (parliament).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify countries that operate under a parliamentary system versus a presidential system.

 

Question 6. Which article has the provision of the Presidential position?
(a) Article 49
(b) Article 50
(c) Article 51
(d) Article 52
Answer: (d) Article 52
In simple words: Article 52 of the Indian Constitution states that there shall be a President of India. This article establishes the very existence of the President's post.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the constitutional articles that define the roles and positions of key governmental offices.

 

Question 7. The members of the Presidential election board are:
(a) Prime Minister and Chief Minister
(b) All members of Parliament
(c) Elected members of the state assemblies
(d) Elected members of Parliament and state assemblies
Answer: (d) Elected members of Parliament and state assemblies
In simple words: The President is elected by an electoral college made up of elected members from both the Parliament and the state assemblies. This ensures representation from both central and state levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that *only* elected members (not nominated) of both Parliament and state assemblies participate in the President's election.

 

Question 8. For how many years is the President elected?
(a) 5 years
(b) 4 years
(c) 3 years
(d) 2 years
Answer: (a) 5 years
In simple words: The President of India is elected for a term of five years. After this period, a new election is held.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the fixed tenure for the President, which is an important aspect of India's democratic structure.

 

Question 10. The emergency announcement regarding war, external invasion or armed rebellion is done under which article of the constitution?
(a) Article 356
(b) Article 352
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 75
Answer: (b) Article 352
In simple words: A national emergency, declared due to war, external attack, or armed rebellion, is announced using Article 352 of the constitution. This article covers major national crises.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate Article 352 (National Emergency) from Article 356 (State Emergency) and Article 360 (Financial Emergency).

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. The Presidential System is found in which countries?
Answer: The Presidential system of government is found in countries like the United States of America and Brazil. In this system, the President holds significant executive power.
In simple words: The Presidential system is used in countries such as the USA and Brazil.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear examples to illustrate the concept of a Presidential system, contrasting it with parliamentary systems.

 

Question 2. Which countries are following the Parliamentary system?
Answer: Countries like Japan, Germany, Italy, Britain, and India follow the Parliamentary system of government. In this system, the executive is accountable to the legislature.
In simple words: Japan, Germany, Italy, Britain, and India all use a Parliamentary system.

🎯 Exam Tip: List several diverse examples of countries that employ a parliamentary system to demonstrate a broad understanding.

 

Question 3. Who is the formal head of the executive?
Answer: 'The President' is the formal and constitutional head of the executive. Although many powers are exercised by the Prime Minister, the President is the symbolic head.
In simple words: The President is the official head of the government's executive branch.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the 'formal' or 'constitutional' head (President) and the 'real' head (Prime Minister) of the executive.

 

Question 4. How many types of executive are there in Parliamentary system of India?
Answer: In the Parliamentary system of India, there are two types of executive branches. These are the nominal executive and the real executive, working together to govern the country.
In simple words: India's parliamentary system has two kinds of executive power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing types of executive in India, specify them as the nominal (President) and real (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers).

 

Question 6. The impeachment can be imposed against the President on which basis?
Answer: Impeachment can be brought against the President if they abuse their powers, engage in misconduct, or violate the constitution. These are serious grounds for removal from office.
In simple words: The President can be removed for misusing power, bad behavior, or breaking the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specify the clear constitutional grounds for impeachment: violation of the constitution, abuse of powers, or misconduct.

 

Question 7. What type of majority is required by the Parliament to confirm impeachment against the President?
Answer: To confirm impeachment against the President, a separate two-thirds majority is required in both Houses of Parliament. This high majority ensures that impeachment is not taken lightly.
In simple words: Both parts of Parliament need a special two-thirds vote to remove the President.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "separate" and "two-thirds majority" in both Houses as crucial details for impeachment confirmation.

 

Question 8. Give the formula for determining the quota of minimum votes in the President's electoral system.
Answer: The formula for determining the minimum quota of votes in the President's electoral system is:
\[ \text{Minimum Quota} = \frac { \text{The number of valid votes cast} }{ \text{The number of members to be elected } + 1 } + 1 \]
This formula ensures that a candidate secures a clear majority to win the election. It is a fundamental part of the proportional representation system.
In simple words: To find the minimum votes needed to win the President's election, you divide the total valid votes by one more than the number of people to be elected (which is 1 for the President), and then add one to the result.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure precise reproduction of the formula and clearly define each variable used in the calculation.

 

Question 9. Where is the President's summer residence located?
Answer: The President's summer residence is located at Chharabra near Shimla. This serves as a retreat for the President during hot months.
In simple words: The President's summer house is near Shimla, in Chharabra.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both the specific location (Chharabra) and the general area (near Shimla) for full credit.

 

Question 10. The President's summer House located at Chharabra is known as what name?
Answer: The President's summer House located at Chharabra is known as 'The Retreat Building'. It is a historical and significant building.
In simple words: The President's summer home in Chharabra is called 'The Retreat Building'.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the official name of the residence clearly.

 

Question 11. Where is President Nilayam Located?
Answer: President Nilayam is located in Hyderabad. This is another official residence of the President, representing a presence in the southern part of India.
In simple words: President Nilayam is in Hyderabad.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify the location of key official residences of the President beyond Delhi.

 

Question 13. Under what circumstances the President can issue an ordinance?
Answer: The President can issue an ordinance when Parliament's session is not in progress and there is an urgent need for a law on an important subject. This power allows for quick legislative action in emergencies.
In simple words: The President can make a temporary law (ordinance) when Parliament is not meeting and a new law is needed right away for something important.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the two main conditions for issuing an ordinance: Parliament not in session and urgent need for a law.

 

Question 14. Who is the fifteenth Prime Minister of India?
Answer: Sri Narendra Modi is the fifteenth Prime Minister of India. He assumed office in 2014 and has been serving since.
In simple words: Sri Narendra Modi is India's 15th Prime Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: For current affairs or historical facts, ensure the name and associated number (like 15th) are accurate.

 

Question 15. Which Ministers do not participate in the cabinet meeting?
Answer: Ministers of State generally do not participate in the main cabinet meetings. These meetings are primarily for Cabinet Ministers who hold key portfolios.
In simple words: Ministers of State usually do not attend the main cabinet meetings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between Cabinet Ministers (who attend) and Ministers of State (who usually don't attend) in the context of cabinet meetings.

 

Question 16. Who is the 'Head of government' and 'Head of state' in India?
Answer: In India, the 'Prime Minister' is the head of government, and the 'President' is the head of state (Nation). This clear distinction is a feature of India's parliamentary democracy.
In simple words: The Prime Minister leads the government, while the President is the head of the country.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly identify the Prime Minister as the 'head of government' and the President as the 'head of state' in India.

 

Question 17. Name the President's emergency powers.
Answer: The President's emergency powers include:
1. National Emergency (Article 352)
2. Failure of constitutional mechanism in a state (State Emergency, Article 356)
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)
These powers allow the President to act in various crisis situations to protect the nation's integrity and stability.
In simple words: The President has three emergency powers: National Emergency, State Emergency (when a state's government fails), and Financial Emergency.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the three types of emergency powers correctly and, if possible, mention the corresponding constitutional articles.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 2. How can the President be removed from his office in India?
Or
The President can be removed from his post on the basis of which process?
Or
Describe the process of impeachment on the President.
Answer: The process of impeachment is how the President can be removed. The President's term is 5 years, but according to Article 61 of the constitution, if the President violates the constitution, they can be removed through impeachment. Both Houses of the Indian Parliament have the power to initiate impeachment proceedings. To start the process, one-fourth of the total members of the prosecuting house must sign the proposal. The proposal is then considered in that house within 14 days. If two-thirds of the total members of that house accept the proposal, it is sent to the second house. The second house will either investigate the charges itself or appoint a special committee for this purpose. If the charges against the President are proven by this house and it also accepts the impeachment proposal with at least a two-thirds majority of its members, then the President is considered removed from office from that date. This ensures a thorough and democratic process for removing the President.
In simple words: The President can be removed through a process called impeachment if they break the constitution. One-fourth of members in a Parliament house must sign a proposal, and after 14 days, if two-thirds of that house agrees, it goes to the second house. If the second house investigates and also agrees with a two-thirds vote, the President is removed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the steps involved in the impeachment process: initiation, notice period, majority required in each house, and the role of the investigating house.

 

Question 3. In the Presidential election, what is the basis of the value of the vote of each member in Parliament and the value of the vote of each member of the state legislative assembly and the Union Legislative Assembly.
Answer: The value of votes in the Presidential election is calculated to ensure uniformity and equality among states and Union Territories, as per Article 55 of the constitution. Here's how it works:
The sum of the number of votes received by the total members
of the legislative Assemblies of all states and Union Territories
Total number of elected members of both Houses of Parliament
The value of the vote of each member of state/federal legislative Assembly =
\[ \frac { \text{Total population of the state} }{ \text{Total number of elected member of legislative assemblies of} } \text{states /Federal legislative Assembly} \div 1000 \]
The value of the vote of any member of the legislative Assembly:
Each elected member of a state Legislative Assembly has a vote value derived by dividing the state's population by the total number of elected members in that Assembly. This quotient is then divided by 1000. If the remainder after division by 1000 is 500 or more, one is added to the vote value. This ensures proportional representation.
The value of the vote of each member of Parliament =
\[ \frac { \text{The sum of the number of votes received} }{ \text{by the total members of the Legislative} } \text{Assemblies of all the states and Union Territories} \]
Total number of elected members of both
Houses of Parliament
Thus, once the total vote values from all states are collected, this sum is divided by the total number of elected members from both houses of Parliament. The resulting number is the value of each Member of Parliament's vote. If the number is not whole, any fraction above half is rounded up, and fractions below half are disregarded. These calculations ensure that the President represents the collective will of both the states and the center.
In simple words: In the President's election, each elected politician's vote has a specific value. For state assembly members, it's calculated by dividing the state's population by its elected members, then by 1000. For Members of Parliament, their vote value is found by adding up all the state assembly members' vote values and dividing that by the total number of elected MPs. This makes sure votes are fair across different states and regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain both the formula for state assembly members' vote value and for Parliament members' vote value, highlighting how population and elected member numbers are used to ensure proportionality.

 

Question 4. Write a brief comment on the legislative powers of the President.
Answer: The President has several legislative powers. These powers help in the law-making process of the country. Here are some of them:

• Legislative Administration: The President calls the Parliament sessions and announces when they end. The President can also dissolve the Lok Sabha before its term is over. At the start of a new Parliament session, the President calls a joint meeting of both Houses and gives a speech.
• Power of Nomination of members: The President can nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha who are experts in fields like literature, science, arts, or social service. The President can also nominate two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha.
• Use of privilege on Bill: A bill passed by Parliament becomes a law only after the President approves it. The President can send a general bill back to Parliament with suggestions for reconsideration. However, if Parliament passes the bill again, with or without changes, the President must approve it this second time.
• Power of issuing ordinance: When Parliament is not in session and there is an urgent need for a law, the President can issue an ordinance. This ordinance has the same power as a law passed by Parliament and remains valid for six weeks after Parliament reconvenes. If Parliament wants, it can end the ordinance even earlier.

In simple words: The President helps manage Parliament, chooses some members for it, signs bills to make them laws, and can issue temporary laws called ordinances when Parliament is not meeting. This ensures a smooth flow of governance.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing legislative powers, remember to include how the President interacts with Parliament, nominations, bill approval, and ordinance issuance.

 

Question 6. Which financial powers are given to the President?
Answer: In India, the President has various financial powers. These powers ensure proper management of the country's finances. The main financial rights of the President include:

1. According to Article 112, the President presents the Union's annual budget, showing income and expenses, to Parliament.
2. Under Article 113, no money-related bill can be introduced in Parliament without the President's prior approval.
3. As per Article 117(1), a finance bill cannot be presented in Parliament without the President's permission. No expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India can be considered by any house of Parliament unless the President has recommended it.
4. Supplementary budgets and other requests for additional funds are presented in Parliament with the President's approval.
5. The President appoints members of the Finance Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor General. These reports are then presented in Parliament.
6. The President also decides how income generated from income tax and other taxes will be shared between the central and state governments, based on the Finance Commission's recommendations. This distribution helps states manage their finances.

In simple words: The President controls how the country's money matters are handled. No money bill can start without the President's approval, and the President helps decide how taxes are shared between the central government and states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to link financial powers to specific constitutional articles like 112, 113, and 117(1) for accuracy.

 

Question 7. Mention the Judicial Powers of the President.
Answer: The Indian Constitution grants the President certain judicial powers, which are typically exercised based on the advice of the Council of Ministers. One significant power, as per Article 72, is the President's right to pardon convicted individuals. This includes:

1. Pardoning a person convicted of an offense against Union laws.
2. Pardoning in cases where a death sentence has been given. This power is separate from the governor's power to pardon in states and the powers of military officers in military courts. The President's power to grant mercy is a crucial part of the justice system.

In simple words: The President can forgive or reduce the punishment of someone found guilty, especially in serious cases like death sentences. This is a special power to correct judicial mistakes or show mercy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing judicial powers, always mention Article 72 and the President's power to pardon, including death sentences, as a key point.

 

Question 8. What is constitutional emergency? Mention its effect on the state.
Answer: A constitutional emergency, often called President's Rule, happens when the President is convinced, usually by the Governor's report, that a state cannot be governed according to the Constitution. This is declared under Article 356. When a constitutional emergency is imposed on a state, it has several important effects:

1. The Governor acts on behalf of the President, effectively taking over the state's administration.
2. The Parliament gains the power to exercise the legislative rights of the state legislature, meaning it can make laws for that state.
3. The President can delay or limit the powers of any state organization, except for the High Court.
4. In the affected state, other basic rights of citizens can be temporarily suspended, except for the rights to life and personal liberty, ensuring some fundamental protections remain.

In simple words: A constitutional emergency means the President takes over a state's government if it cannot follow the Constitution. This changes who makes laws and manages the state, and some basic rights might be put on hold for a while.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that a constitutional emergency is President's Rule under Article 356 and list at least two significant effects on the state's governance and citizen rights.

 

Question 9. Can the President of India become a dictator?
Answer: Many people, upon seeing the powers of the Indian President, might think that the President could become a dictator. However, this idea is incorrect due to several constitutional safeguards:

1. The President of India is a constitutional head, meaning they hold a symbolic and nominal leading role, not absolute power.
2. The President is required to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers. This obligation was reinforced by the 42nd and 44th Constitutional Amendments. This makes sure that the President acts on the collective advice of the elected government.
3. The President can be removed from office through an impeachment motion if they violate the constitution. This process requires a special majority in Parliament.
4. There is no mechanism in the Indian system to implement President's rule at the center, meaning the President cannot take over the central government in the way they can with states.

In simple words: No, the Indian President cannot become a dictator. The President is mainly a ceremonial head, must follow the advice of ministers, can be removed by Parliament, and cannot take over the central government, all of which prevent misuse of power.

🎯 Exam Tip: To answer this, emphasize the President's role as a nominal head, the binding nature of ministerial advice, and the impeachment process as key checks on power.

 

Question 11. How is the Prime Minister of India appointed?
Answer: The appointment of the Prime Minister is a key process in Indian governance. According to Article 74 of the Indian Constitution, there will be a Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister to advise the President. The President appoints the Prime Minister. According to Article 75, the President appoints the person who is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha. This person must also have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha. If no single party gets a clear majority, the President can use their discretion to invite the leader of the largest national party or a coalition to form the government. This candidate is then given a specific time frame to prove their majority in the Lok Sabha. It is mandatory for the Prime Minister to be a member of either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. If a person who is not a member of either house is appointed as Prime Minister, they must become a member of one of the houses within six months. This ensures democratic representation.
In simple words: The President appoints the Prime Minister. Usually, it's the leader of the party with the most votes in the Lok Sabha. If there's no clear winner, the President decides who to invite, and that person must prove they have enough support within six months.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the President's role, the majority party leader in Lok Sabha, and the six-month membership rule for full marks.

 

Question 12. Explain the position of the Prime Minister in the Council of Ministers.
Answer: The Prime Minister holds a central and dominant position within the Council of Ministers, acting as its head and guiding force. The Prime Minister's role is crucial for the smooth functioning of the government. The Prime Minister chairs all meetings of the cabinet and guides discussions. The Prime Minister is responsible for resolving disputes among ministers. The Prime Minister also advises the President on who to appoint as ministers, how to allot their departments, and when to accept or reject their resignations. This ensures a cohesive government. The Prime Minister is also the main link between the Council of Ministers and the President, informing the President about all key decisions and administrative matters. Dr. Jennings has aptly described the Prime Minister as "the cornerstone of the entire constitution," and Goldstone stated, "The Prime Minister is the cornerstone of the cabinet building." These statements highlight the significant influence and importance of the Prime Minister's personality in governance.
In simple words: The Prime Minister is the boss of the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister leads meetings, sorts out arguments between ministers, and tells the President who should be a minister and what job they should get. The Prime Minister makes sure the government works together smoothly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Prime Minister's leadership, coordination, and advisory roles within the Council of Ministers, and include a strong quote if you remember one.

 

Question 13. How are the Ministers appointed and their departments allotted?
Answer: Ministers are appointed and their departments are allocated through a structured process. The Prime Minister recommends the members of the Council of Ministers to the President. According to Article 75 of the Indian Constitution and the 91st Constitutional Amendment (passed in 2003 and approved by the President in 2004), the total number of members in the Council of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, cannot be more than 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister then personally allocates departments to the Ministers. The Prime Minister sends the list of selected Ministers to the President, who approves the appointments and administers the oath of office. Currently, the government includes a significant number of ministers, for example, 78 Ministers, including the Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This system ensures that the Council of Ministers is of a manageable size and that departments are assigned effectively.
In simple words: The Prime Minister suggests who should be ministers to the President. The number of ministers cannot be more than 15% of the Lok Sabha members. The Prime Minister then decides which job (department) each minister gets. The President approves this list and gives the oath to the new ministers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Prime Minister plays the central role in selecting ministers and allocating portfolios, with the President formally appointing them and administering the oath.

 

Question 14. Explain the relationship between the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers of India.
Answer: The relationship between the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers in India is very close and can be described in the following ways:

1. The Prime Minister is the base and center point of the Council of Ministers: In India, the Council of Ministers depends entirely on the Prime Minister. If the Prime Minister resigns or if a vote of no confidence is passed against the Prime Minister in the Lok Sabha, then the entire Council of Ministers must resign. This shows the Prime Minister's critical role.
2. Establishes coordination among Ministers: The Prime Minister is responsible for coordinating the activities of different ministers and their departments. This ensures that all parts of the government work together smoothly and without conflict.

In simple words: The Prime Minister is the most important person in the Council of Ministers. The whole team of ministers stands or falls with the Prime Minister, who also makes sure everyone works together well.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the Prime Minister's central role in the Council of Ministers' existence and their function in coordinating ministerial activities for good marks.

 

Question. What do you think about collective, responsibility of the council of Ministers?
Answer: The collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers is a fundamental principle in the Indian parliamentary system. It means that while work is divided among different ministers, and each minister is administratively responsible for their department, there is no individual responsibility on policy matters before Parliament. Instead, the entire Council of Ministers is collectively responsible. If the Lok Sabha shows distrust in any department's policies or in the budget by passing a deduction proposal for a single department, it is seen as a sign of no confidence in the entire Council of Ministers. This principle ensures that the government acts as a single, unified body. The concept implies that all ministers sink or swim together.
In simple words: Collective responsibility means all ministers are like one team. Even if one minister makes a mistake or faces criticism on policy, the whole group of ministers is responsible, and they all stand or fall together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that collective responsibility means the entire Council of Ministers is accountable to the Lok Sabha for all decisions, acting as one unit.

 

Question 16. Explain the relationship between the Prime Minister and the parliament
Answer: The relationship between the Prime Minister and the Parliament is very close and essential in India's parliamentary democracy. Here are some key points:

1. The Prime Minister is typically elected from the lower house of Parliament, the Lok Sabha.
2. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament and stays in office as long as they have the Parliament's confidence.
3. In a parliamentary system, there's no strict separation of powers between the executive and legislature. The real executive, the Council of Ministers, comes from Parliament, and the Prime Minister leads it.
4. The Prime Minister is responsible to both Houses of Parliament for the country's administration and policy-related matters.
5. The Prime Minister advises the President on when to convene, suspend, or dissolve Parliament sessions.
6. The Prime Minister also decides which bills should be presented in Parliament, based on cabinet decisions, and prepares to face criticism from the opposition party.

In simple words: The Prime Minister is the leader of the ruling party in Parliament, guiding laws and policies. The Prime Minister is accountable to Parliament and advises the President on parliamentary matters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that the Prime Minister is the link between the executive and legislature, leading the majority and being accountable to Parliament.

 

Question 17. "The Prime Minister is a link between the Parliament and the cabinet” Explain the statement
Answer: The statement "The Prime Minister is a link between the Parliament and the cabinet" accurately describes a crucial role of the Prime Minister in India's parliamentary system. The Prime Minister serves as the principal communicator and coordinator between these two vital government bodies. Practically, the Prime Minister provides leadership to the Lok Sabha and also serves as its leader. The Prime Minister is responsible for announcing major policy decisions. During important debates in Parliament, the Prime Minister steps in to defend and clarify the government's policies. This dual role ensures that the Cabinet's decisions are effectively communicated to and defended in Parliament, while also reflecting parliamentary proceedings and concerns back to the Cabinet. This connection is vital for cohesive governance.
In simple words: The Prime Minister connects the Cabinet (where decisions are made) with the Parliament (where laws are discussed and passed). The Prime Minister shares information from the Cabinet to Parliament and helps Parliament understand the government's plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Prime Minister's role in conveying information, defending policies, and coordinating between the executive (cabinet) and legislative (parliament) branches.

 

Question 18. Describe the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister in India.
Answer: In India, the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister is one of defined roles and mutual interaction, ensuring the smooth functioning of governance. While the President is the constitutional head, the Prime Minister leads the executive, using the powers of governance in coordination with the Council of Ministers. The President typically remains separate from the day-to-day government functions, acting more as a guide and advisor to the Prime Minister. Here's how this relationship works:

1. The Prime Minister is responsible for keeping the President informed about all government activities and decisions when requested.
2. The President can direct the Prime Minister to present any decision made by a minister for reconsideration by the entire Council of Ministers.
3. The Prime Minister acts as the contact point between the President and the Council of Ministers, facilitating communication between them. This bridge is important for executive cohesion.
4. If the President wants to confirm whether the Prime Minister has the majority support in the Lok Sabha, the President can ask the Prime Minister to prove confidence in the House.

Since the constitution's implementation, relations between the President and the Prime Minister have generally been cordial. Despite occasional differences, there have been no major conflicts between these two crucial constitutional positions.
In simple words: The President and Prime Minister work together. The Prime Minister tells the President about government decisions and takes advice. The President can ask for explanations and make sure the Prime Minister has enough support in Parliament. They generally have a good working relationship.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the Prime Minister's role in informing the President and the President's power to seek information or reconsideration, highlighting their complementary functions.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 21 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Describe the process of Presidential Election.
Answer: The process for electing the President of India is detailed in the constitution and follows an indirect method to ensure representation from across the country. The description of the Presidential election process of India is presented under the following points:

1. Indirect Election: The President of India is elected by an indirect election method, meaning the public does not directly vote for the President. Instead, an electoral college votes.
2. Electoral College Composition: The President is elected by the elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and the elected members of all state legislative assemblies. Additionally, according to the 70th Constitutional Amendment, elected members of the legislative assemblies of Union Territories also participate in the election.
3. Value of votes of each member of the electoral college: Article 55 of the constitution ensures uniformity in the representation of different states based on population and equality among states and union territories. The value of each member's vote is determined as follows:
   
   • For an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly):
     

     \( \text{The value of vote of each member of state/federal legislative Assembly} = \frac { \text{Total population of the state} }{ \text{Total number of elected member of legislative assemblies of states /Federal legislative Assembly} } \div 1000 \)

     Each elected member of a State Legislative Assembly gets a vote value that is a multiple of the quotient obtained by dividing the state's population by the total number of elected members of that House. If the remainder after this division is 500 or more, one will be added to the vote's value. This ensures population-based representation.

   • For an MP (Member of Parliament):
     

     \( \text{The value of vote of each member of Parliament} = \frac { \text{The sum of the number of votes received by the total members of the Legislative Assemblies of all the states and Union Territories} }{ \text{Total number of elected members of both Houses of Parliament} } \)

     This ensures that the total value of votes for all MPs is equal to the total value of votes for all MLAs, maintaining balance between central and state legislatures.

4. Single Transferable Voting System by Secret Ballots: The election of the President is conducted through the Single Transferable Vote system using secret ballots. This system requires a candidate to secure a minimum number of votes, called a "Quota," to be elected. The formula for determining this minimum quota is:
   

   \( \text{Minimum Quota} = \frac { \text{The number of valid votes cast} }{ \text{The number of members to be elected} + 1 } + 1 \)

5. Counting of votes: The counting of votes begins after voting, following a specific procedure. The minimum quota is determined, and candidates need to meet this quota to win. Votes are counted based on first preference. If no candidate reaches the quota, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated, and their second-preference votes are distributed among the remaining candidates. This process continues through multiple rounds until one candidate secures the required mandate. This ensures that the elected President has broad support.

In simple words: The President is chosen indirectly by elected members of Parliament and state assemblies. The value of each vote is calculated based on population. Candidates need a set number of votes (quota) to win, using a system where votes can be transferred until someone reaches the goal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly explain the electoral college members, the vote value calculation (for MLAs and MPs), the Single Transferable Vote system, and the quota formula, as these are critical components.

 

Question 2. Explain the process of impeachment in detail.
Answer: Impeachment is a formal judicial process used to remove a high-ranking public servant, such as the President of India, from office. This process is initiated on the grounds of violating the Constitution, misconduct, or misuse of powers. According to Article 61 of the Constitution, the President can be removed through impeachment. Each House of the Indian Parliament has the right to initiate the impeachment process. To begin impeachment, a proposal must be signed by at least one-fourth of the total members of the prosecuting house. This proposal is then considered in that house within 14 days of its receipt. If the proposal for impeachment is accepted by a two-thirds majority of the total members of that house, it is then sent to the second house. The second house will either investigate the charges itself or appoint a special committee for this purpose. The President has the right to present their defense during these proceedings, either personally or through a representative. If the charges against the President are proven in the second house, and that house also accepts the impeachment proposal with at least a two-thirds majority of its members, then the President is considered removed from office from the date of acceptance of the proposal. It is important to note that even during this period, the President continues to perform duties with full powers until the impeachment is complete. This is a very serious and seldom-used process.
In simple words: Impeachment is a way to remove the President for breaking the Constitution. Either house of Parliament can start it, needing many signatures. If two-thirds of that house agrees, it goes to the other house for investigation. If that house also agrees with a two-thirds vote, the President is removed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the grounds for impeachment, the two-thirds majority requirement in both houses, the notice period, and the President's right to defend themselves.

 

Question 3. Describe the powers and functions of the President
Answer: The President of India holds the highest office in the country and acts as the Head of the nation. The powers and functions of the President can be broadly divided into two main categories: General Powers and Crisis/Emergency Powers. The President uses these powers to ensure the smooth functioning of the government and protect the nation.

I. General Powers: The President has several general powers that are exercised in the routine administration of the country. These include:

1. Executive Powers:

• The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces and has the authority to declare war or peace at any time.
• The President appoints key officials such as Ministers, Governors, ambassadors, judges of High Courts and the Supreme Court, members of the Union Public Service Commission, the Attorney General, Election Commissioner, Comptroller and Auditor General, Chairman of Scheduled Caste/Tribal Commission, and heads of Minorities and Backward Classes Commission. These appointments ensure that important offices are filled by qualified individuals.

2. Legislative Powers:

• The President works to summon, postpone, and prorogue (discontinue) both Houses of Parliament. The President also has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• The President can convene a joint meeting of the two houses if there is a dispute over a bill.
• The President's Rule can be implemented in states if their constitutional mechanism fails, as per Article 356. This means the President takes over state governance.

3. Judicial Powers:

• Under Article 72, the President has the power to reduce or suspend a convicted person's sentence, including waiving off the death sentence. This power serves as a final check in the justice system.

4. Financial powers:

• Before each financial year, the President ensures that the annual financial statement and supplementary budget are presented to Parliament.
• No money bill can be introduced in Parliament without the President's prior permission.
• The President is responsible for distributing income tax receipts between the states and the center.
• In emergencies, the President manages funds from contingency accounts. The President also has the right to appoint the Finance Commission.

II. Emergency Powers: The President's emergency powers are outlined in Articles 352, 356, and 360 of the Indian Constitution's Part 18. The President can declare three types of emergencies:

• National Emergency (Article 352): If the President believes that the security of India or any part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed internal rebellion, a national emergency can be declared across the country or in a specific region. This allows for unified action during severe crises.
• Constitutional failure in states (Article 356): Based on the Governor's report or other information, if the President believes a state is not being governed constitutionally, President's Rule can be declared. Parliament's approval is needed within two months. This rule cannot last for more than three years in any state.
• Financial Emergency (Article 360): If the President believes that India's financial stability or credit is at risk, a financial emergency can be declared across the country or in a specific part. This declaration also requires Parliament's approval within two months. During this period, salaries of all officers, including judges, can be reduced to stabilize the economy.

The President uses these powers only on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. For this reason, the President is considered a symbol of honor and the head of the nation, but not the head of government in terms of executive power. This distinguishes the Indian President from, for example, the US President who is both head of state and government.
In simple words: The President has many duties, like being the head of the army, appointing important people, and helping make laws. The President can also declare three kinds of emergencies: national, state, or financial, if the country is in serious trouble. However, the President always acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the ministers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize powers into Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Financial, and Emergency powers. Briefly explain 1-2 points under each for a comprehensive answer. Mention the Articles for Emergency Powers.