RBSE Solutions Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Salient Features of Indian Constitution

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Indian constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on:
(a) 1st May 1947
(b) 9th December 1946
(c) 26th November 1949
(d) 26th January 1950
Answer: (c) 26th November 1949
In simple words: The Indian Constitution was officially accepted and put into effect by the special assembly formed to create it on November 26, 1949.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific date of adoption (November 26, 1949) and distinguish it from the date of commencement (January 26, 1950).

 

Question 2. The Indian constitution contains Articles:
(b) 395
Answer: (b) 395
In simple words: When it was first made, the Indian Constitution had 395 main sections, called Articles.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the original number of articles in the constitution at its adoption, as new articles have been added and existing ones amended over time.

 

Question 3. From which Constitution have the Directive Principles of State policy been taken?
(a) England
(b) France
(c) Ireland
(d) Australia
Answer: (c) Ireland
In simple words: The ideas for the Directive Principles, which guide how the government should work, were borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be familiar with the key features borrowed from other constitutions, as this is a common question type in Political Science.

 

Question 4. Which words were added to the preamble by the 42nd Constitutional amendment?
(a) Republic
(b) Socialist, secular and integrity
(c) Democracy
(d) Fraternity
Answer: (b) Socialist, secular and integrity
In simple words: The 42nd change to the Constitution added three important words - 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' - to the Preamble.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 42nd Amendment is very important; remember which specific words it added to the Preamble.

 

Question 5. The meaning of the phrase "We the people of India" is:
(a) The members of the Constituent Assembly
(b) The members of the Drafting Committee
(c) Freedom Fighters
(d) The people of India adopting the Constitution
Answer: (d) The people of India adopting the Constitution
In simple words: This phrase means that the people of India themselves are the source of the Constitution's authority and they are accepting it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the Preamble highlights popular sovereignty, meaning the people are the ultimate authority, not any specific group of leaders.

 

Question 6. The Preamble mentions which form of justice?
(a) Social Justice
(b) Economic Justice
(c) Political Justice
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: The Preamble talks about all three types of justice: making sure everyone is treated fairly in society (social), having equal opportunities for wealth (economic), and having equal rights in government (political).

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three types of justice (social, economic, political) enshrined in the Preamble, as they form the core values of the Indian state.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. How much time was taken in the making of the Indian constitution?
Answer: It took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to make the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution took almost three years to finish.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the duration clearly and accurately, as this is a specific factual detail.

 

Question 2. How many articles are there in the Indian constitution?
Answer: The Indian Constitution originally had 395 articles.
In simple words: At first, the Indian Constitution had 395 main sections.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the original number of articles. You can also note that the number has increased with amendments but the original count is often asked.

 

Question 3. What is the meaning of the preamble of the Indian constitution?
Answer: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a short introduction. It explains the main goals and principles of the document. It clearly states the ideals our nation wants to achieve and is considered the heart and soul of the constitution.
In simple words: The Preamble is like an introduction to the Indian Constitution. It tells us what the Constitution is all about and what India wants to become.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define the Preamble as an introductory statement outlining the guiding purpose, principles, and ideals of the constitution.

 

Question 4. How many amendments have been made in the Indian constitution?
Answer: So far, 101 amendments have been made in the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution has been changed 101 times since it was first written.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the most recent accurate number of amendments. Emphasize that amendments are how the constitution adapts over time.

 

Question 5. Preamble is the inspiration and the soul of the constitution. Why?
Answer: The Preamble is called the inspiration and soul of the Constitution because it forms the basic foundation of the constitution. Without the Preamble, the constitution loses its true meaning and purpose. It sets out the core values and guiding principles.
In simple words: The Preamble is very important because it contains all the main ideas and goals of the Constitution. Without it, the Constitution would not have its true spirit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that the Preamble embodies the core philosophy, values, and objectives that give meaning and direction to the entire constitution.

 

Question 6. By whom is the Chief Justice of India appointed?
Answer: The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President of India.
In simple words: The President of India chooses the Chief Justice of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the President's role in appointing key officials, particularly for high judicial positions like the Chief Justice.

 

Question 8. By which constitutional amendment was the word “Socialist” added to the preamble?
Answer: The word "Socialist" was added to the Preamble by the 42nd constitutional amendment.
In simple words: The 42nd amendment to the Constitution added the word 'Socialist' to the Preamble.

🎯 Exam Tip: The 42nd Amendment is often referred to as a 'Mini-Constitution'; remember its key changes, especially the words added to the Preamble.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Mention any five features of Indian constitution.
Answer: Five features of the Indian Constitution are:

• Sovereign constitution: The Indian Constitution is based on the will of the people. The people of India hold the highest power through the constitution.
• Largest constitution in the world: It has 395 articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices, making it the longest constitution globally.
• Distinguished Document: The Indian Constitution is a unique document. Even South Africa used it as an example for making its own constitution.
• Mix of unitary and federal elements: The Constitution makers created a system where the central government keeps India united, but states also have some independence. Only one constitution applies to both the center and the states.
• Supporter of world peace: Following the idea of "Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam" (the whole world is one family), the Indian Constitution promotes peace worldwide.

In simple words: The Indian Constitution is made by the people, is the longest in the world, is unique, combines central and state powers, and aims for global peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing features, use clear headings or bullet points for each point and provide a brief, concise explanation for maximum marks.

 

Question 2. What is the meaning of "adult franchise” as given in the constitution?
Answer: The meaning of "Adult franchise" can be understood as follows:
Adult franchise means that every citizen who is 18 years old or older has the right to vote. This right is given to all adult citizens equally, regardless of their gender, religion, caste, or wealth. This principle ensures that the government is chosen by the general public, making the country a true democracy.
In simple words: Adult franchise means every person aged 18 or above can vote, no matter who they are. This makes sure that the government is chosen by all the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define adult franchise, emphasizing the universal right to vote for all adult citizens without discrimination, and its link to democratic governance.

 

Question 3. What is the meaning of "secular"?
Answer: The meaning of 'Secular': According to Shri Venkat Raman, "Secular" means not being religious or non-religious, but completely separate from religious principles and activities. It means the state is neutral in matters of religion. Everyone has the right to choose and practice their religion. Article 25 of the Indian Constitution gives every citizen the freedom to practice religion. The state does not have an official religion, and no citizen can be discriminated against because of religion. The word "Secular" was added to the constitution by the 42nd amendment.
In simple words: 'Secular' means that the government does not support any particular religion and treats all religions equally. Everyone is free to choose and follow their own religion without the government interfering or discriminating.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain secularism in the Indian context: the state's neutrality towards all religions, ensuring freedom of religion for all citizens without discrimination, rather than being anti-religion.

 

Question 4. Write the preamble of our constitution.
Answer: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is as follows:
"WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."
In simple words: The Preamble is the opening statement of the Indian Constitution. It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, aiming to provide justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the Preamble accurately, paying attention to the order of the key terms like Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, and the ideals of Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

 

Question 5. Describe the article of the constitution related to the provisions of the state of emergency.
Answer: The articles related to provisions of emergency are contained in Part 18 of the Constitution of India, which are as follows:

• Article 352: This article states that the President of India can impose emergency rule in any or all Indian states if the security of India or any part of it is threatened by "war or external aggression or armed rebellion."

According to this article, a state of emergency can be implemented throughout the country or in a part of it, in cases of financial crisis.
In simple words: Emergency rules are in Part 18 of the Constitution. Article 352 allows the President to declare an emergency if the country is in danger from war, outside attack, armed rebellion, or a financial crisis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly mention Part 18 and Article 352 when discussing emergency provisions, and specify the grounds on which an emergency can be declared (war, external aggression, armed rebellion, financial crisis).

 

Question 6. What do you understand by sovereign democratic republic?
Answer: The Indian Constitution is based on popular sovereignty, meaning it was made by the people of India. The ultimate power has been given to the people of India by the constitution. The Preamble states, "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign democratic republic...." This means the people of India are the creators of the constitution, who have chosen to accept and implement it. It has not been forced upon them by any foreign power.
In simple words: A 'sovereign democratic republic' means India is an independent country ruled by its own people, who elect their leaders. The power comes from the people themselves, not from any outside ruler.

🎯 Exam Tip: Break down the term: 'sovereign' means independent, 'democratic' means rule by the people (through elected representatives), and 'republic' means the head of state is elected, not hereditary. Explain how India embodies these principles.

 

Question 7. "Indian constitution is the fusion of rigidity and flexibility.” Write a short note on it.
Answer: The process of amending the Indian Constitution is flexible for some parts and rigid for others. The idea of rigidity in the Indian Constitution comes from the U.S. Constitution, while flexibility comes from the U.K. Constitution. There are three methods for making amendments:
1. Some parts can be amended by a simple majority in both houses of Parliament, such as reorganizing states or forming legislative councils. This shows the constitution's flexibility.
2. For other parts, an amendment needs an absolute majority in both houses and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting. This is a more rigid process.
3. For some special subjects, an amendment requires an absolute majority in both houses, a two-thirds majority of members present, and the support of at least fifty percent of the state legislatures. These methods show the rigidity of the constitution.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution is both easy and hard to change. Some parts can be changed simply, while others need a very strong agreement from Parliament and states. This mix helps it adapt while staying strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain how different amendment procedures (simple majority, special majority, special majority plus state ratification) illustrate the blend of flexibility and rigidity, borrowing from both the UK and US models.

 

Question 8. Explain briefly the word "socialist” as used in the preamble of the constitution.
Answer: The word "Socialist" was added by the 42nd constitutional amendment. This term in the Preamble aims to ensure social and economic equality. It means that the government works to reduce differences in wealth and status among people. It seeks to ensure that everyone has an equal share in the country's resources and opportunities, striving for a society where wealth is distributed fairly and not concentrated in a few hands.
In simple words: 'Socialist' was added to the Preamble to mean that India aims to reduce inequality. It wants to make sure everyone has fair chances and that wealth is shared more equally among people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining 'socialist', focus on its aim of socio-economic equality and justice, not necessarily a rigid economic ideology, in the Indian context.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Describe in detail the main features of the Indian constitution.
Answer: The main features of the Indian Constitution are as follows:

• Sovereign Constitution: The Indian Constitution is founded on the principle of popular sovereignty. This means that it was created by the people of India, and the ultimate power in the country rests with them. The people have agreed to embrace and enact this constitution, which was not imposed by any external force.
• Largest Constitution in the World: India's Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world. It includes 395 articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices. Despite its length, it has undergone 101 amendments and continues to be updated as needed.
• Written and Created Constitution: The Indian Constitution is a detailed written document prepared by the Constituent Assembly. This assembly took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to draft it. It also includes provisions for future amendments to adapt to the country's changing needs and circumstances.
• Preamble: The Preamble outlines the fundamental objectives and goals of the constitution. Dr. K.M. Munshi referred to it as the political horoscope of the constitution, as it encapsulates its core philosophy and aspirations.
• Parliamentary System of Government: India has adopted a parliamentary system where the government is accountable to the legislature. The executive is collectively responsible to the legislature, and its performance is regularly evaluated. This system is followed at both the central and state levels.
• Fundamental Rights and Duties: The constitution provides fundamental rights (originally seven, now six after the removal of the Right to Property by the 44th amendment) to protect citizens' interests. Additionally, citizens have ten fundamental duties to uphold, which help strengthen democracy. Primary education was also included as a fundamental right by the 86th amendment in 2002.
• Adult Franchise: All citizens who have reached 18 years of age are given the right to vote equally, ensuring broad participation in the democratic process.
• Secular State: Article 25 guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens. The state maintains a neutral stance on religion, has no official religion, and prohibits discrimination based on religion. The term "secular" was added by the 42nd amendment.
• Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Court and High Courts judges are appointed by the President and can only be removed through impeachment by Parliament. The judiciary has the power to declare executive orders or legislative laws unconstitutional if they violate constitutional provisions, ensuring judicial independence.

Other features:
1. Distinguished document.
2. Remarkable fusion of unitary and federal elements.
3. Combination of rigidity and flexibility.
4. Harmony between judicial review and parliamentary supremacy.
5. Advocate of world peace.
6. Emergency provisions.
7. Single citizenship.
8. Ideal of establishing welfare state.
9. Special provisions for the welfare of minority and backward classes.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution is known for being made by its people, being the longest in the world, and being a written document. It has a guiding Preamble, a parliamentary government, and protects fundamental rights and duties. It also ensures adult voting rights, maintains a secular state, and has an independent judiciary. Other features include its unique nature, a blend of federal and unitary systems, flexibility, support for world peace, emergency provisions, single citizenship, a welfare state goal, and special provisions for minorities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a well-structured answer with clear headings for each feature. Support each point with a brief, factual explanation. Listing relevant articles or amendments where applicable enhances your answer.

 

Question 2. "The features of the Indian constitution have been helpful in making India one of the successful democracies of the world.” Explain in detail.
Answer: The features of the Indian Constitution have indeed played a crucial role in establishing India as one of the world's successful democracies. Here's how:

• Sovereignty of the people: The constitution establishes that ultimate power lies with the people of India. This means that the government is accountable to the public, ensuring that decisions reflect the will of the citizens.
• Parliamentary system of government: India adopted a parliamentary system to ensure a successful democracy. In this system, the executive branch (the government) is collectively responsible to the legislature (Parliament). This system is followed at both the central and state levels, with the Governor as the head in states.
• Fundamental Rights and Duties: The constitution provides fundamental rights to protect citizens' interests, ensuring their basic freedoms and dignity. Additionally, ten fundamental duties are outlined to help citizens contribute responsibly to the democratic process.
• Directive Principles of State Policy: To build a welfare state, the Indian constitution includes Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles act as guidelines for governments, helping them create policies that promote the well-being and development of all citizens.
• Socialist state: As a socialist state, India has adopted a mixed economy to address economic disparities. Its aim is to remove differences in wealth and raise the living standards of backward and weaker sections of society.
• Secular state: Article 25 grants freedom of religion to every citizen. The state maintains a neutral position on religious matters, has no official religion, and ensures no discrimination based on religion.
• Independent Judiciary: The Indian constitution includes many provisions to protect democracy and citizens' fundamental rights. If executive orders or legislative laws violate constitutional provisions, the judiciary can declare them unconstitutional, ensuring judicial freedom.
• Advocate of world peace: Following the principle of "Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam" (the whole world is a family), the Indian constitution promotes world peace. India follows a non-alignment policy and Panchsheel principles, meaning it avoids interfering in other countries' internal matters and does not tolerate interference in its own.
• Ideal of establishing a welfare state: Through the Directive Principles, the constitution aims to establish a welfare state. Both central and state governments are expected to provide social, economic, and political justice to all citizens.
• Special provisions for backward classes: The constitution provides special reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in civil services, Parliament, and state legislatures. For Other Backward Classes, a 27% reservation in central government jobs was implemented from September 1993.
• Source of moral education: The democratic system itself serves as a source of moral education, fostering cooperation, tolerance, liberalism, and sympathy among its people.
• Patriotism: Through its democratic principles, the Indian constitution has instilled feelings of patriotism in its people. By granting ultimate power to the people, it encourages them to love their country.
• Equality and liberty: In India, all citizens are equal before the law and have the right to equality and freedom as fundamental rights. No one is discriminated against based on religion, caste, place of birth, gender, etc., which strengthens democracy.

In simple words: India's Constitution makes it a successful democracy by giving power to the people, having a parliament, and protecting everyone's rights. It guides the government to help all citizens, ensures fairness for all religions, and has an independent court system. The Constitution also promotes world peace, aims for a welfare state, and helps backward communities. It teaches good values and encourages love for the country by ensuring everyone is equal and free.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining how features contribute to democracy, link each feature directly to democratic principles like accountability, equality, justice, and citizen participation. Use clear and concise language.

 

Question 3. 'The preamble of the constitution is the gist of Indian constitution.' Explain.
Answer: One of the most important parts of the Indian Constitution is its Preamble. It explains the fundamental goals of the constitution, ensuring that it is followed according to its basic spirit. The Preamble contains the glorious values of our constitution. It states that the Indian Constitution aims to achieve justice, freedom, equality, fraternity, respect for individuals, and the unity and integrity of the nation, based on a socialist, democratic republic with sovereignty and secularism.

1. The phrase "We the people of India" in the Preamble includes three key ideas:

• The ultimate power is given to the people of India by the constitution.
• The constitution was made by the representatives chosen by the people of India.
• The Indian constitution reflects the will of its people.

In conclusion, the fundamental ideals of the constitution are clearly outlined in the Preamble. Thus, the Preamble truly is the gist of the Indian constitution.
In simple words: The Preamble is like a short summary of the entire Indian Constitution. It tells us the main goals and values of the constitution, like justice, freedom, and equality, and states that the power comes from the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: To explain why the Preamble is the 'gist', elaborate on how it encapsulates the core philosophy, ideals, and objectives of the entire constitution in a concise form. Mention the key phrases and their significance.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Other Important Questions

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 1. Which part of the Indian constitution, has been called by as Dr K.M. Munshi, “the political horoscope of the constitution?
(a) Preamble
(b) Fundamental rights
(c) Directive Principles of state policy
(d) Fundamental duties
Answer: (a) Preamble
In simple words: Dr. K.M. Munshi called the Preamble the "political horoscope" because it shows the future and ideals of the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know important quotes or descriptions about different parts of the constitution and who said them.

 

Question 3. How many articles are there in the constitution of the U.S.?
(a) 20
(b) 27
(c) 25
(d) 7
Answer: (d) 7
In simple words: The Constitution of the United States has only 7 articles, making it much shorter than India's.

🎯 Exam Tip: Compare the number of articles in the Indian constitution with other major world constitutions to highlight India's unique length.

 

Question 4. The salient feature of Indian constitution is:
(a) The largest constitution of the world
(b) Written and created constitution
(c) Distinguished Document
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above
In simple words: All the given points are important features of the Indian Constitution, including being the longest, written, and unique.

🎯 Exam Tip: When faced with 'All of the above' in MCQs, ensure you confirm that each individual option is correct before selecting it.

 

Question 5. In which article of the constitution have the fundamental right been mentioned?
(a) 10-15
(b) 12-35
(c) 12-40
(d) 12-36
Answer: (b) 12-35
In simple words: The Fundamental Rights are listed in Articles 12 to 35 of the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific article range for Fundamental Rights, as this is a core component of the constitution.

 

Question 7. At present the number of fundamental rights is:
(a) 7
(b) 6
(c) 5
(d) 9
Answer: (b) 6
In simple words: Currently, there are 6 Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the current number of Fundamental Rights and know that the Right to Property was removed, reducing the count from 7 to 6.

 

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. The 101st constitutional amendment is related to which subject?
Answer: The 101st constitutional amendment is related to Goods and Services Tax (GST).
In simple words: The 101st change to the Constitution was about the Goods and Services Tax, or GST.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep updated on significant constitutional amendments and the subjects they address, as these are often tested.

 

Question 2. How many fundamental rights have been provided to people by India constitution?
Answer: The Indian Constitution has provided 6 fundamental rights to the people.
In simple words: The Indian Constitution gives people 6 basic rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always state the current number of Fundamental Rights. It's also good to know which right was removed and when.

 

Question 3. Name any two fundamental rights provided by the constitution of India.
Answer:
1. Right to equality.
2. Right to freedom.
In simple words: Two important basic rights given by the Indian Constitution are the Right to Equality and the Right to Freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list all Fundamental Rights. For this question, naming any two is sufficient.

 

Question 4. At present what is the number of fundamental duties?
Answer: At present, the number of fundamental duties is 11.
In simple words: Currently, there are 11 basic duties for citizens in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the original number of Fundamental Duties and how it increased over time with amendments (e.g., the addition of the 11th duty regarding education).

 

Question 6. By which constitutional amendment age for adult franchise has been reduced from 21 to 18 years?
Answer: The age for adult franchise was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st constitutional amendment.
In simple words: The 61st change to the Constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the 61st Amendment with the reduction of the voting age, a significant step in enhancing democratic participation.

 

Question 7. For 'Federal' what word is used in Indian constitution?
Answer: In place of 'Federal', the phrase "Union of States" has been used in the Indian Constitution.
In simple words: Instead of using the word 'Federal', the Indian Constitution uses "Union of States" to describe India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the significance of "Union of States" – it implies that states do not have the right to secede and that India is an indestructible union.

 

Question 8. Who has been given the residual powers?
Answer: The central government has been given the residual powers.
In simple words: The central government holds any powers that are not specifically given to either the central or state governments.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that in India, unlike some other federations, residual powers lie with the Centre, indicating a strong central bias in the federal structure.

 

Question 9. In which article the procedure of amendment is given in Indian constitution?
Answer: The process of amendment in the Indian Constitution has been given in Article 368.
In simple words: Article 368 explains how to change or amend the Indian Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Article 368 is crucial; remember that it outlines the procedures for constitutional amendments, which involve both flexibility and rigidity.

 

Question 10. From which constitutions have rigidity and flexibility been taken in Indian constitution?
Answer: In the Indian Constitution, rigidity has been taken from the constitution of the US and flexibility from that of the UK.
In simple words: The idea of making the Constitution hard to change comes from the US, while the idea of making it easy to change comes from the UK.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember this specific comparative aspect: rigidity from the US (difficult amendment process) and flexibility from the UK (easier amendment process for some parts).

 

Question 11. "Indian constitution maintains a very good balance between very rigid and very flexible.” Who said this?
Answer: K.C. Wheare made this statement. He is known for his work on federalism and constitutional law. His analysis highlights the unique adaptive capacity of the Indian constitution.
In simple words: K.C. Wheare said that the Indian Constitution is well-balanced, being neither too hard nor too easy to change.

🎯 Exam Tip: Attributing famous quotes about the constitution to their authors demonstrates deeper understanding. K.C. Wheare is a notable scholar in this field.

 

Question 13. Under the directive principles of state policy, what is the duty of a state according to article 51?
Answer: Article 51 of the Directive Principles of State Policy says that a state should work to create international peace, keep things secure, and have fair and respectful relationships with other countries.
In simple words: A state's job is to promote peace worldwide and be fair to other nations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Directive Principles guide the state's actions towards international relations and peace.

 

Question 14. In which section of the constitution, emergency provisions have been mentioned?
Answer: The emergency provisions are written in Part 18 of the Indian constitution.
In simple words: Emergency rules are in Part 18 of the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's important to know the specific parts of the constitution where key provisions like emergency powers are located.

 

Question 15. What type of state is India?
Answer: India is a federal state, meaning power is divided between the central government and state governments.
In simple words: India is a federal country, sharing power between the center and states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the difference between a federal and a unitary state; India has features of both but is primarily federal.

 

Question 16. What is the provision of citizenship in India?
Answer: India provides for single citizenship. This means all citizens are only citizens of India, not also of individual states.
In simple words: In India, you are only a citizen of the country, not also of a specific state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Single citizenship promotes national unity by ensuring all citizens have the same rights and duties across the country.

 

Question 17. In which article has the provision of reservation for scheduled castes been given?
Answer: Article 330 of the constitution has provisions for reserving seats for Scheduled Castes. These reservations help ensure their representation in certain areas.
In simple words: Article 330 of the constitution talks about reservations for Scheduled Castes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing specific articles related to reservations helps demonstrate knowledge of the constitution's social justice aspects.

 

Question 18. What is the percentage of reservation for other backward classes in central government jobs?
Answer: The reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBC) in central government jobs is 27%. This provision aims to ensure fair representation.
In simple words: 27% of central government jobs are reserved for Other Backward Classes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reservations for OBCs in central government jobs are an important part of India's affirmative action policies for social justice.

 

Question 20. The executive is collectively responsible to the legislature. What does it express?
Answer: This principle shows that India follows a parliamentary system of government. In this system, the executive branch is answerable to the legislative branch.
In simple words: This means India has a parliamentary system, where the government is accountable to the law-making body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Collective responsibility is a key feature of parliamentary democracies like India, ensuring accountability of the council of ministers to the Lok Sabha.

 

Question 21. Mention any two features of Indian constitution which express the ideal of political justice.
Answer: Two features of the Indian constitution that show the ideal of political justice are:
1. Adult franchise: This means all adults have the right to vote, regardless of their background.
2. Right to constitutional remedies: This allows citizens to go to court to protect their fundamental rights.
In simple words: Political justice means adults can vote, and people can go to court to protect their rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Political justice ensures equal participation and protection of rights for all citizens, key for a healthy democracy.

 

Question 22. Why is the mixed economy adopted in India?
Answer: India adopted a mixed economy to help reduce economic inequality in society. This system combines elements of both public and private sectors to achieve balanced growth.
In simple words: India chose a mixed economy to lessen wealth differences among people.

🎯 Exam Tip: A mixed economy aims to use the strengths of both government and private businesses to achieve social and economic goals.

 

Question 23. What are bases of the ideal of fraternity?
Answer: The ideal of fraternity, or brotherhood, is based on two main ideas:
1. Respect for each person's dignity.
2. Promoting the unity of the entire nation.
In simple words: Fraternity means respecting everyone and keeping the nation united.

🎯 Exam Tip: Fraternity is crucial for national integration and harmonious living, emphasizing mutual respect and a sense of common brotherhood.

 

Question 24. Who can declare the orders of the executive unconstitutional?
Answer: The Supreme Court has the power to declare orders given by the executive branch as unconstitutional if they go against the law.
In simple words: The Supreme Court can say if executive orders are against the constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: This power of judicial review helps maintain the balance of power and protects the constitution's supremacy.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1. Indian constitution is superior to other constitutions. Explain.
Answer: The Indian Constitution stands out because of its unique features. The people who drafted it carefully chose the best parts from many other important constitutions around the world and avoided their weaknesses. For example, ideas for the parliamentary system came from Britain, the Presidential system ideas came from the US, Directive Principles of State Policy from Ireland, and the concept of the Indian Union from Canada. By combining these excellent features, the Indian Constitution was made very effective and useful for its people, making it superior.
In simple words: Our constitution is special because it took the best ideas from other countries' constitutions and avoided their flaws. This made it very strong and good for India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the superiority of the Indian Constitution, highlighting its unique blend of features borrowed from various global constitutions is key.

 

Question 2. Explain the features of a sovereign democratic state.
Answer: A sovereign democratic state, like India, means two main things:
First, it is 'sovereign' because it is completely independent. It does not take orders from any other country for its own matters or for its dealings with other nations.
Second, it is 'democratic' because the people hold the main power. This power is exercised through elected representatives who are answerable to the public. To ensure this, the Indian constitution grants adult franchise, allowing all citizens aged 18 and above to vote.
In simple words: A sovereign state is independent and makes its own decisions. A democratic state means people choose their leaders, and everyone over 18 can vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define both 'sovereign' and 'democratic' and connect them to India's constitutional provisions, such as adult franchise.

 

Question 3. Make parliamentary system of government in India clear.
Answer: The parliamentary system of government in India works as follows:
The Indian Parliament is the top law-making body. It includes the President and two houses: the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President has the power to call or end Parliament sessions and can dissolve the Lok Sabha. However, the President acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. This means the President is a symbolic head, while the real power lies with the cabinet. The executive branch (ministers) is collectively responsible to the legislature (Parliament). If the government loses the support of the Parliament, the cabinet must resign.
In simple words: In India's parliamentary system, the Parliament makes laws and has two houses plus the President. The President is the head of state but acts on the Prime Minister's advice, so the cabinet holds real power and must resign if it loses support in Parliament.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the roles of the President as constitutional head and the cabinet as the real power, along with the principle of collective responsibility to the legislature.

 

Question 5. What elements of the unitary government are mentioned in the Indian constitution?
Answer: The makers of the Indian constitution wanted to keep the country united. So, they made the central government strong, and the constitution includes these features that lean towards a unitary system (where the central government has more power):
1. There is only one constitution for both the central government and all the states in India.
2. India has a fair and independent judicial system.
3. The constitution is the highest law, above all others.
4. All citizens have single citizenship, meaning they are citizens of India, not separate states.
5. Parliament has the power to change the boundaries or names of states.
6. The central government can make laws on subjects not listed anywhere else (residual subjects).
In simple words: Even though India is federal, it has unitary features like one constitution for all, an independent judiciary, supreme constitution, single citizenship, Parliament's power to change states, and central government's power over leftover subjects.

🎯 Exam Tip: While India is a federal country, it's important to recognize these unitary elements that ensure a strong central government and national unity.

 

Question 6. What provisions have been done to achieve the goal of judicial freedom in India?
Or
Write a short note on the independence of judiciary in India.
Answer: To ensure judicial independence and achieve the goal of judicial freedom in India, several provisions have been made:
1. Appointment Process: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President, ensuring a non-political process.
2. Security of Tenure: Judges can only be removed through a difficult impeachment process passed by Parliament, protecting them from arbitrary dismissal.
3. Judicial Review: The judiciary has the power to examine laws made by the legislature and orders given by the executive. If these are found to violate the constitution, the judiciary can declare them unconstitutional.
4. Protection of Fundamental Rights: Under Article 32, the judiciary can issue various writs (like Habeas Corpus and Quo Warranto) to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, reinforcing its role as a protector of individual liberties.
In simple words: To make sure judges are free to make fair decisions, they are appointed by the President, can only be removed with a big process, can check if laws are constitutional, and protect people's rights using special court orders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the mechanisms that ensure judicial independence, such as appointment procedures, tenure security, and judicial review, is vital for questions on governance.

 

Question 7. How is harmony between judicial review and Parliamentary supremacy maintained?
Answer: The Indian constitution balances judicial review (the judiciary's power to check laws) and parliamentary supremacy (Parliament's law-making power) by taking a middle approach:
1. Parliament is Supreme: Parliament has been given the highest power to make laws within its constitutional limits.
2. Judiciary's Interpretive Role: The judiciary helps control Parliament by having the right to interpret the constitution's provisions.
3. Judicial Review Power: The Supreme Court can declare any law passed by Parliament as unconstitutional if it goes against the core spirit of the constitution.
4. Judicial Activism: In recent years, the judiciary has become more influential through judicial activism, taking a proactive role in ensuring justice and constitutional principles are upheld.
In simple words: India's constitution balances Parliament's power to make laws with the courts' power to check them. Parliament is top, but courts can interpret laws and declare them unconstitutional if they don't follow the constitution's main idea. Judges have also become more active in ensuring justice.

🎯 Exam Tip: The balance between judicial review and parliamentary supremacy is a dynamic feature of India's constitutional framework, ensuring neither branch becomes all-powerful.

 

Question 8. "India is a Sovereign socialist secular democratic republic." Explain it
Answer: The statement "India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic" describes the core nature of the Indian state, as explained below:
1. Sovereign State: India is an independent country. It has full authority over its internal and external matters and is not controlled by any outside power.
2. Secular State: India is a secular nation where all religions are treated equally. The state does not favor any particular religion, and no citizen faces discrimination based on their faith.
3. Socialist State: In India, every citizen has equal rights to the resources and wealth of the society. This means the government works to reduce inequalities and ensure a fair distribution of resources.
4. Democratic System: India has a democratic government. This means the government is formed by representatives chosen by the people through elections.
5. Republic State: India is a republic. Its head of state, the President, is not chosen through inheritance (like a king) but is elected indirectly by the people.
In simple words: India is sovereign (independent), socialist (fair wealth sharing), secular (all religions equal), democratic (people elect leaders), and a republic (elected head of state).

🎯 Exam Tip: This comprehensive explanation of the Preamble's keywords is fundamental to understanding India's constitutional values. Remember to define each term clearly.

 

Question. Explain in detail the Preamble of the constitution of india.
Answer: The Preamble is an introduction found at the beginning of every constitution. It outlines the core goals and values of the constitution. Its purpose is to clearly state the ideas and objectives, ensuring they are remembered and followed when the constitution is put into practice.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution states:
"WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."
(The terms 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' were added to this Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976.)

The main elements of the Preamble can be explained as follows:
I. "We the People"
These words in the Preamble mean three important things:

• The ultimate power in India rests with its people.
• The constitution was created by representatives chosen by the people of India.
• The Indian constitution is a reflection of the will and desires of the people.

II. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
These words are the foundational pillars of India's Preamble. Their meanings are:

• Sovereign: India is an independent country. It is not under the control of any foreign power when making decisions about its internal affairs or international relations.
• Democratic: This means that the state's supreme power is used by elected representatives who are accountable to the citizens.
• Republic: This signifies that the head of the state (the President) is not a hereditary ruler but an elected representative.

III. Social, Economic, and Political Justice
These words in the Preamble outline the constitution's goals regarding justice:

• Social justice ensures that all citizens enjoy equality without any discrimination based on religion, caste, gender, or ethnicity.
• To achieve economic justice, states are asked to create policies that help all citizens secure ways to earn a living.
• All citizens have equal opportunities and freedom to participate in political activities.

IV. Freedom, Equality, and Fraternity
These are fundamental ideals promoted by the constitution:

• Freedom: The Indian constitution grants freedom of speech, belief, faith, and worship to its citizens.
• Equality: All citizens are provided with equal opportunities and self-respect.
• Fraternity: The Preamble pledges to ensure unity and integrity and to increase the feeling of brotherhood among all citizens.

V. Self-respect of the Individual and Unity of the Nation
The constitution-makers understood India's diverse nature. They wanted citizens to focus on national unity instead of regional, linguistic, or communal differences. Thus, the ideal of fraternity is based on:

• The unity of India.
• The self-respect of each individual.

In simple words: The Preamble is like the constitution's summary. It says India is independent (Sovereign), wants fair wealth distribution (Socialist), treats all religions equally (Secular), lets people choose leaders (Democratic), and has an elected head (Republic). It promises justice for everyone (social, economic, political), freedom to think and believe, equal chances, and brotherhood. It also aims to respect each person and keep India united.

🎯 Exam Tip: The Preamble is often called the "soul" of the constitution. Memorizing its key terms and understanding their implications is vital for descriptive answers.