RBSE Solutions Class 12 History Chapter 7 Rajasthan’s War of Independence and Unification

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 7 Rajasthan's War of Independence and Unification Textual Questions

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. From where did the revolt of 1857 begin in Rajasthan?
(a) Naseerabad
(b) Neemuch
(c) Mewar
(d) Marwada
Answer: (a) Naseerabad
In simple words: The 1857 revolt in Rajasthan started from Naseerabad.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific starting point of the 1857 revolt in Rajasthan, as it's a key historical fact.

Question 2. Who is connected with Aiwa?
(b) Kushal Singh
Answer: (b) Kushal Singh
In simple words: Kushal Singh is linked to Aiwa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key historical figures with their relevant places or movements for easy recall.

Question 3. Who was the leader at the helm of affairs of Bijolia farmers' movement?
(a) Nayanu Ram Sharma
(b) Hari B. Upadhyaya
(c) Vijay Singh Pathik
(d) Jamuna Lal
Answer: (c) Vijay Singh Pathik
In simple words: Vijay Singh Pathik led the farmers' movement in Bijolia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the prominent leaders and their associated movements, as this helps in understanding social reforms.

Question 4. Who wrote the warning?
(a) Pratap Singh Barhat
(b) Zorawar S. Barhat
(c) Bharat Singh Barhat
(d) Kesari Singh Barhat.
Answer: (d) Kesari Singh Barhat.
In simple words: Kesari Singh Barhat was the writer of 'the warning'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Important literary works and their authors are frequently asked, especially when related to historical movements.

Question 5. What was constructed in the first phase of unification of Rajasthan?
(a) Matsya confederation
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Greater Rajasthan
(d) Mewar
Answer: (a) Matsya confederation
In simple words: The Matsya confederation was the first step in forming unified Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the stages of unification and key events in each stage is vital for history exams.

Question 6. Mahabharata era region was related with
(a) Greater Rajasthan
(b) United Rajasthan
(c) Sirohi
(d) Mewar
Answer: (d) Mewar
In simple words: The Mewar region had connections to the Mahabharata period.

🎯 Exam Tip: Historical geography and the ancient names of regions are often important for context.

Question 7. The capital of greater Rajasthan was
(a) Udaipri
(b) Jaipur
(c) Jodhpur
(d) Kota
Answer: (b) Jaipur
In simple words: Jaipur was made the capital of Greater Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the capitals formed during different phases of state unification is a common question.

Question 8. The leadership of Sirohi's merger with Rajasthan was led as a movement by:
(a) Gosul Bhai Bhatt
(b) M. L. Verma
(c) J. N. Vyas
(d) H. B. Upadhyaya.
Answer: (a) Gosul Bhai Bhatt
In simple words: Gosul Bhai Bhatt led the movement for Sirohi to join Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific leaders involved in the integration of different princely states.

Question 9. The first governor of Rajasthan was:
(a) N. V. Gadgil
(b) H. L. Shastri
(c) Gurumukh N. Singh
(d) M. L. Verma
Answer: (c) Gurumukh N. Singh
In simple words: Gurumukh N. Singh was the first governor of Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key appointments and first office-holders after state formation are important facts to remember.

RBSE Class 12 History Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. With which district is the Neemuchana controversy associated?
Answer: The Neemuchana controversy is linked to the Alwar district. In this state, public awareness began with the farmers' movement.
In simple words: The Neemuchana controversy happened in Alwar district, starting from a farmers' protest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific region or district connected to significant historical events and movements.

Question 3. Write the name of Akki movement's founder.
Answer: Motilal Tejawat founded the Akki movement. This movement was a tribal movement.
In simple words: Motilal Tejawat started the Akki movement, which was for tribal people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always associate the founder with the movement, especially for social or political reforms.

Question 4. Name the leaders who gave an impetus to the leadership of Mewar Praja Mandal?
Answer: The leaders who boosted the Mewar Praja Mandal's leadership were M. L. Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta.
In simple words: M. L. Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta helped lead the Mewar Praja Mandal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering key figures behind regional political organizations helps in understanding their impact.

Question 5. Which region was chosen by Arjun Lal Sethi, J. L. Bajaj for their work sphere?
Answer: A. L. Sethi and J. L. Bajaj chose Jaipur Praja Mandal as their main area of work.
In simple words: Arjun Lal Sethi and J. L. Bajaj decided to focus their efforts on the Jaipur Praja Mandal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific areas or organizations where important leaders focused their efforts.

Question 6. In how many phases did the unification take place?
Answer: Rajasthan's unification was completed in 7 stages:
1. Matsya federation
2. United Rajasthan
3. Inclusion of Mewar
4. Greater Rajasthan
5. Matsya federation included for greater Rajasthan
6. Merger of Sirohi
7. The merger of Ajmer Merwada.
In simple words: Rajasthan became one state through seven steps, starting with the Matsya federation and ending with the merger of Ajmer Merwada.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the number of phases and the key event or name of each phase in the unification process.

Question 7. Who was the Prime Minister of greater Rajasthan?
Answer: Hira Lal Shastri was the Prime Minister of Greater Rajasthan. He took office on April 4, 1950.
In simple words: Hira Lal Shastri became the Prime Minister of Greater Rajasthan in April 1950.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the first office-holders for each major phase of Rajasthan's unification.

Question 9. On which date is Rajasthan day celebrated?
Answer: Rajasthan Day is celebrated every year on March 30th.
In simple words: Rajasthan Day is celebrated on March 30th each year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Important dates like state formation days are crucial for general knowledge and history exams.

RBSE Class 12 History Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What were the reasons of Awareness in Rajasthan?
Answer: Public awareness in Rajasthan grew for several reasons:
The main reason was the influence of Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He was the first social reformer to promote local products and self-rule. Newspapers and literature also played a big role, with 'Rajputana Gazette', 'Rajasthan Kesari', and 'Naveen Rajasthan' being important papers. The middle class, including educators, lawyers like Jai Narayan Vyas, and journalists like Master Bhola Nath, also contributed significantly. Soldiers who fought in World War I shared their experiences, introducing nationalistic ideas. The influence of external events and national leaders further boosted public awareness.
In simple words: Swami Dayanand Saraswati, newspapers, the middle class, soldiers' experiences from World War I, and national leaders all helped spread awareness in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing reasons for awareness, categorize them (e.g., social reformers, media, social groups, external factors) for a comprehensive answer.

Question 2. With respect to Kota, write in your own words about the agony and resentment of the people against the British.
Answer: The 1857 revolt largely stemmed from public anger against the British and their oppressive rulers. Six main army camps were notable: Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Kota, Erinpura, and Kherwada. The revolt from Neemuch reached Kota via Devli. Revolutionaries forced 60 soldiers from the Kota regiment to join them from Devli, though some managed to escape. On October 15, Kota's Maharao Bhim Singh's two army units rebelled. Resident Burton was killed, the Maharao was held captive, and revolutionaries took control of Kota. The Maharao's advocate, Jai Dayal Bhatnagar, played a key role in organizing this public uprising.
In simple words: People in Kota were angry with the British because of their harsh rule, leading to the 1857 revolt. Two army units rebelled, killing Resident Burton and taking control of Kota, with support from key local figures.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail specific incidents and key figures involved in regional revolts to illustrate the intensity of public resentment against British rule.

Question 4. Write the names of the martyr sons of one family.
Answer: The three revolutionary martyrs from one family were Kesari Singh Barhat, Pratap Singh Barhat, and Zorawar Singh Barhat. Kesari Singh Barhat supported Hindi and inspired children to get education in local schools. Pratap Singh Barhat followed his father, Kesari Singh, and also became a martyr. During the movement, he suffered severe torture but remained firm, even laying down his life. Zorawar Singh also made a great sacrifice; he was so brave that he threw a bomb at Viceroy Harding during a procession in Delhi.
In simple words: Kesari Singh Barhat, Pratap Singh Barhat, and Zorawar Singh Barhat were three brothers from the same family who became martyrs for the revolution. They fought for Hindi education, followed their father's path, and even threw a bomb at the Viceroy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing martyrs from a family, highlight their individual contributions and shared dedication to the cause.

Question 5. In which manner had Govind Guru worked for the awareness of tribals?
Answer: Govind Guru was a significant social reformer who promoted the social and moral upliftment of the Bhil tribe. He founded the 'Sump Sabha' to ensure they remained within the Hindu faith and also established the 'Bhagat Panth'. Through the Sump Sabha, social awareness spread among the Bhils in Mewar, Dungarpur, Edar, Gujarat, Vijaynagar, and Malwa. However, this worried the native rulers and the British, who then forced the Bhils to abandon the Bhagat Panth. This period also saw a decline in alcohol consumption, which led to losses for the excise department. Although the Bhils didn't have strong political goals, their unity challenged British rulers, and this fostered political consciousness among them.
In simple words: Govind Guru helped tribals, especially the Bhils, by starting 'Sump Sabha' and 'Bhagat Panth' to improve their social and moral life. His work made them aware and united, which worried the rulers and the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the work of social reformers, mention the organizations they founded and the specific communities they aimed to uplift.

Question 6. Clarify the amalgamation process of the princely states into greater Rajasthan?
Answer: Alwar, Dholpur, Karoli, and Bharatpur shared geographical, cultural, and economic similarities. The Matsya federation was formed, with an annual income of Rs 2 crore. Dholpur's king, Uday Bhan Singh, became the royal head, and a council of ministers was formed. Shobha Ram of Alwar was appointed Prime Minister, with one representative from each of the four states in the council. This shows how states were merged based on shared characteristics and through structured political appointments.
In simple words: States like Alwar, Dholpur, Karoli, and Bharatpur were grouped into the Matsya federation because they were similar. They formed a new government with a king and a prime minister from these states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the amalgamation process by highlighting the criteria for grouping states (e.g., geographical, cultural) and the administrative structure formed after the merger.

Question 7. How was Sirohi combined in Rajasthan?
Answer: On April 10, 1948, Hiralal Shastri wrote to Sardar Patel, emphasizing that Sirohi was vital for Rajasthan, largely due to Gokul Bhai. Workers from Rajasthan met Pt. Nehru to convey the public's sentiments. In January 1950, 304 square miles of Sirohi, including 89 villages, were merged with Gujarat. The remaining part of Sirohi was then added to Rajasthan. This was a complex process influenced by local sentiment and political negotiations.
In simple words: Sirohi was joined with Rajasthan after leaders like Hiralal Shastri and Pt. Nehru discussed its importance, especially because of Gokul Bhai. Some of Sirohi went to Gujarat first, and then the rest joined Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the merger of specific states, mention the key political figures, any special considerations (like a region being split), and the final outcome.

Question 8. What terms were kept by the king of Mewar for the amalgamation with greater Rajasthan?
Answer: Three days after Greater Rajasthan was formed, discussions began about Mewar's merger. Sir Murthi informed the Indian government about the king's three main conditions:
1. The Maharana should be made the hereditary royal head of Greater Rajasthan.
2. He should receive Rs 20 lakh in annual compensation.
3. Udaipur should be made the capital of Greater Rajasthan.
The estates department negotiated with the rulers of Greater Rajasthan to finalize Mewar's merger into United Rajasthan.
In simple words: The King of Mewar had three conditions to join Greater Rajasthan: he wanted to be the permanent head, get Rs 20 lakh every year, and make Udaipur the capital.

🎯 Exam Tip: For specific mergers, list the conditions or demands made by the princely states, as these reflect their historical status and power.

Question 9. When why was to estates secratiariat established?
Answer: India became independent on August 15, 1947, from British rule. The Indian Independence Act of 1947, under its 8th schedule, allowed British Indian provinces to choose whether to join India or Pakistan. If a province did not join either nation, it could remain independent. To prevent India from splitting into many small divisions and compromising its unity, the contemporary Indian government's political department was dissolved. On July 5, 1947, the Province Secretariat was established under Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel's leadership to manage the integration of states.
In simple words: India became free in 1947, and states could choose to join India, Pakistan, or stay independent. To keep India united and manage all these states, the Province Secretariat was set up on July 5, 1947, with Sardar Patel in charge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical context (post-independence challenges) and the purpose behind establishing key administrative bodies like the Province Secretariat.

Question 10. Explain briefly the Praja Mandal movement.
Answer: Nationalist awakening in Rajasthan was influenced by movements in British India. Farmers' movements began due to oppressive policies, causing unhappiness among the provincial people. Many unfair restrictions made life difficult. To solve these problems and raise political consciousness, Praja Mandals were formed in various provinces. In Jodhpur, Jai Narayan Vyas led the movement; in Bikaner, Kanhaiya Lal Dund; in Mewar, Manikya Lal Verma; in Kota, Nainu Ram Sharma; in Bundi, Pathik ji, and Ram Narayan Choudhary. In Jaipur, Arjun Lal Sethi, J. L. Bajaj, Hira Lal Shastri, and Pt. Hari Narayan Sharma led the movement in Alwar. Shri Ganesh Jagannath Das Adhikari in Bharatpur and Swami Shradhanand in Dholpur also led Praja Mandal movements. These organizations aimed for responsible government and to address public grievances, playing a vital role in India's freedom struggle.
In simple words: Praja Mandal movements started in Rajasthan because people were unhappy with unfair rules and high taxes. Leaders in different areas created these groups to demand better governance and to make people more politically aware.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining a broad movement like Praja Mandal, describe its origin, main objectives, and name key leaders from different regions to show its widespread impact.

RBSE Class 12 History Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Clarify the contribution of Vijay Singh Pathik in the success of Bijolia farmer movement?
Answer: Vijay Singh Pathik, whose real name was Bhoop Singh, was a key leader of the Bijolia farmer movement. He was born in Ghutaval village, Bulandshahr district. In 1907, Bhoop Singh met the famous revolutionary Ras Bihari Bose and Sachindra Sanyal, after which he started participating in revolutionary activities. Bose sent him to Thakur of Khalwa, Gopal Singh, to organize a revolt in Rajasthan. When the revolt plan failed, revolutionaries, including Bhoop Singh, were caught and imprisoned in Tatagarh fort. He later escaped, grew a beard, and changed his name to Vijay Pathik, a name he used for the rest of his life. He happened to meet Sita Ram, who recommended him to lead the Bijolia movement. Pathik's presence motivated the farmers. With support from Manikya Lal Verma and Sadhu an unknown place.
The Bijolia farmer movement gained national attention through newspapers. Pathik used a paper published from Kanpur to discuss the farmer movement, highlighting the oppression by feudal lords. Leaders like M. L. Verma and Sita Ram Dass were captured, but the farmers endured torture and continued their movement. Pathik sent a special thread (rakhi) to Ganesh Shankar Vidhyarthi, editor of the 'Pratap' newspaper, to build support. Mahatma Gandhi also heard about the movement and invited Pathikji to Mumbai for a Congress convention in 1918. Pathik met G.S. Vidhyarthi and attended the 1918 Congress convention in Mumbai. During this time, farmers continued to face suppression. The Rana ordered taxes to be collected only from cultivated land. This was a second success for the farmers.
In 1919, Pathik established the Rajasthan Sewa Mandal, with its office in Ajmer, to manage the Bijolia farmer movement. In December 1919, he attended the Amritsar Congress convention to raise the farmers' issues. Lokmanya Tilak proposed a resolution, supported by Kelkar. However, Madan Mohan Malviya believed the proposal couldn't be discussed as he didn't want to interfere in native states' matters. Malviya personally assured Pathikji that he would meet the Maharana to resolve the issue, bringing the Bijolia farmers' movement into the national spotlight. Pathikji aimed to elevate this movement to national importance through the Rajputana Medieval India Assembly. Under Bhavani Dayal ji's leadership, a commission was formed.
In 1920, Bijolia farmers attended the Congress convention in Nagpur and received Gandhiji's blessings. This was when the non-cooperation movement was widespread. The British government was concerned about the spread of the farmer movement to Begu, Parsoli, and other areas. The British government feared the Mewar farmers' movement would merge with the non-cooperation movement. M. J. J. Holland's efforts led to an agreement between farmers and landlords. This agreement canceled 35 cultivation costs and lowered taxes. The charges against farmers were dropped, and their panchayats were recognized. This marked the third victory for the Bijolia farmers.
However, the 1922 agreement yielded no results. The British Government only wanted farmers to distance themselves from the non-cooperation movement and didn't investigate the Bijolia movement after the non-cooperation movement ended. The feudal lords of Bijolia were also unwilling to implement the agreement. In 1922, Pathikji's efforts led to an agreement between farmers and the administration. Pathikji had led the movement, for which he was imprisoned for 3 years. After his release, he was exiled from Mewar but continued to guide the farmer panchayat of Fusria village in Gwalior state, which bordered Bijolia.
In 1927, the Bijolia movement faced a decision to abandon taxed lands and stop cultivation. Pathikji likely misjudged the political situation, making this decision seem faulty. For the moral and legal responsibility, Pathikji refused to mediate in the farmers' panchayat. The farmers' trust in Pathikji was broken, and leadership of the Bijolia farmer movement was transferred to Hari B. Upadhyaya. Ultimately, this movement created new awareness not only in Mewar but also in other parts of Rajasthan.
In simple words: Vijay Singh Pathik, originally Bhoop Singh, was a brave leader who fought for the Bijolia farmers. He escaped jail, changed his name, and then took charge of the farmer's movement. He used newspapers to spread awareness and got support from national leaders like Gandhi. He helped farmers get fairer taxes and their demands recognized. Even after being jailed and exiled, his efforts sparked new awareness in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: For essay questions on historical figures, structure your answer chronologically, highlighting their origins, key contributions, challenges faced, and the long-term impact of their work.

Question 3. Where were the centres of revolt in Rajasthan? What was the result?
Answer: The 1857 War of Independence spread to Rajasthan, greatly alarming the British government. There were six main army cantonments in Rajasthan: Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Kota, Erinpura, and Kherwada.
The main centres of revolt in Rajasthan were:
(1) Naseerabad: News of opposition angered the soldiers, leading to unrest in Naseerabad. The soldiers revolted, but the Mumbai lancers fired on them, while the light Grenadier company refused to fire. Brigadier Machael had to leave with European friends. Colonel Penny, the core commander, died due to panic. Two other British officers died, and two were injured. Naseerabad fell into the hands of the revolutionaries, who then destroyed the cantonment and marched towards Delhi. Lieutenant Matter and Hathcoat, leading 1000 Mewar soldiers, pursued the revolutionaries but couldn't catch them, likely because feudal lords of Mewar and Marwar allowed agitators to pass through their states, showing leniency towards them.
Dissatisfaction in soldiers again: On June 12, 1857, European soldiers from Orissa reached Naseerabad, and on July 10, 1857, the Governor-General sent this batch to Neemuch. This caused more dissatisfaction among Naseerabad-based soldiers. The 12th native infantry soldiers were enthusiastic but quickly disarmed. On August 10, 1857, Mumbai Cavalry soldiers refused to kill their commander. The British government took harsh action, killing one soldier, hanging others, and disarming the remaining Indian soldiers. This quickly suppressed the revolt in Naseerabad before it could spread further.
The Neemuch Revolution: Neemuch was the second major center of revolt. On June 2, Colonel Abbot made Hindu and Muslim soldiers pledge loyalty to British rule using the Ganga water and Quran. Colonel Abbot himself swore an oath with the Bible to secure full support from his soldiers. However, on June 3, 1857, news of the Naseerabad revolt reached Neemuch, and the revolt erupted at 11 p.m. that evening. On June 5, revolutionaries moved to Agra and then Delhi. They freed prisoners in Agra and looted Rs 1 lakh 26 thousand from the government treasury. The Agra market remained safe. The Neemuch revolutionaries reached Delhi and set the cantonment on fire. It is believed that the Delhi Cantonment was already empty, and British officers were sent to Jahaazpur near Mewar. The revolutionaries forced 60 Delhi cantonment personnel to join them. Attacks by revolutionaries increased in Malwa, Mhow, Salumbar, and other places. The situation in Kharwada and Salumbar near Udaipur became so critical that Captain Shauney considered these areas unsafe. On August 12, 1857, Colonel Jackson, second cavalry commander, called European soldiers in Neemuch based on information about an agitated Indian army and a plan to eliminate all European officers. This enraged the Indian soldiers in Neemuch. During this excitement, one European soldier was killed, two were injured, and Lieutenant Will was wounded by a European's gun. The soldiers refused to obey Colonel Jackson's orders, and European officials also passed orders to curb the Neemuch revolutionaries by calling for more soldiers.
Auwa (Marwad) Fort and Thakur Kushal Singh's leadership: In August 1857, the revolution's flames spread across the state. On August 21, Jodhpur soldiers in Ellenpura revolted, refusing to obey their superiors. Lieutenant Karmoli was pressured to join the revolutionaries but was released after three days. Bhil soldiers also sided with the revolutionaries and refused to support the British. They captured many British citizens and families, releasing them later. Auwa's Thakur Kushal Singh began supporting the revolutionaries, partly due to his strained relations with the Jodhpur Maharaja. He sought to benefit from the opportunity. Even Lieutenant Heathcoat, sent by Governor General Lawrence, barely escaped with his wealth looted. General Lawrence decided to march to Auwa, forming an armed battalion near Beawar on September 18. British soldiers unsuccessfully attacked Auwa under his leadership. The revolting soldiers not only foiled the attack but also killed many British officers, including Jodhpur's political agent, Mike Mason, and a European official. Revolutionaries beheaded Mike Mason, symbolizing their success. General Lawrence retreated to Ajmer, his defeat taken seriously by the British government, fearing its impact on Rajasthan. The British ordered the suppression of the Auwa Thakur at all costs. Revolutionaries like Kisaldar Abdul Ali Abbas Ali Khan, Sheikh Mohd. Baksh, and Hindu-Muslim soldiers urged people in Marwar and Mewar to help. Thakur Kushal Singh secured support from Mewar's largest landlord, Thakur Sammad Singh, and other Marwar landlords. On October 9, 1857, Thakurs from Aasop, Pulniari, Tulgiri, Bhogara, Jodh, Banto, and Prem Singh from Banswara left for Delhi to seek support from the Delhi government. Thakur Sammad Singh also sided with these friendly landlords. In January 1858, Bombay soldiers arrived in Naseerabad to support the British. On the way, they attacked and destroyed the fort handed to the Thakur of Sirohi for his services. On January 19, 1958, this group reached Auwa. Major Morrison, Jaipur's British political agent, arrived to support them, while Colonel Holmes led the Bombay native infantry to Auwa.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt in Rajasthan started from places like Naseerabad, Neemuch, and Auwa. In Naseerabad, soldiers rebelled and attacked the cantonment, but the British quickly put it down. In Neemuch, soldiers also rose up after hearing about Naseerabad, destroying the cantonment and moving to Delhi. At Auwa, Thakur Kushal Singh led the rebels, even killing a British political agent, showing strong resistance. These revolts caused great concern for the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: For comprehensive questions on revolts, detail each center of rebellion, specific events, key figures involved, and the British response, as this showcases a complete understanding.

Question 3. Where were the centres of revolt in Rajasthan ? What was the result ?
Answer: The revolt in Rajasthan saw many significant events and centers. Lieutenant Heathcoat, a British agent, struggled to escape from Rajasthan, and revolutionaries looted all his wealth. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, General Lawrence led an armed battalion towards Auwa on September 18, but their attack failed.
The revolutionary soldiers not only prevented the British attack but also killed many British officers, including Mike Mason, the Jodhpur-based political agent. Mason was beheaded in the fort, symbolizing the revolutionaries' victory. General Lawrence had to retreat, and the British government ordered the suppression of the Auwa Thakur at all costs.
Revolutionaries like Kisaldar Abdul Ali Abbas Ali Khan and Sheikh Mohd. Baksh, along with Hindu and Muslim soldiers, urged the people of Marwar and Mewar to provide support. Thakur Kushal Singh secured an agreement from Thakur Sammad Singh and other major landlords of Mewar for assistance. On October 9, 1857, Thakur Chand Singh of Aasop and others left for Delhi to seek support from the Delhi government.
In January 1858, a group of Bombay soldiers arrived in Naseerabad to support the British. On their way, they attacked and destroyed the fort that had been handed over to the Thakur of Sirohi. By January 19, 1858, this group reached Auwa. To support them, Jaipur's British political agent Major Morrison and Colonel Holmes also arrived in Auwa with the Bombay native infantry.
On January 24, 1858, British soldiers captured Auwa, destroying the Auwa Thakur's native place. Many unarmed citizens were killed, and their bodies were found in the lanes. The British army also suffered heavy losses, with at least ten soldiers wounded, and committed terrible atrocities in Auwa.
The terror spread, and villages like Bertha, Bhimaliye, and Lambiya were destroyed as the British army advanced towards Naseerabad. On September 15, 1857, Major Burton was ordered to become the British political agent in Kota. He was to be brought from Neemuch along with Kota Maharao's advocate. On October 5, Major Burton, accompanied by his two sons, left for Kota.
On October 12, Major Burton arrived in Kota and met the Kota Maharao. During their discussions, the political agent reportedly asked the Maharao to dismiss his chief associates. However, on October 15, the two ministers of Kota Maharao revolted against the British. Major Burton, his two sons, an assistant surgeon, and a native Christian doctor were all killed. Burton was beheaded, and revolutionaries paraded his head. This public movement was supported by common people, with Jaidev Mathur and Mehrab Khan playing key roles. The revolutionaries maintained control of Kota for five months.
Anti-British sentiment was high in states like Jaipur, Tonk, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, and Dungarpur. The army of Bharatpur, along with Gujjars and other communities, openly participated in the revolt. The people of Jaipur showed their displeasure by shouting anti-British slogans at British soldiers. The Nawab of Tonk refused to pay taxes and left for Delhi.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt in Rajasthan saw major centers like Auwa and Kota. Leaders like Thakur Kushal Singh fought bravely against the British, who suffered losses and committed atrocities. Key British figures like Mike Mason and Major Burton were killed. The revolutionaries received support from some local leaders and communities, while anti-British feelings spread widely across several states.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining major historical revolts, always include key locations, leaders, specific incidents of conflict, and the impact on both sides.

Question 4. Explain the stages of unification of Rajasthan.
Answer: The Indian government's provincial department decided to unite all provinces into a single state called Rajasthan. This complex task required careful planning, vision, and patience, and it was completed in several stages.

**First Stage: Matsya Organisation**
This organization was named after the Matsya kingdom from the Mahabharata era. Documents were signed on February 28, 1948, and the central minister A.V. Gadgil inaugurated it on March 18, 1948. Matsya had a population of 18 lakh and an annual income of Rs. 2 crore. The Maharaja of Dholpur, Uday Bhan Singh, was appointed as the supreme head, and a Council of Ministers was formed. Shobha Ram of Alwar became the Prime Minister, and one representative from each of the four states (Bharatpur, Alwar, Dholpur, and Karoli) formed the Council of Ministers.

**Second Stage: United Rajasthan**
This stage included Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Banswara, Pratapgarh, and Shahpura. The rulers of Kota, Jhalawar, and Dungarpur formed a 'Hadoti organization' and agreed to integration in Delhi on March 3, 1948. Shahpur and Kishangarh also joined. United Rajasthan comprised nine states: Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Shantipura, and Tonk. Its area was 16,807 sq. miles, with a population of 23.5 lakh and an annual income of Rs. 1.90 crore. Mewar initially resisted merger due to its long-standing independent identity. However, the Bundi Maharao agreed to Kota Maharaj becoming the supreme head of United Rajasthan. A brief constitution was prepared, and it was inaugurated on March 25, 1948.

**Third Stage: Mewar Merges with United Rajasthan**
Mewar's initial refusal to join sparked a quick revolt. M.L. Verma, a leader of the Mewar Praja Mandal, argued that the Maharana alone could not decide the fate of 20 lakh people. The Maharana eventually changed his stance and agreed to merge. He sent this decision to the Indian government on March 23, 1948, requesting the inauguration on March 25. Three days after United Rajasthan's inauguration, discussions for Mewar's merger began. Sir Rama Murthi conveyed three main demands: the Maharana as hereditary supreme head, an annual allowance of Rs. 20 lakh, and Udaipur as the capital. The provincial department agreed. It was decided that the post of life-long supreme head would be closed after the Maharana's death. Udaipur became the capital, but an annual session of the Vidhan Sabha would be held elsewhere. Prime Minister M.L. Verma, with advice from Pt. Nehru and Sardar Patel, formed a Council of Ministers. This completed the third stage of Rajasthan's unification.

**Fourth Stage: Greater Rajasthan Formation**
With Mewar's merger, the unification of other states became easier. Public opinion in Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer strongly favored merger. These border states, connected to Pakistan, feared aggression. Dr. J.P. Narayan, at a public gathering on November 9, 1948, demanded the creation of Greater Rajasthan, and an All-India Rajasthan movement committee was formed. V.P. Menon negotiated with Jaipur Maharaja Sawai Man Singh, who agreed on the conditions that he would be the hereditary supreme head and Jaipur would be the capital. After receiving consent from Bikaner and Jodhpur, Sardar Patel declared the construction of Greater Rajasthan on January 14, 1949, in Udaipur. The Maharaja of Mewar was declared the life-long supreme king. The ruler of Jaipur was named the Royal King, while Jodhpur and Kota rulers became Senior Vice Royal Kings, and Bundi and Dungarpur rulers became Junior Vice Royal Kings. Sardar Patel inaugurated this new group on March 30, 1949, now celebrated as Rajasthan Day. Shri Hiralal Shastri took charge of the ministry on April 4, 1949, with a council of ministers representing various regions.
In simple words: Rajasthan was unified in four main stages. First, the Matsya Organisation combined smaller states. Then, United Rajasthan was formed by adding more areas. Next, Mewar, a historically important state, merged. Finally, Greater Rajasthan was created by including major states like Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Bikaner, making Jaipur the capital and marking Rajasthan Day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list each stage of unification with its key dates, names of leaders, and the states involved. Ensure you highlight how each stage contributed to the overall integration process.

Question 4. Write about the situation of provinces and their problems before the unification of Rajasthan.
Answer: India gained independence on August 15, 1947. According to the Indian Independence Act of 1947, provinces had the choice to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent. If provinces chose independence, India would have been fragmented into many small divisions, compromising its unity. To prevent this, a Provincial Secretariat was formed on July 5, 1947, under Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel's leadership.
The Indian government decided that only provinces with an annual income of Rs. 1 crore and a population of more than 10 lakh could maintain a separate identity. In Rajasthan, only Jodhpur, Jaipur, Udaipur, and Bikaner met these criteria.
Rajasthan's smaller provinces realized that remaining independent units was difficult due to historical reasons, lack of trust, and jealousy among their rulers. The main problems faced by Rajasthan's provinces were:
1. **Religious and Caste Issues:** After independence and partition, problems related to religious rights and caste issues emerged in areas like Alwar, Bharatpur, and Mewar.
2. **Jodhpur's Strategic Importance:** Jodhpur's location was critical, and its potential inclusion in Pakistan was a significant concern.
3. **Mewar's Resistance:** The Maharana of Mewar and the feudal lords were reluctant to merge due to their glorious historical traditions.
4. **Bikaner's Border Status:** Bikaner, being a border state, was strategically important for India. In the changing political landscape, the Mewar Maharana organized a summit of Rajasthan kings on June 25, 1946, to discuss forming a confederation, but rulers had differing opinions. The Maharana's plan did not succeed. Similarly, the ruler of Dungarpur tried to establish a 'Bhagat State' without success. The efforts of Jaipur and Kota rulers to form unions also failed.
Consequently, the Indian government's provincial department worked to combine all provinces to form United Rajasthan. This complex task required great intelligence, foresight, patience, and diplomacy, and it was completed with much caution.
In simple words: Before Rajasthan was unified, India had just become free. Provinces could choose to join India, Pakistan, or stay independent, which would have split India into many small parts. Only the richest and most populated states could stay independent. Smaller states had problems like religious issues, caste conflicts, and mistrust among rulers. Big states like Jodhpur worried about Pakistan, and Mewar rulers didn't want to lose their old traditions. So, the Indian government carefully worked to bring all these parts together into one Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the challenges and specific problems of the princely states during unification, such as financial viability, historical resistance, and geopolitical concerns.

Question 2. Rajasthan's Dungji and Jawaharji were extremely popular because :
(a) they were revolutionary leaders
(b) they were engaged in public welfare activities
(c) they looted British cantonments and wealth
(d) they did public welfare with looted treasury cash.
Answer: (b) they were engaged in public welfare activities
In simple words: Dungji and Jawaharji were very well-liked because they helped the public through various welfare activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating reasons for popularity, consider actions that directly benefited the common people or demonstrated strong leadership.

Question 3. In Rajasthan, the feudal lords, armed revolt was led by
(a) Sulumbar Samant
(b) Kothariya Samant
(c) Samant
(d) Auwa Samant
Answer: (d) Auwa Samant
In simple words: In Rajasthan, the armed uprising by feudal lords was led by Auwa Samant.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key figures and their roles in local revolts, as these often highlight regional resistance movements.

Question 4. In Rajasthan, the revolt of 1857 began from:
(a) Naseerabad
(b) Auwa
(c) Neemuch
(d) Mewar
Answer: (a) Naseerabad
In simple words: The 1857 revolt in Rajasthan started in Naseerabad.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the initial spark points of major historical events, as they are often direct recall questions.

Question 6. Who wrote Veer Satsai?
(a) Sagarmal Gopa
(b) Suryamal Mishra
(c) Sadhu Sitaram
(d) Jay Narayan Vyas
Answer: (b) Suryamal Mishra
In simple words: Suryamal Mishra was the author of the literary work called Veer Satsai.

🎯 Exam Tip: Linking authors to their works is a common type of question in history and literature exams.

Question 7. In Neemuch, the revolution began on
(a) 28th May 1857
(b) 30th June 1857
(c) 3 June 1857
(d) 3rd April 1857
Answer: (c) 3 June 1857
In simple words: The revolution in Neemuch started on June 3, 1857.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific dates for key events are important, especially for the start of revolts in different locations.

Question 8. The Rajasthan feudal lord who patronized Tatya Tope?
(a) Auwa's Thakur Kushal Singh
(b) Kathariya's Rawat Jodh Singh
(c) Aasop's Thakur Shivnath Singh
(d) Guler's Thakur Bishen Singh
Answer: (b) Kathariya's Rawat Jodh Singh
In simple words: Kathariya's Rawat Jodh Singh was a feudal lord in Rajasthan who supported Tatya Tope.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing which local leaders supported national figures during revolts helps illustrate the widespread nature of resistance.

Question 10. The political agent in Auwa who was eliminated, was
(a) Savel
(b) Major Burton
(c) Monk Masan
(d) Capt. Brook
Answer: (c) Monk Masan
In simple words: Monk Masan was the British political agent in Auwa who was killed during the revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key figures in specific events, especially those who were targeted, are often asked about in exams.

Question 11. The writer of Vansh Bashher is:
(a) Suryamal Mishra
(b) Shamral Dass
(c) Banshi Dass
(d) Dayal Dass
Answer: (c) Banshi Dass
In simple words: Banshi Dass is known as the writer of Vansh Bashher.

🎯 Exam Tip: Match important historical texts with their authors to score marks in general knowledge and history sections.

Question 12. During the revolt, the ruler of Mewar who helped Britishers was
(a) Swaroop Singh
(b) Man Singh
(c) Jaswant Singh
(d) None of the options
Answer: (a) Swaroop Singh
In simple words: Swaroop Singh was the ruler of Mewar who supported the British during the revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding who sided with the British and who opposed them is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of the revolt.

Question 13. The farmers' movement which was taken note of in England's House of Commons, was:
(a) Bijolia Farmer Movement
(b) Shekhwati Farmer Movement
(c) Sikar Farmer Movement
(d) Begu Farmer Movement
Answer: (a) Bijolia Farmer Movement
In simple words: The Bijolia Farmer Movement was a significant event that was even discussed in England's House of Commons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note down farmer movements that gained international attention, as they indicate their significant impact.

Question 15. In Mewar's Bhomat area the “Samp' Sabha was established by:
(a) Govind Guru
(b) Surji Bhagat
(c) Damodar Dass Rathi
(d) Kanihya Lal Verma
Answer: (a) Govind Guru
In simple words: Govind Guru founded the "Samp Sabha" in the Bhomat area of Mewar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link social reformers with the organizations they founded, especially those related to tribal welfare and awareness.

Question 16. In Rajasthan the farmer movement first began from :
(a) Bijolia
(b) Alwar
(c) Shekhawati
(d) Jaipur
Answer: (a) Bijolia
In simple words: The first farmer movement in Rajasthan started in Bijolia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the origins of major movements helps in understanding their historical progression.

Question 17. Through the medium of Akki movement the organisation of tribals was handled by :
(a) Vijay Singh Pathik
(b) Govind Guru
(c) Moti Lal Tejawat
(d) Balwant Singh
Answer: (c) Moti Lal Tejawat
In simple words: Moti Lal Tejawat led the Akki movement, which organized tribal communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate leaders with the specific movements they led, particularly those involving tribal communities.

Question 19. "Navjeevan” newspaper was published from:
(a) Jaipur
(b) Beawar
(c) Ajmer
(d) Udaipur
Answer: (d) Udaipur
In simple words: The "Navjeevan" newspaper was published from Udaipur.

🎯 Exam Tip: Newspapers played a key role in spreading awareness; remember the publication cities of important ones.

Question 20. 'Marwad Hitkarni Sabha' or 'Marwad Welfare Committee' was founded by:
(a) Jay Narayan Vyas
(b) Anand Raj Surana
(c) Kaisharharan
(d) Chandmal Surana
Answer: (d) Chandmal Surana
In simple words: Chandmal Surana established the 'Marwad Hitkarni Sabha', also known as the 'Marwad Welfare Committee'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect important organizations with their founders, as these are often direct knowledge questions.

Question 21. On 31 December 1945, All India National States People's Council's Seventh Convention was held in :
(a) Kota
(b) Udaipur
(c) Sirohi
(d) Mewar
Answer: (b) Udaipur
In simple words: The seventh meeting of the All India National States People's Council took place in Udaipur on December 31, 1945.

🎯 Exam Tip: Significant conventions and their locations are important historical facts to remember.

Question 23. Matsya Confederation's capital was :
(a) Alwar
(b) Bharatpur
(c) Dholpur
(d) Karoli
Answer: (a) Alwar
In simple words: Alwar served as the capital of the Matsya Confederation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Capitals of newly formed states or confederations are key details for unification history.

Question 23. (i) Join the sub – sets :
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, creating a mental or quick written table can help ensure accuracy and avoid mistakes.

Question 23. (ii) Join the words:
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to correctly associate leaders with their respective movements to demonstrate a clear understanding of historical roles.

Question 2. Who was the publisher of 'Rajasthan Kesari' newspaper ?
Answer: The publisher of the 'Rajasthan Kesari' newspaper was Vijay Singh Pathik. He used this newspaper to raise a voice against British policies.
In simple words: Vijay Singh Pathik published the 'Rajasthan Kesari' newspaper.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing key figures and their contributions to early journalism is important for understanding awareness movements.

Question 3. Which were the main newspapers in Rajasthan to raise voice in connection with independence revolt ?
Answer: In Rajasthan, the main newspapers that spoke out about the independence revolt were Navjyot, Navjeevan, and Jaipur Samachar. These papers helped spread news and awareness among the people.
In simple words: Navjyot, Navjeevan, and Jaipur Samachar were the main newspapers that voiced opinions during the independence revolt in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific newspapers that played a role in public awakening during historical movements.

Question 4. Who wrote Veer Satsai?
Answer: Veer Satsai was written by Suryamal Mishra. This literary work is significant for its patriotic themes.
In simple words: Suryamal Mishra wrote the book called Veer Satsai.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important literary works and their authors to demonstrate broad historical knowledge.

Question 5. Where did British authorities run away after the revolt of Naseerabad ?
Answer: After the revolt in Naseerabad, the British authorities fled to Neemuch. They sought safety there as the uprising spread.
In simple words: After the Naseerabad revolt, British officials escaped to Neemuch.

🎯 Exam Tip: Trace the movements of key figures during significant historical events to understand the immediate impact of conflicts.

Question 6. Which were the main centres of revolt in Rajasthan?.
Answer: The main centers of revolt in Rajasthan were Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Auwa, Kota, Erinpura, Salumbar, and Kotharia. These places saw significant uprisings against British rule.
In simple words: Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Auwa, Kota, Erinpura, Salumbar, and Kotharia were the main places where the revolt happened in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Make sure to list all major centers of a revolt to show a comprehensive understanding of its spread.

Question 7. Who was the ruler that helped or patronized Tatya Tope in Rajasthan ?
Answer: Tatya Tope was caught by deceit by Narwar's Rajput landlord Man Singh. This implies Man Singh was involved in his capture, not necessarily helping or patronizing him in a positive way for Tatya Tope.
In simple words: Tatya Tope was captured through the betrayal of Man Singh, a landlord from Narwar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to specific roles played by local rulers, whether in support or betrayal, during major historical conflicts.

Question 9. Which Mewar ruler helped Britishers during the revolt?
Answer: Mewar's Maharana Swaroop Singh helped the Britishers during the 1857 revolt. He gave them support when they needed it.
In simple words: Maharana Swaroop Singh of Mewar assisted the British during the revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about historical conflicts, identify the key figures and their allegiance (who helped whom) for full marks.

Question 10. What were the reasons of the revolt's failure in Rajasthan?
Answer: The main reasons for the revolt failing in Rajasthan were a lack of strong leadership among the rulers and a general imbalance or disunity. There was no clear, single leader to guide the movement effectively.
In simple words: The revolt failed in Rajasthan because there was no strong leader and people were not united.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that disunity and absence of a unified leader are common reasons for revolts to fail historically.

Question 11. What were the main reasons for the failure of Tatya Tope in Rajasthan?
Answer: Tatya Tope's efforts failed in Rajasthan mainly because the rulers of Rajasthan did not cooperate with him at all. His own loyalists or friends also betrayed him, which made it impossible for him to succeed.
In simple words: Tatya Tope failed in Rajasthan because local rulers did not help him, and some of his own people betrayed him.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the lack of local support and internal betrayal as key factors in Tatya Tope's failure.

Question 12. Where was the main centre of revolt against the Britishers and name the ruler who supported the revolutionaries?
Answer: The main centre of the revolt against the Britishers in Rajasthan was Auwa. The ruler of Auwa, Kushal Singh, gave important support to the revolutionaries fighting against the British.
In simple words: Auwa was the main place of revolt, and its ruler, Kushal Singh, helped the revolutionaries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify both the geographical center of the revolt and the key local leader involved.

Question 13. Who was the ruler before the 1857 revolt to first demonstrate anti-British sentiments?
Answer: Before the 1857 revolt, Man Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, was the first to show feelings against the British. He expressed his discontent early on.
In simple words: Jodhpur's ruler, Man Singh, showed his dislike for the British even before the 1857 revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the ruler's name and state that he expressed anti-British sentiments *before* the 1857 revolt to show a complete understanding.

Question 14. What was the reason of popularity of landlords of Bathade in Rajasthan namely Doong Singh and Jawahar
Answer: The landlords of Bathade in Rajasthan, Doong Singh and Jawahar, were popular because they fought against British rule and tried to free the common people from their oppression. They were seen as heroes who resisted the foreign power.
In simple words: Doong Singh and Jawahar were popular landlords who fought against the British and helped the local people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight their resistance against the British and their role in helping the common people to explain their popularity.

Question 15. Who was the British authority killed in Kota?
Answer: In Kota, the British political agent, Major Burton, was killed during the revolt. This was a significant event that showed the intensity of the uprising.
In simple words: Major Burton, a British officer in Kota, was killed during the revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the full name and designation of the British official killed to score well.

Question 16. Who was the ruler of Jaipur by whom the Britishers were helped in this revolt?
Answer: Ram Singh, the ruler of Jaipur, helped the Britishers during the revolt. He offered support and resources to the British forces.
In simple words: The ruler of Jaipur, Ram Singh, supported the British during the revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly name the ruler and the state, and state their alignment with the British.

Question 17. In which states of Rajasthan did the revolt of 1857 burst out in the form of army revolt?
Answer: The 1857 revolt began as an army uprising in Naseerabad and Neemuch within Rajasthan. These were key military cantonments where soldiers first rose up.
In simple words: The army revolted in Naseerabad and Neemuch in Rajasthan during 1857.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the two main military centers where the 1857 revolt started in Rajasthan.

Question 18. Which reasons led to the emotions for historian Charno Bhato to write songs in praise of Thakur of Auwa?
Answer: Historian Charno Bhato wrote songs praising Thakur of Auwa because of the Thakur's strong anti-British feelings and actions. His resistance inspired the historian to document his bravery.
In simple words: Charno Bhato wrote songs praising Thakur of Auwa because the Thakur bravely stood against the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the historian's praise directly to Thakur of Auwa's anti-British sentiments.

Question 19. Why did Mewar's Maharana send Mal Hakim Hamid Hussain to Bijolia?
Answer: Mewar's Maharana sent Mal Hakim Hamid Hussain to Bijolia because the local landlord there was collecting illegal taxes. The Maharana wanted to investigate these unfair practices.
In simple words: The Maharana sent Mal Hakim to Bijolia to check on illegal taxes collected by the landlord.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific reason for the envoy's visit: to investigate illegal taxation.

Question 20. Why did Vijay Singh Pathik lead the Bijolia farmers' movement?
Answer: Vijay Singh Pathik took leadership of the Bijolia farmers' movement because the farmers were suffering from very high taxes and unfair treatment. He saw their distress and decided to help them.
In simple words: Vijay Singh Pathik led the Bijolia farmers' movement because farmers were being exploited with high taxes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that Pathik led the movement specifically due to the farmers' oppression by excessive taxes.

Question 21. What do you understand by ‘Peewal' and 'Barani' land?
Answer: 'Peewal' land refers to land that is regularly irrigated and has access to water, making it suitable for farming. 'Barani' land, on the other hand, is rain-fed land that depends on rainfall for cultivation and is not irrigated.
In simple words: 'Peewal' is land with water for farming, while 'Barani' is dry land that relies on rain.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each term, highlighting the difference between irrigated and rain-fed land.

Question 23. Write the names of two main tribes of Rajasthan.
Answer: The two main tribes of Rajasthan are Bhils and Meena. These communities have a significant historical and cultural presence in the region.
In simple words: Bhils and Meena are the two main tribes in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: List both tribes accurately to answer the question completely.

Question 24. Write the names of main leaders of Bhil movement.
Answer: The main leaders of the Bhil movement were Govind Guru and Motilal Tejawat. They played key roles in organizing and guiding the Bhil community.
In simple words: Govind Guru and Motilal Tejawat were the main leaders of the Bhil movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the names of both leaders who spearheaded the Bhil movement.

Question 25. Which caste did the farmers of Bijolia belong to?
Answer: The farmers involved in the Bijolia movement mostly belonged to the 'Dhahad' caste. This caste group was prominent among the farming community in that region.
In simple words: The Bijolia farmers were from the 'Dhahad' caste.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the specific caste accurately as requested by the question.

Question 26. What was the purpose of Bijolia movement?
Answer: The main purpose of the Bijolia movement was for farmers to show their unhappiness with the landlords because of the very high taxes they were forced to pay. It was a protest against unfair exploitation.
In simple words: The Bijolia movement aimed to protest against landlords for their heavy taxes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that the movement was a protest against high taxes imposed by landlords.

Question 27. Who were the leaders of Dahad farmers through whom the plight of farmers was expressed in front of Udaipur Maharana?
Answer: Two leaders of the Dahad farmers, Nanaji Patel and Thakri Patel, were chosen to present the difficult situation of the farmers directly to the Maharana of Udaipur. They represented the farmers' grievances.
In simple words: Nanaji Patel and Thakri Patel spoke to the Udaipur Maharana about the Dahad farmers' problems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide both names as the leaders who conveyed the farmers' issues to the Maharana.

Question 28. What was the real name of Vijay Singh Pathik?
Answer: The real name of Vijay Singh Pathik was Bhoop Singh. He adopted the name Vijay Singh Pathik later in his life.
In simple words: Vijay Singh Pathik's original name was Bhoop Singh.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the original name of Vijay Singh Pathik.

Question 30. Which organisation was founded by Govind Guru to organise the Bhils?
Answer: Govind Guru founded the 'Samp Sabha' organization to unite and organize the Bhil people. This group aimed to improve their social and moral status.
In simple words: Govind Guru started the 'Samp Sabha' to bring the Bhils together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the name of the organization founded by Govind Guru for the Bhils.

Question 31. Write the names of leaders who spread national awareness by their matchless contribution to Bhils people.
Answer: Vijay Singh Pathik, Manikya Lal Verma, and Hari Bhau Upadhyaya were the key leaders who greatly helped spread national awareness among the Bhil people through their special contributions.
In simple words: Vijay Singh Pathik, Manikya Lal Verma, and Hari Bhau Upadhyaya were important leaders who made Bhils more aware.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all three prominent leaders known for their work in raising national consciousness among the Bhils.

Question 32. What was the main purpose of establishing 'Rajasthan Central India Assembly' in 1927 AD?
Answer: The main reason for establishing the Rajasthan Central India Assembly in 1927 AD was to introduce the people of Rajasthan to the activities and goals of the Indian National Congress. It aimed to connect local people with the broader national movement.
In simple words: The assembly was formed in 1927 to help people in Rajasthan learn about the Congress party's work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the assembly's goal of linking local populations with national Congress activities.

Question 33. Write the names of Rajasthan's branches of 'All India Nationalist State Public Council'.
Answer: In Rajasthan, the branches of the 'All India Nationalist State Public Council' were known by various names such as Praja Mandal, Praja Parishad, Lok Parishad, Public Council, People's Council, or Citizen Forum.
In simple words: The council's branches in Rajasthan had many names, like Praja Mandal or Citizen Forum.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention a few of the alternative names to show comprehensive knowledge.

Question 34. What was the objective of the first convention after the foundation of Praja Mandal or Citizen Forum in Mewar?
Answer: After the Praja Mandal or Citizen Forum was founded in Mewar, the first convention aimed to establish a popular government in the state. This meant having a government run by the people's representatives.
In simple words: The first meeting after forming the Praja Mandal in Mewar wanted to set up a government chosen by the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the establishment of a "popular government" as the key objective.

Question 35. Why was the Nationalist State Public Council founded?
Answer: The Nationalist State Public Council was founded to unite all provinces of India into a single unit and include them in the Indian Federation. This required great intelligence, foresight, patience, and careful diplomacy.
In simple words: The council was formed to bring all Indian provinces together and make them part of a united India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the goal of unifying princely states and integrating them into the Indian Federation.

Question 37. Where and in whose presidentship was 'Rajputana's Central India Assembly convention held?
Answer: The 'Rajputana Central India Assembly' convention was held in Ajmer and was presided over by Jamuna Lal Bajaj. This meeting was an important step in regional political activity.
In simple words: The assembly meeting was held in Ajmer, and Jamuna Lal Bajaj was its president.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide both the location and the name of the president for a complete answer.

Question 38. When and in whose presidentship did Kota state citizen council hold its first convention?
Answer: The Kota State Citizen Council held its first convention under the leadership of Naynu Ram Sharma in Mangrol. This meeting marked the beginning of organized political activity in Kota.
In simple words: The Kota citizen council had its first meeting in Mangrol, led by Naynu Ram Sharma.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include the leader's name and the location of the first convention.

Question 39. Where and by whom was the Bikaner Praja Mandal founded?
Answer: The Bikaner Praja Mandal was founded in Bikaner by Magaram Vaid. This organization aimed to promote political awareness and rights in the Bikaner state.
In simple words: Magaram Vaid founded the Bikaner Praja Mandal in Bikaner.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name both the founder and the place of establishment for this organization.

Question 40. Who was the Maharana of Mewar in 1911 AD during the Delhi Court?
Answer: Maharana Fateh Singh was the ruler of Mewar in 1911 AD during the Delhi Court. He held this position during a significant historical event.
In simple words: In 1911, Maharana Fateh Singh was the ruler of Mewar during the Delhi Court.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the Maharana's name accurately along with the year and event.

Question 41. Who were the group of representatives by whom 'Rajasthan Central Indian Assembly' was organised?
Answer: The 'Rajasthan Central Indian Assembly' was organized jointly by Seth Jamanlal Bajaj, Vijay Singh Pathik, and other representatives. They worked together to bring about political change.
In simple words: Seth Jamanlal Bajaj, Vijay Singh Pathik, and others together organized the 'Rajasthan Central Indian Assembly'.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the main organizers of the assembly to ensure a complete answer.

Question 42. Which two books were published under the guidance of 'Marwad Welfare Assembly'?
Answer: The two books published under the guidance of the 'Marwad Welfare Assembly' were 'Marwad ki Awastha' and 'Peshwa Ka Pratikar'. These books aimed to address the state of Marwad and its resistance.
In simple words: 'Marwad ki Awastha' and 'Peshwa Ka Pratikar' were the two books published by the 'Marwad Welfare Assembly'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately name both books to answer the question fully.

Question 44. Under whose presidentship on 30th December 1940, was the first political gathering of Citizen's Council held?
Answer: The first political gathering of the Citizen's Council on 30th December 1940 was held under the presidentship of Jaynarayan Vyas. This event marked a key moment in the region's political awakening.
In simple words: Jaynarayan Vyas was the president of the first Citizen's Council meeting in 1940.

🎯 Exam Tip: State both the date and the president's name for a precise answer.

Question 45. Who presided over the seventh convention of All India Nationalist State Public Council?
Answer: The seventh convention of the All India Nationalist State Public Council was presided over by Jawahar Lal Nehru. His leadership at this event was significant for the nationalist movement.
In simple words: Jawahar Lal Nehru led the seventh meeting of the All India Nationalist State Public Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Jawahar Lal Nehru presided over this particular convention.

Question 46. Whose leadership in Pratapgarh was meant for responsible council of ministers organisation?
Answer: In Pratapgarh, the responsible council of ministers was organized under the leadership of Professor Gokul Dass Auwa on 14 August 1947. This council aimed to establish a responsible government.
In simple words: Professor Gokul Dass Auwa led the formation of the council of ministers in Pratapgarh in 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the leader's full name and the date of the council's organization.

Question 47. What decision did All India Nationalist State Public Council take in connection with Rajasthan in September 1946 AD?
Answer: In September 1946 AD, the All India Nationalist State Public Council decided that United Rajasthan, as a single unit, must be included in the Indian Federation. This aimed for a unified and stronger India.
In simple words: In September 1946, the council decided that a united Rajasthan should join the Indian Federation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the decision for Rajasthan's unification and its inclusion in the Indian Federation.

Question 48. What was the demand of movement committee president Shri Ram Manohar Lohia?
Answer: Shri Ram Manohar Lohia, as the president of the movement committee, demanded that Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and the Matsya confederation be included in United Rajasthan and then converted into one strong unit of the Indian confederation. His vision was for greater integration.
In simple words: Shri Ram Manohar Lohia asked for many states and the Matsya confederation to join United Rajasthan, becoming one strong part of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the states and confederation mentioned in Lohia's demand for complete accuracy.

Question 50. What was the capital of greater Rajasthan?
Answer: Jaipur was declared the capital of Greater Rajasthan on 30th March 1949. This city became the administrative center for the newly formed state.
In simple words: On March 30, 1949, Jaipur became the capital of Greater Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: State both the capital city and the date of its declaration.

Question 51. Who is given the credit for unification of provinces?
Answer: Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel is widely credited for the unification of Indian provinces. His strong leadership and diplomatic skills played a crucial role in bringing various states together.
In simple words: Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel is recognized for uniting the provinces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel's significant role in the unification process.

Question 52. When and why is Rajasthan Day celebrated?
Answer: Rajasthan Day is celebrated on 30th March 1949 because this was the day when the formation of Greater Rajasthan was declared. This date marks a key step in the state's unification.
In simple words: Rajasthan Day is celebrated on March 30, 1949, because Greater Rajasthan was formed on this date.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide both the specific date and the historical event it commemorates.

Question 53. When and by which states' merger was the Matsya Confederation formed?
Answer: The Matsya Confederation was formed on 18 March 1948, through the merger of the states of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, and Karoli. These four princely states came together to form a larger administrative unit.
In simple words: The Matsya Confederation was formed on March 18, 1948, by joining Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, and Karoli.

🎯 Exam Tip: List all four states that merged to form the Matsya Confederation and the date of its formation.

Question 54. What was the capital of Matsya Confederation? Who was the Prime Minister?
Answer: The capital of the Matsya Confederation was 'Alwar'. Shri Shobha Ram was appointed as its Prime Minister. These were key administrative details for the newly formed confederation.
In simple words: Alwar was the capital of Matsya Confederation, and Shri Shobha Ram was its Prime Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Name both the capital and the Prime Minister of the Matsya Confederation.

Question 55. When did Mewar Maharana sign the merger letter?
Answer: The Mewar Maharana signed the merger letter on 11th April 1948. This was a crucial step in the integration of Mewar into the larger Rajasthan state.
In simple words: The Maharana of Mewar signed the merger document on April 11, 1948.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide the exact date when the Mewar Maharana signed the merger agreement.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain the main incidents of 1857 revolt in Rajasthan. ?
Answer: When the 1857 revolt began to spread, Patrick Lawrence was the agent to the Governor in Rajasthan. British residents were appointed in different states, including Captain C. L. Shovers in Udaipur, Captain William Edan in Jaipur, Captain Mark Mason in Jodhpur, Major Burton in Kota, and Major Nixon in Bharatpur. There were six main army camps in Rajasthan: Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Kota, Erinpura, and Kherwada. In Neemuch, soldiers from the Bengal native artillery, first Bengal cavalry, 72nd Bengal infantry, and seventh Gwalior infantry were posted. British platoons were also stationed in Devli and Kota. In Erinpura, Beawar, and Kherwada, the first Bengal cavalry with Bhil platoons was appointed. It was clear that during the revolt for independence, not a single European soldier was posted in the entire Rajasthan, which made the British government worried when the revolt began in 1857.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt spread across Rajasthan with many British officers in charge of different regions. Six main army camps existed, including Naseerabad and Neemuch, where the revolt started, worrying the British government.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key British officials, the six cantonments, and the early signs of British concern to explain the main incidents.

Question 2. What is the contribution of Damodar Dass Rathi in the 1857 revolt for independence?
Answer: Damodar Dass Rathi (1882-1918) was a respected revolutionary and freedom fighter from Rajasthan. He was an industrialist who became involved in revolutionary activities after meeting Rao Gopal Singh and Arvind Ghosh. He founded an Arya Samaj branch in Beawar and a Home Rule Movement. He also established a society for Sanatan religion and education. Rathi strongly supported Tilak's aggressive policies. His unique contribution was that he balanced social improvement and education with his revolutionary activities.
In simple words: Damodar Dass Rathi was a key revolutionary in Rajasthan, known for his industrial background, promoting social change, education, and aggressive nationalist policies against the British.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight Rathi's multi-faceted contributions, including his revolutionary links, social reform, and educational initiatives.

Question 3. Explain the contribution of Auwa's Kushal Singh in the revolt of 1857.
Answer: On January 19, 1858, under the leadership of Colonel Holmes, the Auwa fort was captured, and 124 villagers were taken prisoner. By January 28, 1858, Auwa was under British control. Despite this, Kushal Singh showed great courage during the revolt. However, due to a lack of proper cooperation and organization, the revolt in Auwa could not be pre-planned or fully successful. His resistance, though ultimately suppressed, symbolized strong local opposition to British rule.
In simple words: Kushal Singh of Auwa fought bravely in the 1857 revolt, but the fort was captured by the British. His efforts showed great courage despite poor organization and lack of success.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize Kushal Singh's bravery and resistance, while also mentioning the reasons for the revolt's eventual failure in Auwa.

Question 4. Give the details about the incidents of 1857 revolt related with the entry of Tatya Tope in Rajasthan.
Answer: Tatya Tope's journey through Rajasthan was a significant part of the 1857 revolt for independence. After failing in Gwalior, he traveled to Lalsoth and then to Tonk to seek help, where he received support from the local ruler's army. From Tonk, he moved to Salumbar, where Rawat of Salumbar assisted him. Tatya Tope then reached Hadoti and took control of Jhalrapatan. However, in September, he was defeated twice by the Britishers, which disheartened him, and he left Rajasthan. He returned to Rajasthan in December, passing through Vaswada and Salumbar via Bindar, reaching Tonk again in January 1858, and then visited Dausa and Sikar. The British soldiers defeated him once more and drove him out. Sadly, Tatya Tope was arrested in April 1859 due to the betrayal of Narwar landlord Man Singh and was subsequently hanged.
In simple words: Tatya Tope entered Rajasthan after Gwalior, seeking help in Tonk and Salumbar. He took control of Jhalrapatan but faced defeats and left. He returned later but was again defeated and finally caught and hanged in April 1859 due to betrayal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Trace Tatya Tope's movements in Rajasthan, highlighting key places, local support, British resistance, and the ultimate cause of his capture.

Question 5. Which policies were changed in native states by British government to stop the flow of revolt in Rajasthan?
Answer: The British rulers realized that the native rulers were important for their control over India, so they changed their policies to stop the spread of the revolt in Rajasthan. To keep the rulers happy, they ended the 'Doctrine of Lapse,' which allowed the British to take over states without a natural heir. They also started providing English education to the rulers and rewarded their services with titles and territories. This was done to build more trust and loyalty towards the British crown and promote Western civilization among them.
In simple words: The British changed policies by ending the 'Doctrine of Lapse,' offering English education, and giving rewards to native rulers. This was to gain their loyalty and stop the revolt.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the 'Doctrine of Lapse' and the rewards/education policy as key changes made by the British.

Question 6. What were the reasons for farmer movement in Rajasthan?
Answer: By the mid-20th century, the British started interfering more and gaining control over the native states in Rajasthan. This changed the old relationships between farmers and the government. Farmers suffered greatly from more economic exploitation due to excessive taxes and increased hardship. This dissatisfaction among the farmers ultimately led to the rise of farmer movements in Rajasthan, as they sought relief from their suffering.
In simple words: Farmer movements in Rajasthan started because the British interfered more, causing farmers to face high taxes and economic hardship, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on increased British interference, high taxes, and economic exploitation as the primary causes of farmer movements.

Question 7. Throw light on the Alwar farmer movement.
Answer: In Alwar state, public awareness began with the farmer's movement. The farmers started a movement because wild pigs were destroying their crops. The Maharaja ordered the killing of the pigs. Later, farmers organized a meeting in Nemuchana village to protest against increased taxes. British soldiers fired on the villagers who were fleeing, killing hundreds of men, women, and children. Mahatma Gandhi strongly condemned this Nemuchana incident. This incident put pressure on the British rulers, and they, along with the Alwar Maharaja, reached an agreement or reconciliation with the farmers.
In simple words: The Alwar farmer movement began due to crop damage by pigs and high taxes. After a tragic firing in Nemuchana, which Mahatma Gandhi condemned, the British and the Maharaja settled with the farmers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the causes (pigs, taxes), the Nemuchana incident, and the eventual reconciliation to cover the movement comprehensively.

Question 8. Briefly explain the importance of Rajasthan's farmer movement.
Answer: Rajasthan's farmer movements held great importance at both state and national levels. These movements highlighted the oppressive policies of the British government before the nation. They greatly contributed to the growth of political awareness among the public. The feudal system began to end, and democratic feelings grew stronger. These farmer and public groups also received support from national leaders and the Indian National Congress.
In simple words: Farmer movements in Rajasthan were important because they exposed British oppression, increased political awareness, helped end the feudal system, and gained support from national leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the movements' role in exposing British policies, fostering political awareness, and advancing democratic ideals.

Question 9. Explain briefly the Mewar Prajamandal Movement.
Answer: Mewar was one of the most respected states in Rajasthan. After the Haripura conference, Manikya Lal Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta founded the Mewar Praja Mandal on April 24, 1938. It was declared illegal on May 11, 1938, and Vermaji was expelled. Manikya Lal Verma continued his activities in Ajmer and published a book called 'Mewar's present rule,' which heavily criticized the government. In February 1939, when he returned to Udaipur, he was arrested and beaten. Mahatma Gandhi strongly condemned this incident in 'Harijan' on February 18, 1939. Manikya Lal Verma was sentenced to two years in prison. Later, in 1941, the ban on Mewar Praja Mandal was lifted, and its branches were established throughout the state.
In simple words: The Mewar Praja Mandal was founded by Manikya Lal Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta to fight for people's rights. It faced bans and its leaders were arrested, but it eventually spread across the state, even gaining support from Mahatma Gandhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include the founders, the ban, Verma's activities, Gandhiji's support, and the eventual spread of the movement for a comprehensive answer.

Question 11. How was the introductory effort made for the formation of Rajasthan?
Answer: At the time of India's independence from British rule, Rajasthan had 22 small and large princely states. Additionally, the small area of Ajmer-Merwada was under direct British rule. Combining all these provinces and British-ruled areas into a single, organized unit to form Rajasthan was a very challenging task. In September 1946 AD, the All India Nationalist State Public Council decided that the whole of Rajasthan, as one unit, must be included in the Indian Confederation. The Province Secretariat of the Indian Government decided that in independent India, only those provinces with an annual income of one crore Rs. and a population of more than 10 lakh could maintain their separate identity. Under this condition, only four provinces met the criteria. The smaller provinces realized that living together in independent India was a better option than staying as independent units.
In simple words: Forming Rajasthan was hard because it had many small states and British areas to combine. The All India Nationalist State Public Council decided that a united Rajasthan must join India. Only large states could stay separate, so smaller states felt it was better to merge.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the complex initial situation of various states, the decision by the Nationalist State Public Council, and the criteria for maintaining separate identities to show the groundwork for Rajasthan's formation.

Question 12. How did Jaipur state merge with the Greater Rajasthan?
Answer: The Secretary of the Province Department, Shri V. P. Menon, visited Jaipur on January 11, 1943, and discussed with the Jaipur King. After much hesitation and persuasion, Jaipur Maharaj Sawai Man Singh agreed to merge with Greater Rajasthan. However, he set a condition: the Jaipur king should be made the hereditary Royal King of Greater Rajasthan, and Jaipur should be made the capital. After extensive discussions, Shri Menon accepted these conditions. On January 14, 1949, Sardar Patel officially declared the formation of Greater Rajasthan at a public gathering in Udaipur.
In simple words: Jaipur merged with Greater Rajasthan after its king, Sawai Man Singh, agreed, on the condition that he would be the hereditary Royal King and Jaipur the capital. Sardar Patel officially announced Greater Rajasthan in 1949.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the negotiation process, including the Jaipur king's conditions and the final acceptance and announcement.

Question 13. How did the merger of Ajmer - Merwada happen?
Answer: During the British era, Ajmer-Merwada was a centrally ruled state. After the formation of the ministry in Ajmer-Merwada, the Congress leadership argued that it should remain a small state from an administrative perspective. The matter was then handed over to the State Reorganisation Council. The council disagreed with the Congress's view and recommended that the Ajmer-Merwada area be merged with Rajasthan. Following this recommendation, on November 1, 1956, the Sirohi Mount Abu area, along with Ajmer-Merwada, was included in Rajasthan. This completed the process of Rajasthan's unification, which had begun in March 1948.
In simple words: Ajmer-Merwada, a British-ruled area, was recommended by the State Reorganisation Council to merge with Rajasthan, despite Congress's view that it should stay separate. Finally, on November 1, 1956, it merged with Rajasthan along with the Sirohi Mount Abu area.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the status of Ajmer-Merwada, the role of the State Reorganisation Council, and the final date of its merger with Rajasthan.

Question 14. How did the aristocracy's last remains end in the unification of Rajasthan?
Answer: After the unification of Rajasthan, the remaining elements of aristocracy were addressed. A new post of 'Royal King' was created. In the first group of states, the main head was called Governor, while in the second group, the main head was called Royal King or 'Raj Pramukhi'. Both the Governor and the Royal King were appointed by the President. However, the Royal King's appointment was based on the former rulers of the merged provinces. In India, the newly elected parliament, as per the seventh schedule of the constitution, abolished the post of Royal King on November 1, 1956. Sardar Guru Mukh Nihal Singh then took an oath as the first Governor of the state. In this way, Sardar Patel's cleverness, intellect, and sound policy, along with the desire of Rajasthan's rulers, effectively ended the last vestiges of aristocracy in Rajasthan.
In simple words: After Rajasthan's unification, old noble titles like 'Royal King' were replaced by new administrative roles. The Indian parliament abolished the 'Royal King' post in 1956, and Sardar Guru Mukh Nihal Singh became the first Governor, thus ending the remaining aristocratic power in Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Outline the creation of new administrative posts, the eventual abolition of hereditary titles, and the role of Sardar Patel in dismantling the old aristocratic system.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 7 Essay Type Questions.

Question 1. What are the reasons of public awareness in Rajasthan?
Answer: Public awareness in Rajasthan grew for several reasons:
1. **Influence of Swami Dayanand Saraswati**: Swami Dayanand Saraswati significantly influenced public awareness. He promoted 'Swadharm' (one's own religion), 'Swadeshi' (local products), 'Swabhasha' (one's own language), and 'Swaraj' (self-rule), which were accepted by rulers and the public. His Arya Samaj branches and the 'Paropkarini Sabha' printing press helped spread these ideas.
2. **Contribution of newspapers and literature**: Newspapers played a key role. 'Rajputana Gazette' (1885), 'Rajasthan Samachar' (1889), and 'Rajasthan Kesari' (1920) voiced concerns against British policies. Later, 'Naveen Rajasthan' (1922), 'Navjyoti' (1943), 'Navjeevan' (1939), 'Jaipur Samachar' (1935), and 'Lokvani' (1943) discussed Rajasthan's issues on a national level. Patriotic poetry by Thakur Kesri Singh Barhat, Jai Narain Vyas, Pt. Hira Lal Shastri, and writings by Arjun Lal Sethi also sparked ideological revolution. Suryamal Mishra's 'Veer Satsai' highlighted courage and patriotism.
3. **Role of the middle class**: Educationists, advocates, and journalists like Jay Narayan Vyas, Master Bhola Nath, Meghram Vaid, Arjun Lal Sethi, and Vijay Singh Pathik led this emerging middle class.
4. **Impact of World War I**: Rajasthan's states contributed to the war, and returning soldiers shared their experiences, introducing nationalistic ideas. However, increased taxes to fund the war also led to more public dissatisfaction.
5. **Effect of the external environment**: Rajasthan was influenced by political activities across India. National leaders and their programs also affected the region, connecting local movements with the broader Indian independence struggle.
In simple words: Public awareness in Rajasthan grew because of Swami Dayanand Saraswati's teachings, nationalist newspapers, the active middle class, experiences from World War I, and the influence of national leaders from other parts of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by clearly identifying each reason (e.g., Swami Dayanand, newspapers, middle class, World War I, external environment) and providing a brief explanation for each.

Question 2. Explain the reasons and results of failure of 1857 revolt in Rajasthan.
Answer: The 1857 revolt in Rajasthan ultimately failed due to several key reasons:
1. **Absence of leadership**: Rajasthan was divided into nineteen provinces, and despite local uprisings, there was no strong, unified leadership. Rajput leaders contacted the king of Mewar, but he handed over documents to the British. Mughal King Bahadur Shah could not provide effective leadership outside Delhi, and local revolutionaries failed to unite.
2. **Absence of equilibrium**: Revolts occurred in many places across Rajasthan, but they lacked coordination. There was no communication or understanding between revolutionaries in places like Auwa and Kota, leading to fragmented efforts.
3. **Absence of strategy**: The revolutionaries' efforts were not pre-planned and began to fall apart after initial outbreaks. The British, on the other hand, strategically suppressed the revolutionists. The British army was led by skilled officers, had better food and weapon supplies from across India, while revolutionaries faced severe shortages.
4. **Non-cooperation of rulers**: The primary reason for the revolt's failure was the non-cooperation of most Rajasthan rulers. Many rulers, both within and outside Rajasthan, actively supported the British. Their lack of foresight and clear policy allowed the British government to easily suppress the revolt.
The **results** of the 1857 revolt's failure in Rajasthan included:
1. **Policy change by nationalist states**: Rajasthan's rulers, initially resistant, became binding forces against the revolt. The British realized the utility of native kings for ruling India and changed their policies. They ended the 'Doctrine of Lapse' and offered English education, rewards, and territories to ensure loyalty.
2. **Decrease in feudal lords' power**: Feudal lords who opposed the British during the revolt saw their power reduced. The British confiscated their lawful rights and tax collection powers, passing laws that allowed traders to collect dues directly, thus weakening feudal influence.
3. **Changes in employment and bureaucracy**: Previously, important administrative posts were held by feudal lords. After the revolt, to curb the power of feudal lords and increase their control, the British appointed English-educated individuals to public services.
4. **Development of transportation**: The British faced difficulties in moving soldiers during the revolt. Consequently, transportation facilities were developed. Naseerabad, Neemuch, and Devli were connected by roads to Ajmer and Agra, and railway lines were encouraged to ensure faster movement of troops and goods.
5. **Social change**: The British expanded the English education system, which led to the rise of an English-educated middle class that contributed to various fields. To benefit trade, the British also gave reservations to the business class.
In simple words: The 1857 revolt failed in Rajasthan because there was no strong leadership, no proper plan, and many local rulers did not cooperate with the revolutionaries, instead helping the British. After the revolt, the British changed their policies to keep local rulers loyal, reduced the power of feudal lords, changed how government jobs were given, improved transport, and expanded English education, leading to social changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For failure reasons, focus on leadership, coordination, strategy, and ruler cooperation. For results, categorize changes into political, administrative, economic, and social impacts. Provide specific examples where possible.

Question 3. Explain in brief the activities of Praja Mandal in Mewar, Marwad and Bikaner?
Answer: The Praja Mandal movement focused on establishing responsible governments and securing basic rights for the people under native rulers. Here are the brief activities of the Praja Mandals in Mewar, Marwad, and Bikaner:

Mewar Praja Mandal:Mewar was a highly respected state in Rajasthan. After the Haripura Conference of Congress, Manohar Lal Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta established the Mewar Praja Mandal on April 24, 1938. However, this organization was quickly declared illegal on May 11, 1938, and Vermaji was expelled from Mewar. He moved to Ajmer and continued his work, publishing a book called 'Mewar's Present Rule' that strongly criticized the local ruler. When he returned to Udaipur in February 1939, he was arrested and beaten. Mahatma Gandhi strongly condemned this incident. Manikya Lal Verma was sentenced to two years in prison. In 1941, the ban on the Mewar Praja Mandal was lifted, leading to the establishment of its branches throughout the state. The first convention was held on November 25-26, 1941, led by Vermaji, with Acharya Kriplani and Vijay Laxmi Pandit also attending. They demanded a responsible government in Mewar. Vermaji also participated in the provincial representatives' meeting in Bombay before the 'Quit India Movement' and was arrested again on August 21, 1942, which led to strikes and arrests across Udaipur. Students joined the movement, which spread to Nathdwara, Bhilwara, and Chittor. The leaders saw this as part of the 'All India Level' movement. In 1945, restrictions were lifted, and efforts to spread political awareness included morning chants and celebrating birthdays and death anniversaries of national leaders.

Marwad Praja Mandal:Political activities began in Jodhpur in 1918 when Chandmal Surana founded the 'Marwad Welfare Assembly'. In 1920, Jai Narayan Vyas established the 'Marwad Service Organisation'. The 'Marwad Welfare Assembly' was revived in 1923. In October 1929, Vyasji founded the 'Marwad Public Council'. Political awareness was more pronounced in Jodhpur. In 1934, the Jodhpur state founded the Praja Mandal, with Bawar Lal Saraf as its president, aiming to establish a responsible government and ensure citizen safety. In 1936, this organization was declared unconstitutional. The Jodhpur unit of the 'All India Nationalist State Public Council', named 'Marwad State Public Council', actively regulated political activities. After the Jodhpur Praja Mandal was deemed unsuccessful, the public council continued the struggle for constitutional rights and responsible administration. The council demanded elections based on regional representation, not communal. After the council was declared illegal in March 1940, members focused on peaceful demonstrations. Leaders like Ranchor Dass Ghaini, Mathura Dass Mathur, Kanhaiya Lal, Indermal Jain, Anandraj Surana, and Bawarlal Saraf focused on popularizing the council's ideology. The government eventually accepted the demands for political rights. In 1942, the public council raised its voice against atrocities and worked for responsible government. Vyasji disbanded the council, declaring himself the first convenor, and managed the 'Quit India Movement' in Jodhpur. Many leaders were arrested, and a hunger strike led to Bal Mukund Bina's death. On November 4, 1947, the council celebrated Legislative Assembly Revolt Day. After the merger letter was signed in 1948, a responsible government was formed.

Bikaner Praja Mandal:The early leaders in Bikaner were Kanhaiya Lal Phoondh and Swami Gopal Dass. They founded 'All India Bikaner a Mega Vision' or 'Bikaner Digdarshan', which exposed suppressive policies. After returning, Swami Gopal Dass enforced the public safety law. Swami Gopal Dass, Chandal Mal Bahad, and Satya Narayan Saraf were arrested in the 'Bikaner Conspiracy Case'. Opposition to this black law continued. On October 4, 1936, key leaders like Vakil Mukta Prasad, Magh Ram Vaid, and Laxmi Dass were exiled. Raghuvar Dayal founded the Bikaner Praja Parishad on July 22, 1942, aiming to establish a responsible government under the Maharaja's leadership. 'Bikaner Anti-Suppressive Day' was celebrated on October 26, 1944. This was the first public protest in the state. Farmers of Dudhwahbhara started a movement against landlord oppression with Praja Parishad's support. In 1940, the Press Act was passed, banning the press. Political activities intensified, and the Maharaja announced the formation of a responsible rule. On June 30, 1946, police fired on a 'Public Council' conference in Rai Singh Nagar. Due to changing circumstances and signs of power transfer, the public council was re-established in 1946, forming two committees: Constitutional Committee and Adult Franchise Committee. The implementation report was promised, but no real action was taken, and demands for responsible government remained unfulfilled. On March 16, 1948, a ministerial council was formed under Jaswant Singh Dausar, but the Praja Mandal and its ministers rejected it and resigned. On March 30, 1939, with the formation of Greater Rajasthan, Raghubar Dayal was included in Hiralal Shastri's Ministerial Council.
In simple words: The Praja Mandal movements in Mewar, Marwad, and Bikaner worked to make local rulers responsible and give people basic rights. They faced bans, arrests, and suppression but kept fighting for political awareness and self-governance. These movements helped build a strong nationalist spirit among the people.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about political movements, always mention the key leaders, the year of establishment, major events (like bans, arrests, conferences), and the ultimate goal (e.g., responsible government, rights).

Question 4. How was Greater Rajasthan formed ? Or Explain the fourth and fifth stage of Rajasthan's Unification.
Answer: The unification of Rajasthan occurred in several stages. Here's how Greater Rajasthan was formed as the fourth and fifth stages of this process:

Fourth Stage: Formation of Greater RajasthanAfter Mewar merged, the integration of the remaining native states became easier and more certain. In Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer, the demand for merger and unification grew stronger. These states shared borders with Pakistan, which raised fears of aggression. These regions were also backward in terms of transportation and communication, and their development exceeded the economic capacity of individual states. On November 9, 1948, Dr. J. P. Narayan, a leader of the Samajwadi Party, demanded the swift formation of Greater Rajasthan at a public gathering. An All-India level Rajasthan Movement Committee was formed for this purpose. Its president, Dr. R. M. Lohiya, also pushed for Rajasthan's unification. Shri V. P. Menon, Secretary of the Provincial Department, began talks with the rulers. On January 11, 1949, he went to Jaipur and met with the Jaipur Maharaja. After much hesitation and persuasion, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh of Jaipur agreed to the merger, on the condition that he would be the hereditary Royal King (Raj Pramukh) of Greater Rajasthan and Jaipur would be its capital. Shri Menon accepted these conditions after thorough negotiations. This agreement was then telegraphed to Bikaner and Jodhpur. Their rulers also consented to the merger. On January 14, 1949, Sardar Patel officially announced the formation of Greater Rajasthan at a public event in Udaipur. The Maharaja of Mewar was declared the lifetime 'Maharaj Pramukh' or 'Royal King'. The ruler of Jaipur was made 'Raj Pramukh' or Head King, while the rulers of Jodhpur and Kota became Senior Vice Head Kings, and those of Bundi and Dungarpur became Junior Vice Head Kings. The Head King and his council of ministers were placed under the symbolic control of the central government. The Head King had to sign a new amalgamation letter and accept a treaty and concurrent list as per the Constituent Assembly's stipulations. Sardar Patel inaugurated this new organized unit on March 30, 1949, which is now celebrated as Rajasthan Day. Shri Hiralal Shastri took charge of the ministry on April 4, 1949. Key ministers included Shri Sidhraj (Jaipur), Prem Narain Mathur (Udaipur), Bhure Lal Bhaya (Udaipur), Phool Chand Bapana (Jodhpur), Narsingh Kachwaha (Jodhpur), Rao Raja Hanumant Singh (Jodhpur), Raghuwar Dayal Goyal (Bikaner), and Vedpal Tyagi (Kota). The Jaipur ruler received Rs. 18 lakh, Jodhpur Rs. 17.5 lakh, Bikaner Rs. 15 lakh, and Jaisalmer Rs. 2.8 lakh as privy purse. Jaipur was declared the capital, and to maintain the importance of other large cities, government offices like the High Court in Jodhpur, Education Department in Bikaner, Mining Department in Udaipur, and Agriculture Department in Bharatpur were established.

Fifth Stage: Merger of Matsya Organization into Greater RajasthanDuring the formation of the Matsya Organization, the four state rulers were clearly told that it would eventually merge with either Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh. The Matsya Organization initially functioned independently but faced internal governance issues. The ongoing agitation in Mewar caused concern, and the farmer and citizen assemblies in Bharatpur were fiercely opposing the government. The Bharatpur farmer assembly even demanded a separate identity for Bharatpur and Dholpur. There was a growing fear that the Matsya Organization might break apart. To address this, the four state rulers and Prime Minister were called to Delhi on May 10, 1949, for talks. They were given the option to merge with either Uttar Pradesh or Rajasthan. Alwar and Karoli favored merging with Rajasthan, while Bharatpur and Dholpur preferred Uttar Pradesh. To resolve the issue, a committee was formed under Shri Shankar Rao Dev's presidency. Based on the committee's recommendation, public opinion in Bharatpur and Dholpur supported merging with Rajasthan. On May 15, 1949 (Note: The source text gives 1948 here and 1949 in previous sentences for similar events. We'll use 1949 based on the context of the fifth stage occurring after March 1949), the Matsya Organization officially joined Rajasthan. Pt. Hiralal Shastri became the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, and Shri Shobha Ram Shastri, who was the Prime Minister of Matsya Organization, was included in the new ministry. This way, the Matsya Organization became an integral part of Rajasthan.
In simple words: Greater Rajasthan was formed by bringing together many princely states, starting with the merger of Mewar, and then combining Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer. Jaipur became the capital. The Matsya Organization (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karoli) joined later, completing this part of the unification. This was a careful process led by Sardar Patel to create a bigger, stronger Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key dates and the main states involved in each stage of Rajasthan's unification. Also, highlight the roles of prominent leaders like Sardar Patel, Hiralal Shastri, and the Maharajas.

Question 5. Which states joined in the last stage in Rajasthan ? Or When did the merger of Sirohi, Ajmer, Marwada happen in Rajasthan ? Explain.
Answer: The last stage of Rajasthan's unification involved the merger of Sirohi, including its Mount Abu area, and Ajmer-Merwada. This completed the entire process of bringing Rajasthan together. Here’s how it happened:

The Question of Sirohi:Leaders in Gujarat wanted Sirohi, especially Mount Abu, a popular tourist spot, to be part of Gujarat. In November 1947, Sirohi was under the Gujarat state agency. On April 10, 1948, Hiralal Shastri wrote to Sardar Patel, emphasizing that Sirohi was incomplete without Gokul Bhai. He argued that Rajasthan could not function without him. Meanwhile, the Delwara and Mount Abu areas of Sirohi were merged into Gujarat, while Hathal, the birthplace of Gokul Bhai Bhatt, and the remaining parts of Sirohi were given to Rajasthan. This decision faced strong opposition in Rajasthan, particularly from the leadership led by Gokul Bhai Bhatt. Rajasthan's leadership sought Pt. Nehru's help to resolve the issue, which was then referred to the State Reorganisation Committee.

Merger of Ajmer-Merwada:During the British era, Ajmer-Merwada was a centrally ruled state. Its merger was a complex issue. Initially, the Congress leadership in Ajmer opposed its merger with Rajasthan, arguing it should remain a small, separate state for administrative reasons. However, this matter was eventually handed over to the State Reorganisation Council, which disagreed with Congress's view. The Council recommended that Ajmer-Merwada should be merged with Rajasthan. Finally, on November 1, 1956, based on the Sirohi Reorganisation Committee's recommendations, the Sirohi Mount Abu area and Ajmer-Merwada were officially merged with Rajasthan. This marked the completion of Rajasthan's unification process, which had begun in March 1948 and ended on November 1, 1956.

After the formation of United Rajasthan, the symbolic positions of monarchy, such as the Head King, remained. However, with India's newly elected parliament passing the seventh amendment, the post of Head King was abolished on November 1, 1956. Sardar Guru Mukh Nihal Singh was appointed as the first Governor of the state. Thus, through Sardar Patel's wisdom, intelligence, and careful strategy, combined with the desire of Rajasthan's rulers and public opinion, the dream of Rajasthan's unification was fulfilled.
In simple words: The last step to unite Rajasthan involved adding Sirohi (with its Mount Abu region) and Ajmer-Merwada. There was a debate about whether Sirohi should go to Gujarat or Rajasthan, but eventually, most of it joined Rajasthan. Ajmer-Merwada, which was controlled by the central government, was also merged with Rajasthan. These final mergers happened on November 1, 1956, completing the formation of Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific areas involved (Sirohi, Mount Abu, Ajmer-Merwada) and the final date of unification (November 1, 1956). Mention the role of the State Reorganisation Committee and the political leaders involved.

Question 6. Give brief introduction of the contribution of the main persons or personalities in Rajasthan's unification.
Answer: Many prominent individuals played crucial roles in the unification of Rajasthan and the various movements leading up to it. Here’s a brief introduction to some of them:

1. **Vijay Singh Pathik:** His original name was Bhoop Singh. He was a central figure in the Bijolia farmer movement. He raised public awareness through the 'Rajasthan Kesari' newspaper and is recognized throughout India as a pioneer of farmer movements. 2. **Arjun Lal Sethi:** Born in a Jain family in Jaipur in 1880, Sethiji is known for fostering public consciousness in Jaipur state. Revolutionary Ras Bihari Bose entrusted him with the responsibility for the revolt in Rajasthan. In 1907, Sethiji founded the Jain education society in Jaipur and worked tirelessly for Hindu-Muslim unity. 3. **Zorawar Singh Barhat:** He was the younger brother of Kesri Singh Barhat. In 1912, he threw a bomb at Lord Harding in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. Despite many attempts by the government and the king, he remained uncaught. During World War I, he, along with Ras Bihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal, planned an armed revolt in Northern India, though it was unsuccessful. 4. **Sagar Mal Gopa:** Born in Jaisalmer, he strongly opposed the atrocities of Maharawal Jawahar Singh. He helped awaken political consciousness in Jaisalmer and emphasized the importance of education. He was imprisoned and tortured to death for allegedly revolting against the king. 5. **Swami Gopal Dass:** Born in Churu, Swami Gopal Dass raised public awareness through his dedicated service. The Maharaja of Bikaner, Ganga Singh, imprisoned him for conspiring against the Bikaner state. He remained in jail for a long time and passed away in 1939. 6. **Damodar Dass Rathi:** Born in Pokhran, Jaisalmer, Damodar Dass founded Sanatan Dharma or religious schools, colleges, and the New India institution for public service. He financially supported revolutionaries. 7. **Motilal Tejawat:** Born in 1887 in Koliari village near Udaipur, Motilal Tejawat led the Akki movement against the atrocities on Bhils. He was popularly known as Bhavji among tribal communities. 8. **Manikya Lal Verma:** Born in Bijolia, Manikya Lal Verma founded the Mewar Praja Mandal. He dedicated his life to serving the deprived and oppressed communities. 9. **Govind Guru:** A renowned social reformer, Govind Guru took on the responsibility for the social and moral upliftment of the Bhils. He organized the people and brought them into the mainstream. For this, he founded the 'Samp Sabha' and the Bhagat Path to keep them within the Hindu religion. 10. **Hira Lal Shastri:** Born on November 24, 1899, in Jobner (Jaipur), Hiralal Shastri became the first Chief Minister of Greater Rajasthan on March 24, 1949. He also served as the president of the Jaipur Praja Mandal. 11. **Balwant Singh Mehta:** In 1915, he emerged as a catalyst for political consciousness and served for a long time as the convener of 'Pratap Assembly', doing important work in public awareness. In 1938, he became a member of the Praja Mandal. After independence, he was chosen as a member of the Constitution Concurrent Assembly.
In simple words: Many important people like Vijay Singh Pathik, Arjun Lal Sethi, and Hira Lal Shastri worked hard for Rajasthan's unification. They led farmer movements, spread awareness, fought for rights, and helped bring different states together to form modern Rajasthan. These leaders dedicated their lives to social reform and political change.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing personalities, try to briefly state their original name (if different), their key contribution, and any major organization or movement they were associated with. This shows a comprehensive understanding.