RBSE Solutions Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Environmental Problems and Solution

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Text Book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. pH value of acid rain water is:
(a) between 5 to 2.5
(b) between 5 and 7.5
(c) more than 7.5
(d) less than 2.5
Answer: (a) between 5 to 2.5
In simple words: Acid rain water usually has a pH value between 5 and 2.5. This means it is more acidic than normal rain, which has a pH of about 5.6.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a lower pH value indicates higher acidity. Knowing the typical pH range for acid rain is a key concept.

Question 3. Which sphere does the work of preventing ultraviolet rays?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Ozonsphere
(c) Ionosphere
(d) Exosphere
Answer: (b) Ozonsphere
In simple words: The ozonsphere, also called the ozone layer, is a part of the Earth's atmosphere that blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, protecting life on our planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the specific layer of the atmosphere responsible for UV absorption. The ozone layer is critical for life on Earth.

Question 4. What is emphasised in Montreal Protocol 1987?
(a) Ozone Layer
(b) Bio - diversity
(c) Green House Effect
(d) Industrial Pollution
Answer: (a) Ozone Layer
In simple words: The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement from 1987 that focuses on protecting the ozone layer by reducing substances that harm it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Montreal Protocol specifically with efforts to protect the ozone layer and control ozone-depleting substances.

Question 5. First World Climate Conference was organised in:
(a) Japan
(b) Vienna
(c) Geneva
(d) Canada
Answer: (c) Geneva
In simple words: The first global meeting about climate, called the First World Climate Conference, was held in Geneva.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the location of key environmental conferences. Geneva hosted the first World Climate Conference.

Question 7. World Bio - diversity Day is celebrated on:
(a) 5th June
(b) 11th July
(c) 22nd May
(d) 16th September
Answer: (c) 22nd May
In simple words: World Biodiversity Day is celebrated on May 22nd each year to raise awareness about protecting the variety of life on Earth.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to know the dates of significant environmental days to show awareness of global efforts.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 8. In which country is the Kyoto city located?
Answer: Kyoto city is located in Japan.
In simple words: The city of Kyoto is in Japan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the city of Kyoto to Japan, especially in the context of the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.

Question 9. Which decade has been declared as the hottest decade?
Answer: The decade 2001-10 has been declared as the hottest decade.
In simple words: The years from 2001 to 2010 were named the warmest ten-year period.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with the timeframes when discussing climate records, such as the hottest decade.

Question 10. Who was elected as IPCC Chairman in Nusa Dua?
Answer: In 2007, an Indian named Rajendra Kumar Pachauri was elected as the chairman of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in Nusa Dua city, located on Bali Island of Indonesia. He helped lead global efforts on climate change.
In simple words: In 2007, Rajendra Kumar Pachauri from India became the chairman of IPCC in Nusa Dua, Indonesia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember important figures and their roles in international environmental organizations like the IPCC.

Question 11. Where was the Second World Summit Conference organised?
Answer: The Second World Summit Conference was organised in New York.
In simple words: The second big meeting about global issues was held in New York.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different world summits and their locations. The Second World Summit Conference took place in New York.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 13. Mention any two causes of acid rain.
Answer: The main reason for acid rain is the release of gases like nitrogen oxide (\( NO_2 \)) and sulfur dioxide (\( SO_2 \)). These gases are primarily responsible for making rain acidic. Two important causes related to sulfur-dioxide are:
1. Large amounts of sulfur dioxide are released from vehicles and power plants that burn coal.
2. Sulfur dioxide is also released during the use of fossil fuels.
In simple words: Acid rain happens because of gases like nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. These gases come mainly from cars, coal power plants, and burning fossil fuels.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing causes of acid rain, focus on the primary pollutants (\( SO_2 \), \( NO_x \)) and their major sources (industrial and vehicle emissions).

Question 14. Describe the harmful consequences of Green House Effect.
Answer: Here are the harmful effects of the Greenhouse Effect:
1. The average temperature of the whole world is slowly increasing.
2. Some countries will get more rain, while others will get less rain than usual.
3. If the Earth's average temperature rises by 0.5 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, snow and ice will melt quickly. This will cause floods in coastal areas.
4. Grassland and forest areas will change. There will be a higher chance of famine in desert areas of Africa.
5. Higher temperatures will lead to a faster spread of diseases like malaria.
In simple words: The greenhouse effect causes global temperature rise, uneven rainfall, melting ice, floods, and increased risk of famines and diseases like malaria.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing consequences, list a variety of impacts (temperature, precipitation, sea level, ecosystems, health) to show a comprehensive understanding.

Question 15. Write measures to prevent water pollution.
Answer: Here are effective ways to prevent water pollution:
1. Sewage treatment plants should be built in all cities to properly dispose of waste in water.
2. Industrial wastewater should be treated before being reused in factories.
3. The question mentions "al waste, it should be reused in the industries" but the main point about water pollution measures is about waste reuse. So, solid waste should be reused in industries.
In simple words: To stop water pollution, we need to build sewage plants, treat industrial waste, and reuse solid waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on practical, actionable measures like waste treatment, reuse, and responsible disposal to combat water pollution.

What is China Red Alert?
Answer: On November 30, 2015, a large area of about 5.3 lakh square kilometers across 32 Chinese cities faced heavy mist and smog, reaching a historic level. To tackle this, China issued a "Red Alert." Under this alert, industrial production was reduced or completely stopped. Vehicle traffic on roads was halted, schools in Beijing were closed, and traffic on over 200 express highways was also banned. This was a severe response to extreme air pollution.
In simple words: In 2015, China issued a "Red Alert" due to severe smog in many cities. This led to stopping factory work, banning cars, and closing schools to reduce air pollution.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining specific events like the China Red Alert, include the date, the cause (severe smog), and the key actions taken as a response.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Essay Type Questions

Question 17. Comment on the Greenhouse Effect.
Answer: The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process where certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat. These gases, like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and methane, increase the planet's temperature. It's like a greenhouse: sunlight enters, but the heat cannot easily escape back into space, causing the Earth to warm up steadily.

The following factors are mainly responsible for the Greenhouse Effect:
1. Industries are using more coal and petroleum.
2. Cutting down forests leads to more carbon dioxide in the air.
3. Too much use of fossil fuels like wood and coal also adds more carbon dioxide to the air.
4. Refrigerators and air conditioners use chlorofluorocarbons (C.F.C.s), which are increasing in the atmosphere.

Harmful Consequences of Greenhouse Effect:
Over the last 100 years, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitric oxide have increased a lot in the atmosphere. Because of this, the greenhouse effect has grown, and the Earth is getting warmer. Here are the harmful consequences:
1. The average temperature of the whole world is going up. Strong sunlight and a lack of oxygen are also harming tree growth.
2. The greenhouse effect will cause floods in some areas and droughts in others.
3. A 0.5 to 1.5 degree Celsius rise in Earth's average temperature will melt large glaciers quickly. This will cause floods in coastal areas and many islands to disappear under the rising ocean.
4. Important grasslands and forest areas will change. There will be a higher risk of famine in desert areas of Africa.
5. Diseases spread by insects, especially malaria, are likely to increase.
6. Rising global temperatures will harm about 8% of the world's biodiversity.
7. The weather cycle will be affected, potentially leading to severe food shortages.

Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Effect:
1. We should use less fossil fuels.
In simple words: The greenhouse effect is when gases trap heat, warming the Earth. This happens due to burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and using CFCs. It causes global warming, floods, droughts, famines, and diseases. To reduce it, we need to use fewer fossil fuels.

🎯 Exam Tip: For comprehensive answers on the Greenhouse Effect, include its definition, major causes, and a range of harmful consequences, along with potential reduction measures.

Question 18. Explain in detail the causes, consequences of acide rain and potential measures to prevent it.
Answer: Causes of Acid Rain:
Acid rain is mainly caused by the release of sulfur dioxide (\( SO_2 \)) and nitrogen oxide (NCR) gases into the air. These gases mix with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (\( H_2SO_4 \)) and nitric acid (\( HNO_3 \)). The main sources of sulfur dioxide are:
1. Emissions from cars and other vehicles.
2. Thermal power plants that use coal.
3. Mineral processing factories.
4. Burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and wood.

Consequences of Acid Rain:
In areas affected by acid rain, the following problems are seen:
1. Soil becomes more acidic, destroying soil minerals and nutrients, which reduces how much crops can grow.
2. The gases causing acid rain can travel thousands of kilometers with the wind. When they mix with enough moisture, they fall as acid rain.
3. Drinking water sources become contaminated.
4. Humans can suffer from breathing and skin problems, as well as burning sensations in their eyes.
5. The tiny pores on tree leaves (stomata) close, slowing down many biological processes in trees. This harms forests.
6. Acid rain pollutes water in lakes and rivers, harming aquatic life. For example, many aquatic creatures died in lakes in Norway and Sweden due to acid rain.
7. Acid rain causes stone and marble to erode. The Taj Mahal in Agra is being damaged by acid rain.

Potential Measures to Prevent Acid Rain:
1. Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which cause acid rain, must be controlled. Industries should use scrubbers, bag filters, and colloidal tanks to clean their emissions.
2. We should encourage the use of clean energy sources like solar and wind power instead of traditional ones.
3. Cars should be regularly checked for pollution, and people should drive their personal vehicles less often.
4. To reduce acidity in affected water and soil, lime should be added to them.
In simple words: Acid rain comes from gases like sulfur and nitrogen oxides released by vehicles and industries. It harms soil, pollutes water, damages forests and buildings, and causes health problems. To stop it, we need to control industrial emissions, use clean energy, reduce car use, and neutralize acidic soil and water.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer clearly with separate sections for causes, consequences, and measures. Use chemical formulas for gases where appropriate.

Question 19. Describe famous Conferences to protect the world environment.
Answer: Here are some important international conferences organized by the United Nations Organization (UNO) to protect the world environment:
1. Stockholm Conference:
To address the global environmental crisis, a declaration with 25 principles was created in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 5, 1972. Since this conference, World Environment Day has been celebrated every year on June 5.
2. Montreal Protocol:
In 1987, at Montreal, Canada, 33 countries signed an agreement under the United Nations Environment Programme. This agreement aimed for a big reduction in harmful gases, including chlorofluorocarbons, to prevent the ozone layer from breaking down.
3. Toronto World Conference:
In June 1988, in Toronto, Canada, developing nations were asked to voluntarily reduce their chlorofluorocarbon emissions by 20% by the year 2005. The goal was to reduce the greenhouse effect.
4. Earth Summit Conference:
The first Earth Summit Conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 3 to 14, 1992. Representatives from 178 countries attended. They agreed on these issues:
• Preventing global warming.
• Encouraging forest conservation.
• Taking effective steps to protect biodiversity.
• Restoring healthy ecosystems and providing support to countries for environmental safety.
• Establishing the Global Environment Facility Fund and the World Environment Fund for these works.
5. Kyoto Conference:
The World Environment Conference, also known as the Kyoto Protocol or Green House Conference, took place in Kyoto, Japan, from December 1 to 11, 1997. 159 countries, including India, signed an agreement. This agreement aimed to protect Earth from the Greenhouse Effect by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, hydrochlorocarbons, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride by 5% per year between 2008 and 2012. European Union countries, the United States, and Japan aimed for deductions of 8%, 7%, and 6% respectively, based on 1990 emission levels.

Additionally, on December 12, 2015, the Global Change Agreement was signed at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, France. This agreement addressed climate change and sustainable agricultural development.
In simple words: Many important global conferences have taken place to protect the environment. These include the Stockholm Conference (1972) for World Environment Day, the Montreal Protocol (1987) to save the ozone layer, the Toronto Conference (1988) on greenhouse gases, the Earth Summit (1992) on global warming and biodiversity, and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Climate Conference (2015) also focused on climate change.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing conferences, include the name, year, location, and the main objective or key outcome of each to demonstrate a clear understanding of global environmental history.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Additional Questions with Answers

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Air pollution is responsible for:
(a) Depletion of ozone layer
(b) Greenhouse effect
(c) Climate change
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Air pollution causes many problems, including the thinning of the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect, and changes in the Earth's climate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the broad impacts of air pollution, as it contributes to multiple environmental issues, not just one.

Question. The reason for the release of Red Alert in China on November 30, 2015 was:
(a) Radioactive pollution
(b) Air pollution
(c) Water pollution
(d) Acid Rain
Answer: (b) Air pollution
In simple words: China issued a Red Alert in 2015 because of severe air pollution, specifically heavy smog.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific events like the China Red Alert to their direct cause, which in this case was widespread air pollution.

Question 4. Which of the following diseases is related to air pollution?
(a) Diarrhoea
(b) Hepatitis
(c) Lung disease
(d) Malaria
Answer: (c) Lung disease
In simple words: Diseases that affect the lungs are often caused or made worse by breathing in polluted air.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the direct health impacts of different types of pollution; lung diseases are a common result of air pollution.

Question 5. Smoke fog is related to:
(a) Water pollution
(b) Acid Rain
(c) Noise pollution
(d) Air pollution
Answer: (d) Air pollution
In simple words: Smoke fog, or smog, is a type of air pollution that happens when smoke and other pollutants mix with fog in the air.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that terms like "smoke fog" or "smog" are direct indicators of air pollution.

Question. Which of the following is a cause of acid rain?
(a) Water pollution
(b) Soil pollution
(c) Noise pollution
(d) Air pollution
Answer: (d) Air pollution
In simple words: Acid rain is caused by pollutants released into the air, making it a consequence of air pollution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that air pollution is a broad category that includes phenomena like acid rain, caused by airborne contaminants.

Question 7. Which of the following diseases is related to water?
(a) Conjunctivitis
(b) Diarrhea
(C) Not specified
(d) Laryngitis
Answer: (b) Diarrhea
In simple words: Diarrhea is a common illness linked to drinking or coming into contact with contaminated water.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify specific water-borne diseases; diarrhea is a classic example of illness caused by unclean water.

Question 8. In India, 'Namami Ganga' project started on:
(a) July 7, 2016
(b) August 8, 2016
(c) September 7, 2016
(d) November 8, 2016
Answer: (a) July 7, 2016
In simple words: The "Namami Ganga" project, which aims to clean the Ganges river in India, began on July 7, 2016.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the launch dates of important national environmental initiatives like the Namami Ganga project.

Question 9. The biggest source of Noise pollution is:
(a) Operation of vehicles
(b) Loud speakers
(c) Nuclear explosion
(d) Volcanic eruption
Answer: (a) Operation of vehicles
In simple words: The most significant source of noise pollution comes from the sounds made by running vehicles, especially in cities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the primary contributors to different types of pollution; vehicle operations are a major cause of noise pollution.

Question 10. 'Decibel' is the unit of:
(a) Air pressure
(b) Noise level
(c) Air temperature
(d) Relative humidity
Answer: (b) Noise level
In simple words: Decibel is the unit used to measure how loud a sound is, or its intensity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly associate scientific units with what they measure; decibels are used for sound or noise levels.

Question 11. Which of the following rivers is the most polluted?
(a) Brahmaputra
(b) Sutlej
(c) Yamuna
(d) Godavari
Answer: (c) Yamuna
In simple words: Among the options, the Yamuna River is known to be the most polluted.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the environmental status of major geographical features, such as the pollution levels of prominent rivers.

Question 13. Which of the following has the most adverse effect on stone and marble?
(a) Air pollution
(b) Ultraviolet rays
(c) Acid rain
(d) Global warming
Answer: (c) Acid rain
In simple words: Acid rain contains harmful chemicals that can slowly dissolve and damage buildings and statues made of stone and marble.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific environmental problems, like acid rain, to their distinct impacts, such as damage to structures.

Question 14. The most affected area from greenhouse effect is:
(a) Southern Asia
(b) Eastern Asia
(c) Western Europe
(d) Southern Europe
Answer: (a) Southern Asia
In simple words: Southern Asia is a region that experiences significant negative impacts from the greenhouse effect.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize regions that are particularly vulnerable or heavily impacted by global environmental phenomena like the greenhouse effect.

Question 15. At present, glaciers retreat velocity is:
(a) 1.7 mm per annum
(b) 2.2 mm per annum
(c) 2.5 mm per annum
(d) 2.8 mm per annum
Answer: (a) 1.7 mm per annum
In simple words: Currently, glaciers are shrinking at a rate of about 1.7 millimeters each year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific numerical data can be important for questions about environmental changes, so remember the rate of glacier retreat.

Question 17. The World Ozone Day is celebrated on:
(a) May 22
(b) September 16
(c) December 2
(d) December 5
Answer: (b) September 16
In simple words: World Ozone Day is observed on September 16th every year to highlight the importance of protecting the Earth's ozone layer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific dates for important environmental awareness days, such as World Ozone Day.

Question 18. The main objective of the organisation named TRAFFIC is:
(a) Protection of bio – diversity
(b) Control on illegal trade of plant and animals
(c) Control on emission of green house gases
(d) Protection of ozone layer
Answer: (b) Control on illegal trade of plant and animals
In simple words: TRAFFIC is an organization that works to stop the illegal buying and selling of plants and animals, helping to protect biodiversity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific focus of environmental organizations like TRAFFIC, which combats wildlife trafficking.

Question 19. Freon is the most deadly chlorofluorocarbon that is used in:
(a) Refrigerators
(b) Air conditioners
(c) Foam manufacturing
(d) In all of the options
Answer: (d) In all of the options
In simple words: Freon, a type of chlorofluorocarbon, is a very harmful substance used in many products like refrigerators, air conditioners, and in making foam.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know common ozone-depleting substances like Freon and their various applications that contribute to environmental damage.

Question 20. The World Earth Day is celebrated on:
(a) Not specified
(b) April 22
Answer: (b) April 22
In simple words: World Earth Day is celebrated every year on April 22nd to inspire people to protect the planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the date for World Earth Day, a crucial day for environmental advocacy and awareness.

Question 21. The organization named NEERI is located in:
(a) Nagpur
(b) Dehradun
(c) Mumbai
(d) Kolkata
Answer: (a) Nagpur
In simple words: The NEERI organization, which focuses on environmental engineering, has its main office in Nagpur.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the full form of NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) and its location, as this is a frequently asked factual question.

Question 22. The headquarters of the United Nations Environment Program is in:
(a) Geneva
(b) New York
(c) Nairobi
(d) Vienna
Answer: (c) Nairobi
In simple words: The main office for the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) is in Nairobi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the headquarters of major international organizations like UNEP is important for general knowledge and geography exams.

Question 1. What does the word Environment mean?
Answer: The word Environment means an 'outer cover'. It refers to the natural, physical, and social surroundings that are around us. This includes all the conditions and influences affecting the growth and development of living beings.
In simple words: The word Environment means an 'outer cover'. It refers to the natural, physical, and social surroundings that are around us.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining "Environment," ensure you include aspects like natural, physical, and social surroundings to get full marks.

Question 2. What definition of the environment did C.C. Pie give?
Answer: According to C.C. Pie, "All circumstances which surround the human in a particular place at a particular time, are called the environment." This definition highlights the specific temporal and spatial context of an environment.
In simple words: C.C. Pie defined environment as all the conditions around a person at a specific place and time.

🎯 Exam Tip: For definitions by specific personalities, try to quote accurately. Highlight the key elements like "circumstances," "particular place," and "particular time."

Question 3. What problems have arisen due to the increased imbalance between humans and nature?
Answer: When humans and nature are out of balance, many problems appear. These include natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, droughts, famines, climate change, acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, barren land, pollution, and desertification. This imbalance disrupts ecological harmony.
In simple words: When humans and nature are out of balance, many problems appear. These include natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, droughts, famines, climate change, acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone layer damage, dry land, pollution, and desert growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a diverse range of problems, including natural disasters, atmospheric changes, and land degradation, to show a comprehensive understanding.

Question 4. What is the meaning of Environmental Pollution?
Answer: Environmental Pollution is when the environment changes in a bad way. These changes harm both people and other living things. It refers to any undesirable alteration in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the environment.
In simple words: Environmental Pollution is when the environment changes in a bad way. These changes harm both people and other living things.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define environmental pollution by focusing on "undesirable changes" and their "harmful effects" on humans and other organisms.

Question 5. What is Pollution? Or What is called Pollution?
Answer: Pollution is an unwanted change in the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of air, water, and soil. These changes harm nature, cultural sites, and people. It affects the entire environment and its inhabitants adversely.
In simple words: Pollution is an unwanted change in the air, water, and soil. These changes harm nature, cultural sites, and people.

🎯 Exam Tip: A good definition of pollution should mention unwanted changes in physical, chemical, and biological properties, and its negative impact on natural and cultural elements as well as humans.

Question 7. Mention the types of Pollution. Or How many types of pollution can be classified on the basis of diffusion of pollutants?
Answer: Pollution can be grouped into five main types. These are:
1. Water Pollution
2. Air Pollution
3. Soil Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
5. Thermal Pollution.
These classifications help in understanding and addressing specific environmental concerns.
In simple words: Pollution can be grouped into five main types. These are water, air, soil, noise, and heat pollution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the different types of pollution. Knowing these basic categories is crucial for broader environmental topics.

Question 8. What does Air Pollution mean?
Answer: Air pollution happens when harmful things enter the air from nature or human actions. This bad air harms people, plants, and animals. It refers to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to living organisms and the environment.
In simple words: Air pollution happens when harmful things enter the air from nature or human actions. This bad air harms people, plants, and animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain air pollution by mentioning both natural and human causes, and its negative impact on living beings.

Question 9. Into how many parts are the sources of air pollution divided?
Answer: The things that cause air pollution are split into two groups: those from nature and those from human activities. These are referred to as natural and unnatural (anthropogenic) sources.
In simple words: The things that cause air pollution are split into two groups: those from nature and those from human activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simply state the two main divisions of air pollution sources: natural and unnatural, as this is a direct factual question.

Question 10. What are the natural sources of air – pollution?
Answer: Natural sources of air pollution include particles from volcanic eruptions, dust from storms and winds, and forest fires. Eruptions from volcanoes are also a significant natural source. These occur without direct human intervention.
In simple words: Natural sources of air pollution include particles from volcanic eruptions, dust from storms, strong winds, and forest fires.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on listing phenomena that occur naturally and release pollutants into the air, such as volcanic activity, dust, and fires.

Question 12. What is smoke fog?
Answer: Smoke fog happens in cities and industrial areas. It forms when a lot of polluted gases and tiny harmful particles mix with regular fog. This type of fog is very bad for people's health. It is essentially a combination of smoke and fog, often intensified by pollutants.
In simple words: Smoke fog forms in cities when polluted gases and particles mix with regular fog, making it very harmful to health.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining "smoke fog," emphasize its occurrence in industrial/urban areas and its formation from a mix of pollutants and natural fog.

Question 13. What does Water Pollution mean?
Answer: Water pollution is a bad change in the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of water. These changes harm both people and all other living things. It occurs when unwanted external matter mixes with natural water sources.
In simple words: Water pollution is a bad change in the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of water. These changes harm both people and all other living things.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define water pollution by highlighting the degradation of water quality and its detrimental effects on human and aquatic life.

Question 14. What are main causes of Water Pollution?
Answer: The main causes of water pollution are things like dirty water from homes, farm waste, factory waste, oil spills, warm water from power plants, tiny bits from the air, and harmful radioactive waste. These sources introduce various contaminants into water bodies.
In simple words: The main causes of water pollution are things like dirty water from homes, farm waste, factory waste, oil spills, warm water from power plants, tiny bits from the air, and harmful radioactive waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a variety of sources for water pollution, including domestic, agricultural, industrial, and atmospheric factors, to show comprehensive knowledge.

Question 15. Name three diseases that occur in humans from water pollution.
Answer: Three diseases people can get from dirty water are:
1. Cholera
2. Jaundice
3. Stomach disorders like Diarrhoea.
These diseases are often caused by pathogens in contaminated water.
In simple words: Three diseases people can get from dirty water are cholera, jaundice, and stomach problems like diarrhea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear and distinct examples of water-borne diseases, focusing on common and impactful ones.

Question 17. When was Namami Ganga project started by the Indian government?
Answer: The Indian government started the Namami Ganga project on July 7, 2016. This initiative aimed at cleaning and rejuvenating the Ganges river.
In simple words: The Indian government started the Namami Ganga project on July 7, 2016.

🎯 Exam Tip: For specific dates, ensure accuracy. "July 7, 2016" is the key information here.

Question 18. What does Noise Pollution mean?
Answer: Noise pollution happens when sound is too loud. It harms people physically and mentally. This occurs when sound exceeds a comfortable level, leading to adverse effects on well-being.
In simple words: Noise pollution happens when sound is too loud. It harms people physically and mentally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize both the intensity of sound ("exceeds a certain level") and its dual impact ("physical and mental harm") in your definition.

Question 19. What does Noise mean?
Answer: Noise is when sound is too strong or too high-pitched to be comfortable for our ears. It is essentially any unwanted or disturbing sound. When the intensity and frequency of sound goes beyond what is pleasing to the ear, it is called Noise.
In simple words: Noise is when sound is too strong or too high-pitched to be comfortable for our ears.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define noise by focusing on its subjective nature ("unwanted" or "not pleasing to the ear") and its intensity/frequency.

Question 20. What are the main causes of noise pollution?
Answer: Main causes of noise pollution include vehicles, loud speakers, factory sounds, airplanes, thunder, and fireworks. These sources produce intense sounds that contribute to environmental noise.
In simple words: Main causes of noise pollution include vehicles, loud speakers, factory sounds, airplanes, thunder, and fireworks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a variety of examples for noise pollution sources, covering everyday activities, industrial, and natural phenomena.

Question 21. What are the harms caused by noise pollution?
Answer: Noise pollution can harm the brain, make people irritable, and even cause deafness. Its negative effects include impacting mental well-being and hearing capability.
In simple words: Noise pollution can harm the brain, make people irritable, and even cause deafness.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific negative health impacts of noise pollution, such as neurological effects, psychological distress, and auditory damage.

Question 22. Define Soil Pollution.
Answer: Soil pollution is when the quality of soil gets worse. This happens because of both natural events and human actions. It involves the reduction in the soil's fertility and overall health.
In simple words: Soil pollution is when the quality of soil gets worse. This happens because of both natural events and human actions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define soil pollution by focusing on the "reduction in quality" and attributing it to both "natural and human activities."

Question 24. What does Acid Rain mean?
Answer: Acid rain forms when gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitric oxide from factories mix with water in the air. This mixture then falls as rain, making it acidic. It is a form of precipitation with high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids.
In simple words: Acid rain forms when gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitric oxide from factories mix with water in the air. This mixture then falls as rain, making it acidic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain acid rain by detailing the specific industrial gases involved (carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide) and their interaction with atmospheric water vapour.

Question 25. What are the main causes for increase In the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Answer: Cutting down trees (deforestation) and burning fossil fuels are the main reasons why carbon dioxide in the air is increasing. These activities release large amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere.
In simple words: Cutting down trees (deforestation) and burning fossil fuels are the main reasons why carbon dioxide in the air is increasing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the two primary anthropogenic activities responsible for increased atmospheric carbon dioxide: deforestation and fossil fuel combustion.

Question 26. Which country is the world's largest green house gas emitter?
Answer: China. It holds the largest share in global greenhouse gas emissions.
In simple words: China releases the most greenhouse gases in the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions asking for specific countries, ensure accuracy as this is a factual detail.

Question 27. What is the reduction per decade in the amount of ozone of the stratosphere after 1970?
Answer: After 1970, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere has been going down by 4% every ten years. This significant depletion has raised global environmental concerns.
In simple words: After 1970, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere has been going down by 4% every ten years.

🎯 Exam Tip: State the specific percentage and timeframe accurately (4% per decade since 1970) for this factual question.

Question 28. Why is ozone layer called human protection armour?
Answer: The ozone layer is like a shield for people because it stops harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun from reaching Earth. These UV rays can cause severe health problems like skin cancer and cataracts. So, it acts as a natural protective barrier.
In simple words: The ozone layer is like a shield for people because it stops harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun from reaching Earth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the protective function of the ozone layer, specifically mentioning its role in blocking harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

Question 29. What was the major objective of the Stockholm Conference?
Answer: The main goal of the Stockholm Conference was to protect the environment around the globe. This pioneering conference laid the groundwork for international environmental policy.
In simple words: The main goal of the Stockholm Conference was to protect the environment around the globe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the core purpose of the Stockholm Conference: global environmental protection, as it was a landmark event.

Question 31. Where is the institution named CAZRI located in India?
Answer: The CAZRI institution is found in Jodhpur, India. It stands for Central Arid Zone Research Institute.
In simple words: The CAZRI institution is found in Jodhpur, India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the full form of CAZRI and its location (Jodhpur) as it's a key research institute in India.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Short Answer Type Questions (SA -I)

Question 1. Write the meaning and definition of Environment.
Answer: The environment means all the natural and social things around us. It's the place where living things live, with things like air, water, food, light, and shelter. C.C. Pie said it includes everything around a person at a certain time and place. The environment is not just one thing, but all conditions that affect human life and growth. It encompasses both biotic and abiotic components.
In simple words: The environment means all the natural and social things around us. It includes the surroundings where living beings get air, water, food, light, and shelter. C.C. Pie defined it as all circumstances around a person at a specific time and place.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a comprehensive meaning, including natural/social surroundings and essential amenities, and try to recall a definition by a notable figure like C.C. Pie if asked.

Question 2. Summarize the responsible factors for environmental problems.
Answer: Here are the main reasons for global environmental problems:
1. People's desire for physical comfort leads to more industry and technology.
2. The world's population is growing fast, and cities are getting bigger.
3. Rich countries have used natural resources too much and without care over the last 50 years.
These factors collectively contribute to various ecological imbalances.
In simple words: The main reasons for environmental problems are humans seeking comfort through industry and technology, rapid population growth and urbanization, and rich countries over-exploiting natural resources.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on anthropogenic factors (human-caused) like technological advancement, population growth, and resource exploitation as key drivers of environmental issues.

Question 4. Write the main types of pollution based on the nature of pollutants.
Answer: Pollution types depend on what causes them. There are ten main types:
1. Air pollution.
2. Water pollution.
3. Noise pollution.
4. Soil pollution (Land Pollution).
5. Thermal pollution.
6. Radiation pollution.
7. Industrial pollution.
8. Pollution from garbage.
9. Marine pollution.
10. Pollution due to domestic waste.
This detailed classification helps in addressing specific sources and impacts.
In simple words: Pollution can be grouped into ten main types based on what causes them, such as air, water, soil, noise, heat, radiation, industrial, garbage, marine, and domestic waste pollution.

🎯 Exam Tip: List as many types of pollution as you can, clearly categorizing them by the nature of the pollutants or the medium affected.

Question 5. Define air pollution and mention its sources.
Answer: Air Pollution: Air pollution happens when unwanted things in the air make its quality poor. This harms people and all living things. Sources of air pollution are divided into two main parts:
1. **Natural Sources:** These include things like eruptions from volcanoes, dust from storms and winds, forest fires, and landslides in mountains.
2. **Unnatural Sources:** These come from burning fossil fuels (like coal, petroleum, and wood), mining, industries, different types of transport, smoking, and using chemicals and radioactive materials.
These sources collectively release harmful substances into the atmosphere.
In simple words: Air pollution is when bad stuff in the air makes it unhealthy for people and nature. It comes from two types of sources: natural ones like volcanoes and storms, and human ones like burning fuels, factories, and cars.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define air pollution concisely and then clearly categorize its sources into natural and unnatural, providing examples for each.

Question 6. Write the harmful effects of air pollution.
Answer: Air pollution harms us in many ways:
1. It negatively affects human health.
2. It harms plants and animals, threatening the existence of living organisms and insects.
3. It negatively affects atmospheric conditions, causing major problems like climate change, ozone layer depletion, and the greenhouse effect.
4. It creates a canopy of fog, or smog, in cities and metropolitan areas.
These effects highlight the pervasive nature of air pollution's damage.
In simple words: Air pollution harms human health, natural vegetation, and wildlife. It also leads to climate change, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, and smog in cities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing harmful effects, categorize them into impacts on human health, natural ecosystems, and atmospheric phenomena for a structured answer.

Question 7. Summarize the measures to protect the ozone layer.
Answer: To protect the ozone layer:
1. Gases that harm ozone, like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halogen gases, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethane, are now banned under the Montreal Protocol.
2. The production of Freon, a hazardous CFC used in refrigerators, air conditioners, foam manufacturing, and aerosol sprays, has been banned.
3. Concorde aircraft operations in the United States were banned due to their potential to deplete the ozone layer.
4. World Ozone Day is celebrated annually on September 16 to raise awareness about ozone layer protection globally.
These global efforts aim to restore and preserve the ozone layer.
In simple words: To protect the ozone layer: 1. Harmful gases like CFCs are banned by the Montreal Protocol. 2. Freon, used in many products, is now banned. 3. Concorde aircraft were stopped due to ozone concerns. 4. World Ozone Day on September 16 promotes awareness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key international agreements like the Montreal Protocol and specific actions taken, such as banning certain chemicals and raising public awareness through events like World Ozone Day.

Question 8. Write the major days declared by the United Nations with a view to environmental protection.
Answer: The major days declared by the United Nations for environmental protection and awareness are:
6. World Ozone Day – September 16
7. Green Consumer Day – December 28
8. Bhopal Gas Tragedy Day - December 2
9. World Soil Day – December 5
10. World Environment Day - June 5
11. National Pollution Prevention Day – December 2
These days serve to highlight specific environmental concerns and promote action.
In simple words: The United Nations has named several days to raise awareness about the environment. These include World Ozone Day on September 16, Green Consumer Day on December 28, Bhopal Gas Tragedy Day on December 2, World Soil Day on December 5, World Environment Day on June 5, and National Pollution Prevention Day on December 2.

🎯 Exam Tip: List several environmental days along with their dates. Showing a range of days (e.g., ozone, soil, environment) indicates broad knowledge.

Question 9. Name major institutions and organizations of India related to environmental protection.
Answer: Major institutions and organizations of India related to environmental protection are as follows:
1. Botanical Survey of India - located in Kolkata, it surveys vegetation resources.
2. The Wildlife Institute of India (Dehradun) – conducts research and training related to wildlife.
3. Kalpavriksha – a Non-Government Organization (NGO) working since 2003 for biodiversity and environment protection.
4. CAZRI (Central Arid Zone Research Institute) – headquartered in Jodhpur.
5. FRI (Forest Research Institute) – established in 1906, located in Dehradun.
6. Indian Wildlife Institute, Dehradun - established in 1985.
7. NEERI (National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute) – located in Nagpur, established in 1958.
These organizations play a crucial role in India's environmental conservation efforts.
In simple words: Here are some main Indian groups that protect the environment: The Botanical Survey of India (Kolkata) studies plants. The Wildlife Institute of India (Dehradun) researches wildlife. Kalpavriksha (NGO) works for biodiversity. CAZRI (Jodhpur) researches dry zones. FRI (Dehradun, 1906) is a forest research institute. The Indian Wildlife Institute (Dehradun, 1985) focuses on wildlife. NEERI (Nagpur, 1958) is an environmental engineering research institute.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing organizations, include their full names, locations, and primary functions if known, to provide comprehensive details.

Question 10. Name the world's major International Environment Institutes and their headquarters.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Present the information in a clear table format, including both the organization's name and its headquarters location, for easy readability and scoring.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

Question 1. Describe the measures adopted by the Indian Government to reduce air pollution.
Answer: The Indian Government is taking important steps to reduce air pollution:
1. A National Forest Policy was created on June 24, 2016. It suggests a green tax, with funds used to grow more forests.
2. The Green Highway Policy of 2015 aims to control road pollution. Real success needs everyone to plant and protect trees.
3. To cut down vehicle pollution, India started supplying BS-4 grade fuel from April 1, 2017 (replacing BS-3). From April 1, 2020, the assurance of supply of BS-5 grade fuel has been given, replacing BS-4.
These initiatives demonstrate a multi-faceted approach to tackling air quality issues.
In simple words: The Indian Government is taking important steps to reduce air pollution: 1. A National Forest Policy was created in 2016. It suggests a green tax, with funds used to grow more forests. 2. The Green Highway Policy of 2015 aims to control road pollution. Real success needs everyone to plant and protect trees. 3. To cut down vehicle pollution, India started supplying BS-4 fuel from April 2017 (replacing BS-3). From April 2020, BS-5 fuel will be available.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on specific government policies and initiatives (e.g., National Forest Policy, Green Highway Policy, BS emission norms) with their respective dates, to provide concrete examples.

Question 2. Explain the causes and harmful consequences of soil pollution.
Answer: Causes of Soil Pollution:
1. Too much use of chemical fertilizers.
2. Waste from factories.
3. Garbage from cities and towns.
4. Untreated waste from sewage.
5. Use of pesticides and insecticides.
Harmful Effects of Soil Pollution:
1. This continuously reduces the area of agricultural land.
2. Diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, tuberculosis, and eye diseases are often caused by soil pollution.
3. Soil pollution is considered a root cause for other environmental pollutions.
4. The availability of useful land decreases in areas affected by soil pollution.
Soil pollution affects both agricultural productivity and human health, and can trigger other environmental issues.
In simple words: Soil pollution has several causes and harms. Causes include: too many chemical fertilizers, factory waste, city garbage, untreated sewage, and pesticides. Harmful effects include: less farmland, diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, tuberculosis, and eye problems. Soil pollution also leads to other types of pollution and reduces the amount of good land available.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly separate the causes and consequences. For causes, think about agricultural practices and waste disposal. For consequences, focus on land usability and public health impacts.

Question 3. Explain the consequences of ozone layer depletion.
Answer: When the ozone layer gets thin, it causes serious problems:
1. People can get skin cancer and cataracts.
2. UV rays kill tiny ocean plants (plankton), which harms the entire sea food chain.
3. Many crops become less healthy or grow poorly, leading to reduced quantity and quality of vegetation.
4. People's ability to fight off diseases weakens, affecting their disease resistance.
5. Areas near the equator get hotter, which negatively affects the health and growth of local people, impacting their physical and mental development. This temperature increase is a direct result of more UV radiation.
In simple words: When the ozone layer gets thin, it causes serious problems: 1. People can get skin cancer and cataracts. 2. UV rays kill tiny ocean plants, which harms the entire sea food chain. 3. Many crops become less healthy or grow poorly. 4. People's ability to fight off diseases weakens. 5. Areas near the equator get hotter, which negatively affects the health and growth of local people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe consequences in terms of human health (skin cancer, cataracts), ecosystem impacts (marine life, crops), and broader environmental effects (temperature rise, human development).

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Define Air Pollution. Describe the sources, harmful effects and measures to control air pollution.
Answer: Definition of Air Pollution: Air pollution is when natural or human activities release harmful things like dust, smoke, gases, mist, vapours, and bad smells into the air. These pollutants harm humans and other living things. It significantly alters the atmospheric composition.
Sources of Air Pollution:
1. **Natural Sources:** These include materials from volcanic eruptions, dust from storms and winds, forest fires, and landslides in mountains. These are geological or meteorological processes.
2. **Unnatural Sources:** These come from burning fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and wood), mining, industries, various forms of transport, smoking, and using chemicals and radioactive materials. These are human-induced.
Harmful Effects of Air Pollution: Air pollution acts like a slow poison, gradually harming all living and non-living parts of the environment. It leads to respiratory diseases, acid rain, global warming, and damage to vegetation and infrastructure.
Effective Measures to Control Air Pollution: To control current air pollution and stop future pollution, these steps are needed:
1. Develop plantations and green belts over at least 33% of the land.
2. Control pollution from vehicles. For this, India switched to BS-4 grade fuel from April 1, 2017, and plans to use BS-5 grade fuel from April 1, 2020.
3. Use more solar-powered batteries and electric engines (like in railways) instead of petrol and diesel.
4. Ban cutting trees and use domestic fuels that don't produce smoke.
5. Set up factories like those for utensils and bricks outside city limits.
6. Use modern techniques in industries to reduce air pollution levels.
7. Personally, every individual should plant and protect trees.
A combination of policy, technology, and individual action is crucial for air pollution control.
In simple words: Air pollution is when bad stuff from nature or humans gets into the air, harming people and other life. It comes from volcanoes, dust, and fires naturally, or from burning fuels, factories, cars, and chemicals from humans. This pollution slowly poisons everything. To stop it, we need to plant more trees, control vehicle pollution with better fuels, use solar power, stop cutting trees, move factories away from cities, use cleaner factory methods, and everyone should help plant and save trees.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is an essay-type question, so cover all requested parts comprehensively: a clear definition, categorized sources with examples, a summary of harmful effects, and actionable control measures, using bullet points for clarity.

Question 2. What does water pollution mean? Describe the sources, harmful consequences and measures to prevent water pollution.
Answer: Meaning of Water Pollution: Water pollution happens when unwanted things mix with natural water, making its quality bad. This harms humans and all other living things. It is any change in the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water that has an adverse effect.
Sources of Water Pollution: Main sources include dirty water from homes (domestic effluents), farm waste (agricultural waste), factory waste (industrial waste), warm contaminated water (thermal pollution), air particles (atmospheric particles), radioactive waste, and oil leaks (mineral oil). It is estimated that 300 cities in India release 3000 to 4000 million liters of sewage into rivers daily, causing very high water pollution.
Harmful Consequences of Water Pollution:
1. Many aquatic creatures die in polluted water. People who drink this water can get cholera, jaundice, and stomach problems like diarrhea.
2. Humans also get many water-borne diseases from bathing and washing clothes in dirty water.
3. About 65% of all human diseases in India are due to water pollution.
4. The United Nations reports that 2300 people die daily from lack of clean water and diarrhea worldwide.
5. In the last 30-40 years, about 40% of ocean creatures have died out due to sea water pollution.
Measures to Prevent Water Pollution:
1. Build sewage treatment plants in all cities for proper waste disposal in water.
2. Treat industrial wastewater and reuse it in factories.
3. Strictly prohibit throwing dead animal bodies into rivers.
4. Encourage organic farming instead of chemical farming.
Effective water management requires a multi-pronged approach addressing these sources, consequences, and preventive measures.
In simple words: Water pollution means natural water becomes bad due to unwanted things mixing in it, harming life. It comes from home, farm, and factory waste, warm water, air particles, radioactive waste, and oil. In India, much sewage goes into rivers, making them very dirty. This leads to many aquatic creatures dying. People get diseases like cholera, jaundice, and diarrhea from drinking or bathing in polluted water. About 65% of diseases in India are from dirty water. Globally, 2300 people die daily from unclean water. Over 40% of sea life has died from ocean pollution. To fix this, we need water treatment plants, reuse factory water, stop dumping animal bodies in rivers, and use organic farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure a clear definition, a detailed list of sources (including statistics if available), a comprehensive description of harmful effects on ecosystems and humans, and practical preventive measures for a complete essay answer.

Question 4. What is Ozone Layer Depletion? Describe the causes and effects of ozone layer depletion.
Answer: Ozone layer depletion is the reduction of ozone gas in the ozone layer, which has been observed as a decrease of about 4% per decade. This leads to holes forming, especially over Antarctica and the North Pole.

Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion:
1. Humans have disrupted nature's balance by releasing harmful gases and chemicals into the atmosphere, causing the ozone layer to thin out.
2. Halogenic gases are the main culprits behind ozone destruction. These include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chlorine, bromine, methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride.
3. In the ozone layer, a single chlorine atom can destroy many ozone molecules, leading to significant depletion.
4. Chlorine atoms are formed when chlorofluorocarbons break down, for example: \( CFCl_3 + UV \implies CFCl_2 (chlorofluorocarbon) + Cl (chlorine) \).
5. Besides chlorine, bromine atoms also play a role in destroying ozone molecules, which speeds up the depletion process.

Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion:
1. It increases the risk of diseases like skin cancer and cataracts in people worldwide.
2. Ultraviolet rays harm tiny plant plankton in seawater, which negatively affects the marine food chain.
3. The quantity and quality of many types of crops and vegetation decrease.
4. Ultraviolet rays also weaken the disease-fighting ability in humans and other living things.
5. Ozone layer depletion causes temperatures to rise near the equator, which can negatively impact the physical and mental health of the people living there.
In simple words: Ozone layer depletion means the protective ozone gas in the sky is getting thinner. This happens because of human-made gases like CFCs, which break down ozone molecules. The main effects are more skin cancer, harm to sea life, reduced crops, and increased global temperatures.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining ozone depletion, clearly list the chemical causes and specific environmental and health impacts. Remember to mention both the causes and consequences for a complete answer.