RBSE Solutions Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Theories of the Origin of the State

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the ideas of theory of force in respect of human behaviour?
Answer: According to the theory of force, human behavior is driven by a desire for power and aggression. This idea helps explain why people might seek control over others.
In simple words: People act because they want power and like to fight, says the force theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining theories, always link the core concept (like 'force' or 'power') directly to the outcome (like 'human behavior').

Question 2. Who is the head of the family as per matriarchal theory?
Answer: In the matriarchal theory, the mother is considered the main leader or head of the family. This system places women at the center of family authority.
In simple words: The mother leads the family in matriarchal theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define the role of the central figure in theories about family or state structure.

Question 4. What is the defect of patriarchal theory?
Answer: A weakness of the patriarchal theory is that it cannot be assumed that a father-led system was common everywhere in the world. Different societies had different family structures.
In simple words: The patriarchal theory is flawed because it wasn't present globally.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying defects or criticisms of a theory, focus on its lack of universality or supporting evidence.

Question 5. Which form of governance is thought to be the best in Divine theory?
Answer: The Divine theory suggests that monarchy, where a king or queen rules, is the best form of government. It believes that rulers are chosen by a higher power.
In simple words: Monarchy is seen as the best type of rule in the Divine theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand which form of government each theory supports as ideal for strong answers.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Criticize the matriarchal principle.
Answer: The matriarchal principle has several criticisms. Firstly, there isn't enough historical proof to show that families were only dominated by males or females in early times. Secondly, this principle ignores other important factors besides the family that helped states develop. Thirdly, it focuses more on social development than political development, explaining society's growth, not the state's. Fourthly, it's considered too simple a principle for the complex process of state origin. Also, this system was not found everywhere, as both father-led and mother-led arrangements existed. Finally, some argue that women were thought to be weaker than men, making it seem unlikely they would consistently hold the top leadership roles.
In simple words: Critics say the matriarchal theory lacks historical proof and ignores other ways states grew. It seems too simple and doesn't explain how states started everywhere.

🎯 Exam Tip: When criticizing a theory, list specific points of weakness, such as lack of evidence, oversimplification, or limited scope.

Question 2. Mention the shortcomings of principle of force.
Answer: The principle of force has several shortcomings. It sees only power, not the will of the people, as the foundation of the state, meaning people's consent is overlooked. This principle also leads to an autocratic state, where rulers have absolute power. It supports war and revolution, which goes against democratic ideas. Furthermore, it encourages extreme nationalism and imperialism, opposing global peace and cooperation. Lastly, it only values physical strength, ignoring the importance of spiritual, technical, and legal authorities in modern times.
In simple words: The force principle focuses only on power, making states dictatorships that like war. It ignores what people want and doesn't care about global peace or other kinds of strength.

🎯 Exam Tip: For shortcomings, highlight how the theory's focus (e.g., pure force) conflicts with broader values like democracy or peace, or neglects other forms of power.

Question 3. What are the duties of a state, according to the divine principle?
Answer: According to the divine principle, the state is seen as a divine creation, and the king is God's representative on Earth. The king's duties involve making laws and ensuring the well-being of the people. His orders are considered law, and his actions are believed to be just and good. This theory suggests that the king has absolute power, cannot be questioned by people, and is only accountable to God. Upon a king's death, his son inherits the throne, maintaining a hierarchical system. A good king should always plan for his people's benefit, and if he fails, God is expected to judge him, not the people.
In simple words: The divine principle says the state is from God and the king is God's messenger. The king makes laws for the people's good and has full power. If he does wrong, only God can judge him.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing duties under a specific principle, make sure to connect them back to the core tenets of that principle (e.g., divine right, accountability to God).

Question 4. Explain the features / characteristics of patriarchal theory.
Answer: The patriarchal theory states that in ancient times, the family was the basic unit of society. These families were built on stable marriage relationships. A key feature was that blood relations strongly united family members. The male head of the family held absolute power. The entire development of the state was believed to be based on this patriarchal, or father-dominated, system. This framework suggests a clear line of authority from the family to the state.
In simple words: The patriarchal theory says society started with families based on strong marriages. The male head had all the power, and blood ties kept families together. States grew from this father-led family model.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing features, start with the most fundamental unit of the theory (e.g., family) and explain how it expands to the larger concept (e.g., state).

Question 5. Write the characteristics of the principle of force.
Answer: The principle of force highlights several characteristics regarding the state's origin. Firstly, it claims that force, including economic, physical, and military power, is the only foundation for the state's existence. Secondly, it suggests that human behavior naturally includes a desire for dominance and aggression. Thirdly, it holds that "force is justice" and that force is the ultimate authority. Fourthly, it believes that a powerful minority always governs, and the powerless majority simply obeys. Fifthly, this principle asserts that all states, even today, are centered around power. Finally, it states that the main goal of any state is to promote and effectively use its power.
In simple words: The force theory says states begin with power—physical, economic, or military. It believes people are naturally aggressive, that might makes right, and that the strong rule the weak. All states want to get and use more power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing characteristics, ensure each point describes a distinct aspect of the theory and its implications.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Essay Type Questions

Question 1. Evaluate the principle (theory) of force in the context of origin of the state.
Answer: The theory of force explains that the state originated solely from the use of force and power. It states that stronger groups overpowered weaker ones, with war being the primary cause for state formation. The victors became rulers, and the defeated became their subjects. This theory suggests that the state emerged from the powerful dominating the weak, driven by a natural desire for control. Powerful individuals crushed others, becoming kings who compelled the majority to submit, eventually organizing them into tribes under their leadership.
However, the principle of force faces several criticisms. Firstly, while force played a role, it was not the only factor; other elements like awareness, religion, and blood relations also contributed to state formation. Secondly, this principle views only force as the state's foundation, ignoring the people's will. A state cannot be organized or established without the consent of its people, who obey laws due to logical thought, not just fear. Thirdly, it offers a one-sided view of human behavior, focusing only on aggression. Fourthly, this theory, by promoting war and revolution, is seen as anti-democratic and harmful to international peace and cooperation. Lastly, it overly emphasizes physical force, overlooking the importance of spiritual, technical, and legal authorities in modern governance.
Despite these shortcomings, the principle of force holds some importance. Historically, it helped rulers consolidate power and establish a hierarchical system. It also played a role in understanding how dominance shapes societies. Even today, the ability of a state to use force is a key aspect of its existence and its capacity to maintain order internally and externally. This theory helped explain the impact of power dynamics on state development.
In simple words: The force theory says states started because strong people used power to control weak ones, making war the main reason. But critics say it's too simple, ignores people's will, and promotes war, not peace. Still, it helps us understand how power has always been important in how states are formed and governed.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating a theory, present its main arguments, then discuss its criticisms, and finally, acknowledge any lasting importance or relevance it might have.

Question 2. Which is the most ancient principle of origin of state? Explain in detail.
Answer: The most ancient theory explaining the origin of the state is the 'Divine Principle'. This principle suggests that the state was created by God, and rulers are God's representatives.
This idea of a divinely ordained state is found across many ancient cultures:
• Western Philosophy:
• Judaism: Jewish religious texts supported this principle, stating that God created the state.
• Egypt: Ancient Egyptian kings were called 'Son of Sun God', connecting their rule to divine power.
• China and Japan: In these cultures, kings were known as 'Son of Heaven' or 'Son of Sun', signifying their divine mandate.
• Greece and Rome: The divine theory was also acknowledged in these classical civilizations.
• Bible: The Bible reinforces the concept of a godly creation of the state, attributing all political power to God.
• Indian Philosophy: Ancient Indian thinkers also believed the state originated from God. Indian traditions, especially in the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata and Manu Smriti, describe the divine principle. They state that when chaos and lawlessness spread, God created a ruler to restore order and protect the people.
This principle highlights the belief that political authority is sacred and divinely appointed, giving rulers immense power and legitimacy.
The divine principle also comes with its criticisms:
• Non-scientific: This principle is based on religious beliefs rather than scientific reasoning or logic.
• Nurtures autocracy: Since the king is only accountable to God and not the people, this principle often led to absolute monarchies and authoritarian rule.
• Against democratic principles: It conflicts with democratic ideas where power comes from the people.
• Extreme outlook: This principle grants the king unlimited power, giving him divine qualities, which is an extreme and often dangerous view.
• Religious Principle: In modern times, many people do not strictly adhere to religious beliefs, which reduces the practical relevance of this principle.
Despite its flaws, the divine principle holds some importance:
• First explanation: It was the first attempt to systematically explain how the state began.
• Peace and order: It helped maintain peace and order in early societies that lacked formal governance.
• Obedience and discipline: This principle fostered a sense of obedience and discipline among people towards authority.
• Influence of religion: It established the strong influence of religion in the development of the state.
In simple words: The oldest idea about how states started is the 'Divine Principle'. It says God created the state and chose rulers to lead it. This belief was common in many old cultures like Jewish, Egyptian, Chinese, Japanese, Greek, Roman, and Indian societies. They all thought leaders got their power from God to keep things in order. However, critics say this divine theory isn't scientific and lets kings become dictators because they only answer to God, not the people. It's an extreme idea that doesn't fit with modern democracy or beliefs. Still, this theory was important because it was the first to explain states, helped keep peace, taught people to obey, and showed how religion shaped early states.

🎯 Exam Tip: For detailed explanations, break down the theory into its historical context, key features, criticisms, and any enduring significance it holds.

Question 3. Evaluate the Patriarchal Principle.
Answer: The Patriarchal Principle is an ancient theory that explains the state's origin. It is observed in the histories of Greece, Rome, and among the Jewish people, with references in the 'Old Testament' and other ancient scriptures. Henri-man, a key interpreter, believed ancient society began as a collection of families. The father, as the family head, held absolute power over property and marriage decisions. As families expanded and divided, father-dominated groups grew into clans, then tribes, and eventually formed states.
The main characteristics of this theory include:
• The family was the fundamental unit of society in ancient times.
• Stable marriage relationships formed the basis of these families.
• Blood relations were crucial for family unity.
• The head of the family held absolute authority.
• The state's development was based on this father-dominated (patriarchal) system.
However, the Patriarchal Principle faces criticism:
• Simplistic: Critics argue it is too simple an explanation for the complex development of the state, which involved many factors.
• Not universally applicable: It wasn't found everywhere; examples of matriarchal (mother-dominated) systems existed in regions like Asia and Australia.
• Disputed by thinkers: Political thinkers like Morgan and Maxwell suggested that family structures were often led by women, not men, in early units of the state.
• Sociological, not political: It is considered more of a sociological principle, describing societal development rather than the political origin of the state.
Despite these criticisms, the Patriarchal Principle has some importance:
• It helps analyze how blood relations contributed to state development, viewing the state as an advanced form of family organization.
• It also highlights how a spirit of obedience and discipline was established within early societies through this family structure.
In simple words: The Patriarchal Principle says states grew from father-led families, where the father had all the power. Families formed clans, then tribes, then states. This theory is found in old texts from Greece, Rome, and Jewish history. Critics say it's too simple, wasn't true everywhere, and focuses more on society than how states really began. But it's important because it shows how family ties helped build early states and taught people to obey.

🎯 Exam Tip: When evaluating a theory, summarize its core idea, list its key characteristics, provide specific criticisms, and acknowledge its importance.

Question 4. Evaluate the Matriarchal Theory.
Answer: The Matriarchal Theory suggests that states originated from a system where the mother was the head of the family. In such societies, women held authority over property and governance. Polyandry (one woman having multiple husbands) was common, and children were recognized through their mother, not their father. Over time, this mother-led system is believed to have given rise to the state.
Key characteristics of the Matriarchal Principle include:
• A lack of permanent marriage relationships, meaning family lineage was traced solely through the mother.
• Women held significant authority in property matters and governance, making the female the family's head.
• The mother was the central figure in matriarchal families, managing the household and laying the groundwork for state administration.
However, the Matriarchal Principle faces several criticisms:
• Simplistic: It is considered a very simple explanation for the origin of the state, which is a complex process involving many different elements.
• Not a proven principle: This theory offers an estimation of how society, particularly the family, began, but it lacks concrete proof for the state's origin.
• Social, not political: It mainly describes the development of society rather than the political development of the state itself.
• Neglects other factors: The principle tends to overlook other important elements that also contributed to the state's formation.
Despite its criticisms, the Matriarchal Principle has some importance:
• Blood relations: It helps explain the role of blood relations in the state's development, viewing the state as an advanced form of family organization.
• Obedience and discipline: This principle also shows how a sense of obedience and discipline was established within early societies.
In simple words: The Matriarchal Theory says states started from mother-led families where women had power and property. Since marriages weren't always permanent, children traced their family through their mother. Critics say this theory is too simple, not fully proven, and focuses more on society than how states really began, also missing other factors. Still, this theory is important because it highlights how family ties contributed to states and how early societies learned obedience.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure your evaluation includes both the theory's main points and its shortcomings, providing a balanced perspective.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Objective Type Questions

Question 1. Which principle of the origin of the state was famous in medieval period?
(a) Principle of Force
(b) The Principle of Social Agreement
(c) Divine Principle
(d) Patriarchal Principle
Answer: (a) Principle of Force
In simple words: In the Middle Ages, people often thought states started because of force.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate each theory with its specific historical period of prominence for better recall.

Question 2. The first king was a lucky warrior, whose statement is this?
(a) Bismark
(b) Oppenheimer
(c) Gettle
(d) Voltaire
Answer: (d) Voltaire
In simple words: Voltaire said that the first king was just a lucky fighter.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key quotes and attribute them correctly to the respective thinkers.

Question 3. Which one of the following thinkers supported the principle of force?
(a) Voltaire
Answer: (a) Voltaire
In simple words: Voltaire was among those who supported the principle that force played a role in the state's origin.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link thinkers directly to the theories or principles they supported.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Other Important Questions & Answers

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Objective type Questions

Question 1. The most ancient principle of origin of state is:
(a) Divine principle
(b) Matriarchal principle
(c) The principle of force
(d) Social contract principle
Answer: (a) Divine principle
In simple words: The Divine principle is the very first idea about how states began.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the oldest theory of state origin to answer such direct questions accurately.

Question 4. Who is the main supporter of patriarchal principle?
(a) Leacock
(b) Henriman
(c) Gilchrist
(d) Hobbes
Answer: (b) Henriman
In simple words: Henriman is known as the main person who supported the patriarchal idea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize key figures associated with each theory of state origin.

Question 5. In which principle is the custom of polyandry found?
(a) Matriarchal principle
(b) Patriarchal principle
(c) Divine principle
(d) Principle of force
Answer: (a) Matriarchal principle
In simple words: Polyandry, where one woman has many husbands, is part of the matriarchal principle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect specific social customs or family structures to the relevant theories of state origin.

Question 3. Who is the author of the book “Patriarchy” ?
(a) Garner
(b) Lasky
(c) Robert Filmer
(d) Jacques
Answer: (c) Robert Filmer
In simple words: Robert Filmer wrote the book "Patriarcha".

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the authors of influential works related to political theories is crucial.

Question 4. The author or “Tools of Free Monarchies” is:
(a) Robert Filmer
(b) James-l
(c) Louis XIV
(d) Morgan
Answer: (b) James-l
In simple words: King James I wrote "The Trew Law of Free Monarchies".

🎯 Exam Tip: Link important texts with their respective authors to score well in objective questions.

Question 5. Because of rise of democratic thought, which principle of origin of state has lost its relevance?
(a) Principle of force
(b) The principle of social agreement
(c) Matriarchal principle
(d) Divine principle
Answer: (d) Divine principle
In simple words: The Divine principle is not important anymore because democratic ideas say people, not God, choose rulers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how modern political ideas (like democracy) have challenged older theories of state origin.

Question 6. “State is a developed form of families.” This thought is accepted by the thinkers of which principle?
(a) The principle of force
Answer: (a) The principle of force
In simple words: The idea that a state grows from families is supported by the patriarchal principle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify which theories view the state as an extension of family structures.

Question 7. The main supporter of patriarchal principle is:
(a) Hegel
(b) Henriman
(c) Plato
(d) Green
Answer: (b) Henriman
In simple words: Henriman is known as the main person who supported the patriarchal idea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key proponents for each theory to quickly answer identification questions.

Question 8. Jewish religious book ‘Old Testament’ is related to which principle of the origin of state?
(a) Matriarchal principle
(b) Principle of force
(c) Patriarchal principle
(d) The contract theory
Answer: (c) Patriarchal principle
In simple words: The 'Old Testament' is linked to the patriarchal principle of how states began.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect historical texts or religious scriptures to the political theories they reflect or support.

Question 9. Main supporter of matriarchal theory is:
(a) McLinnen
(b) Morgan
(c) Jacques
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: McLinnen, Morgan, and Jacques all supported the matriarchal theory.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "All of the options" answers, ensure you recognize all listed figures as supporters of the given theory.

Question 10. “The survival of the fittest”. Which principle of the origin of state is based on it?
(a) The principle of social agreement
(b) The principle of force

Question 11. "Without force no state is alive nor can remain alive." This statement is of:
(a) Bluntschli
(b) Aristotle
(c) Leacock
(d) Green
Answer: (a) Bluntschli
In simple words: This statement means that a state needs power and strength to exist and keep functioning. Bluntschli was a thinker who believed in the importance of force for a state's survival.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key quotes and the philosophers associated with them, especially in theories of state origin. Connecting a quote to its proponent helps in recall.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention any two principles of origin of the state.
Answer: Two main principles for the origin of the state are:
1. The principle of divine origin, which suggests states were created by God.
2. The principle of force, which believes states came from power and conquest. These theories help us understand early ideas about how societies formed.
In simple words: Two ideas about how states started are that God made them, or that strong people used power to create them.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for "any two," choose the clearest and most distinct points to avoid confusion and ensure accuracy.

Question 2. Which principle of origin of state is imaginary?
Answer: The principle of Divine origin is considered imaginary. This theory suggests that the state was created by a divine being or God, rather than through human actions. It relies on faith more than historical evidence.
In simple words: The idea that states came from God is seen as imaginary because it is based on beliefs, not facts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the difference between historical theories and those based on faith or philosophical ideas when discussing state origins.

Question 3. Who was the first supporter of the principle of divine origin?
Answer: The Jews were among the first supporters of the principle of divine origin. Their religious scriptures often describe leaders and rulers as chosen by God. This shows how ancient religious beliefs influenced ideas about political authority.
In simple words: The Jews were early believers that rulers got their power from God.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying "first" supporters, focus on the earliest civilizations or groups mentioned in the context of the theory.

Question 4. Mention the name of the book written by king James-I of England.
Answer: King James-I of England wrote the book titled "Tools of Free Monarchy." This book argued for the divine right of kings, stating that monarchs received their authority directly from God. It was an important text in the history of absolute monarchy.
In simple words: King James-I wrote "Tools of Free Monarchy," which talked about kings having God's power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the authors and titles of significant works provides valuable context for understanding political theories.

Question 5. According to the principle of divine origin, king is known by what name?
Answer: According to the principle of divine origin, the king is known as an incarnation of God or God's representative. This meant that the king was seen as having a special connection to the divine, making his rule sacred and unquestionable.
In simple words: In the divine origin idea, a king is seen as a living form of God or someone sent by God.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing divine origin, always emphasize the king's sacred status and his role as a divine agent.

Question 6. King of Napal was regarded as whose incarnation?
Answer: The King of Nepal was regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu. This belief integrated the ruler's authority with religious traditions, strengthening his position by connecting him to a powerful Hindu deity.
In simple words: The King of Nepal was believed to be a form of the Hindu god Vishnu.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific examples like the King of Nepal help illustrate how divine origin theories were applied in different cultures.

Question 7. In what form is the right of successorship of power explained in divine principle?
Answer: In the divine principle, the right of successorship to power is explained on the basis of genealogy, meaning it passes down through the family line. This often meant that the eldest son inherited the throne, ensuring a stable, hereditary monarchy.
In simple words: The divine principle says that power goes from parent to child in the family, usually the eldest son.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that divine right usually implies hereditary succession, strengthening the monarch's position through both religious and familial ties.

Question 8. Mention any two characteristic conventions of the principle of divine origin.
Answer: Two characteristic conventions of the divine origin principle are:
1. The state is considered a God-created institution.
2. Monarchy is seen as an autocratic (absolute) form of rule. These ideas made the king's power seem untouchable, as it came directly from God.
In simple words: This principle teaches that God made the state, and the king rules with full power given by God.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how these conventions reinforced the idea of unquestionable royal authority and the sacred nature of the state.

Question 9. Mention the causes of downfall of divine principle.
Answer: The causes for the downfall of the divine principle include:
1. The rise of the principle of social agreement, which suggested states were man-made.
2. The growth of democratic thought, promoting rule by the people.
3. Conflicts between the state and the church, weakening the idea of divine authority. These developments challenged the idea that rulers were chosen by God, leading to new ways of thinking about governance.
In simple words: The divine principle fell because of new ideas like social contracts, democracy, and fights between the church and state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the emerging counter-theories (social contract, democracy) and institutional conflicts (church vs. state) as key factors in the decline of divine right.

Question 10. Mention two defects/criticisms of divine principle.
Answer: Two criticisms of the divine principle are:
1. It promotes autocracy, as the king's absolute power is unquestioned.
2. It is anti-democratic, as it does not allow for people's participation or rights. This principle gave rulers unlimited power, which often led to tyranny and ignored the will of the people.
In simple words: This principle leads to kings having all power and goes against people choosing their leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: When criticizing a theory, focus on its negative consequences or contradictions with modern political values like democracy and accountability.

Question 11. Who is the main supporter of patriarchal principle?
Answer: The main supporter of the patriarchal principle is Henriman. He argued that the state evolved from families where the father held absolute authority. His work helped explain the early societal structures that eventually led to formal states.
In simple words: Henriman strongly supported the idea that states grew from father-led families.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key theorists like Henriman with the specific theories they advocated, as this helps remember the core ideas.

Question 13. Mention two points in criticism of patriarchal principle.
Answer: Two criticisms of the patriarchal principle are:
1. The patriarchal system is not found everywhere; matriarchal societies also existed.
2. It is too simplistic to explain the complex origin of the state. This theory overlooks the diverse ways societies and states developed across different cultures.
In simple words: Critics say this principle is too simple and does not fit all places, as some societies were led by mothers.

🎯 Exam Tip: To effectively criticize a theory, provide counter-examples or point out its limited scope and oversimplifications.

Question 14. Who are the main supporters of matriarchal principle?
Answer: Main supporters of the matriarchal principle include McLinnen, Morgan, and Jacques. These thinkers explored societies where lineage and authority were traced through the mother, providing a different perspective on early social organization.
In simple words: McLinnen, Morgan, and Jacques are key thinkers who supported the idea of mother-led societies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn to associate multiple thinkers with a particular theory, as different scholars often contribute to its development and understanding.

Question 15. Write two points in criticism of matriarchal principle.
Answer: Two criticisms of the matriarchal principle are:
1. It is a very simple principle, not fully capturing the state's complex origin.
2. It neglects other important factors, besides family structure, for the state's development. This theory, while offering an alternative, may also oversimplify the diverse influences on state formation.
In simple words: This principle is criticized for being too simple and for not looking at all the other reasons why states formed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to assess a theory's comprehensiveness; if it focuses too narrowly on one factor, it might be criticized for oversimplification.

Question 16. What is the only one reason for the origin of state as per the principle of force?
Answer: As per the principle of force, the only reason for the origin of the state is force (power). This theory suggests that states arose from the conquest of the weak by the strong, with power being the ultimate foundation of political authority.
In simple words: The force principle says that states started only because stronger people used power to control weaker ones.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the core tenet of each theory; for the force theory, it's solely about power and coercion.

Question 17. Who said that the basis of a state should be blood and strength?
Answer: Proponents of the principle of force often asserted that the basis of a state should be blood and strength. This idea emphasizes that power, often gained through conflict and maintained by force, forms the foundation of political order and national identity.
In simple words: People who believe in the force principle say that a state should be built on family ties and power.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a question asks "Who said" and the source provides a concept, explain that specific groups or theories advocate for that idea, rather than attributing it to an unnamed individual.

Question 19. What do you mean by 'force'?
Answer: 'Force' means physical and military power. In the context of the origin of the state, it refers to the ability of a strong group or individual to impose their will on others through violence or threat, leading to the formation of a state.
In simple words: 'Force' means using physical strength or military power to control.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define key terms precisely, especially in political science, to show a clear understanding of the concepts.

Question 20. Which principle is used for the freedom of an individual by anarchists and socialist thinkers?
Answer: The principle of force is used by anarchists and socialist thinkers when arguing for the freedom of an individual. They often highlight how state power, derived from force, can suppress individual liberty, leading them to advocate for systems with less or no coercive state authority.
In simple words: Anarchist and socialist thinkers use the idea of force to talk about how people can be free from state power.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how different political ideologies interpret and use the concept of 'force' to support their arguments about individual freedom or state power.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention the use of divine principle of the origin of the state and the reasons of its downfall.
Answer: The divine principle, which states that God created the state, had several uses but eventually faced downfall.
**Uses of divine principle of origin of state:**
1. Kings used this principle to strengthen their power and gain the unquestioning loyalty of the people, making their rule seem sacred.
2. It was used to oppose democratic ideas, as it implied that rulers were chosen by a higher power, not by the populace.
3. It was even used in power struggles between the king and the church, with kings asserting their divine right to rule above ecclesiastical authority.
**Reasons for its collapse:**
1. The rise of the social contract theory, which argued that the state was a human-made institution formed by agreement, not by divine decree.
2. The struggle between the king and the church over ultimate authority also weakened the principle's credibility.
3. The emergence of democratic thought emphasized popular sovereignty and individual rights, making divine rule seem outdated and unjust. These intellectual and social shifts led to new foundations for political legitimacy.
In simple words: The divine principle helped kings rule but failed because new ideas about human-made states and democracy grew, and kings fought with the church.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing historical theories, analyze both their functions and the factors that led to their decline, showing a comprehensive understanding of their impact.

Question 2. Mention the importance of divine principle of origin of state.
Answer: The divine principle of the origin of the state, despite its criticisms, held significant importance:
1. **First Sequential Explanation:** It was the earliest attempt to provide a structured explanation for the state's origin, laying a foundation upon which later political theories could build. This intellectual effort marked a significant step in political thought.
2. **Established Peace and Order:** This principle greatly helped in creating peace and order in early societies that were often chaotic. By placing the king as God's representative, it provided a strong, centralized authority.
3. **Developed Obedience and Discipline:** It fostered a sense of obedience and discipline among the people, as disobeying the king was considered a sin against God.
4. **Promoted Religious Influence:** In times when moral, social, and economic guidance was lacking, this principle connected religion with state governance, offering an ethical and structured way of life.
In simple words: The divine principle was important because it was the first theory about the state, helped keep peace, taught people discipline, and linked religion to government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Even for a theory that lost relevance, understanding its historical importance means recognizing its initial contributions to social order and political thought.

Question 3. Criticise the patriarchal principle.
Answer: The patriarchal principle, which suggests that the state evolved from male-headed families, faces several criticisms:
1. **Very Simplistic Principle:** This theory is considered too simple because the origin of a state is a complex process involving many different elements, not just family expansion. It overlooks the various social, economic, and political factors.
2. **Not Universally Present:** It does not account for all societies globally. Evidence of matriarchal systems, where lineage and power are traced through mothers, has been found in regions like Asia and Australia, showing that father-dominated structures were not universal.
3. **Initial Social Unit Was the Tribe:** According to thinkers like Morgan and Maxwell, the earliest social unit was often the tribe, not just the family. They argued that tribes broke into clans, and clans into families, with genealogy often traced through the female line in early societies. This suggests a more varied progression than a purely patriarchal model.
The patriarchal principle therefore provides a limited view of state formation.
In simple words: The patriarchal principle is criticized for being too simple, not fitting all societies (like those with mother-led groups), and ignoring that tribes, not just families, were early social units.

🎯 Exam Tip: To effectively critique a theory, provide counter-examples from history or anthropology and highlight where the theory oversimplifies complex social processes.

Question 5. How have different thinkers explained the use of the principle of force? Clarify.
Answer: The principle of force states that the state originated primarily from the use of power, where stronger individuals or groups dominated weaker ones. This is supported by historical evidence showing conquest and coercion in state formation. Different thinkers have explained the use of this principle in various contexts:
1. **Medieval Period:** Religious leaders in the medieval era used this principle to downplay the state, viewing it as a secular, often "impure" institution, while exalting the church as the superior, divine institution. This helped assert the church's authority.
2. **Individualists:** Thinkers focused on individual liberty used the force principle to caution against government interference in personal freedoms. They argued that state power, if unchecked, could oppress individuals.
3. **Fascists and Nazis:** These authoritarian ideologies strongly supported and utilized the force principle to justify the expansion of their power and territories, emphasizing might and conquest.
4. **Anarchists and Socialists:** Paradoxically, these thinkers also used the force principle to argue for individual freedom. They highlighted how state power, often seen as coercive, limited individual autonomy and advocated for systems that would minimize or eliminate such force.
In simple words: The force principle, which says states started from power, was used in medieval times to praise the church, by individualists to limit government, by fascists to expand power, and by anarchists and socialists to argue for more freedom.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note how the same principle can be used by vastly different political ideologies to support their contrasting views, showcasing its versatility and complexity.

Question 6. Explain the importance of the principle of force in the context of the state of today.
Answer: In the modern context, the principle of force remains highly important for understanding the state. Its significance is evident in the following points:
1. **Detailed Contribution:** This principle thoroughly explains how force has contributed to the development and maintenance of states throughout history. Force, in its various forms, is still crucial for a state's security and order.
2. **Extensive Form of Force:** It reveals the widespread nature of force, from military power to economic and political influence, as integral to state functioning. Modern states rely on a variety of coercive powers.
3. **Holistic Explanation:** The principle provides a complete explanation of the different types of power—economic, military, and political—that underpin state authority. It helps us see how these different forces work together to shape a state.
In simple words: The principle of force is important today because it shows how different types of power—military, economic, and political—are still essential for states to form and stay strong.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect historical theories to contemporary relevance by explaining how their core ideas still manifest in modern political structures and international relations.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Essay Type Question

Question 1. Perform a critical evaluation of the principle of force of the origin of the state.
Answer: The principle of force proposes that the state originated from the use of power, where the strong dominated the weak, with war being a primary catalyst. This means states arose when powerful individuals or groups conquered others and established control over them. The victor became the ruler, and the defeated became subjects.

In essence, states formed out of the desire for dominance, leading to struggles where the most formidable gained leadership. The powerful then compelled the majority of weaker people to submit, organizing them into tribes or larger units under their command.

**Critical evaluation of the principle of force:**
1. **A Helping, Not Decisive, Factor:** While force played a significant role in the formation of states, it was rarely the sole factor. Other elements like shared awareness, religious beliefs, and blood relations were also crucial in state-building. Force might initiate a state, but shared values sustain it.
2. **Unilateral Definition of Human Behavior:** This principle narrowly defines human behavior as driven solely by aggression and dominance, overlooking cooperation, social bonding, and voluntary association as motivators for state formation. People often seek collective security and welfare.
3. **Anti-Democratic Nature:** The theory's emphasis on war and revolution makes it inherently anti-democratic. It values might over right and suppresses the idea of popular consent or governance by the people.
4. **Encourages Extremism:** By asserting that force is the ultimate basis of the state, this principle can foster extreme nationalism and imperialism, justifying aggressive expansion and conquest without moral restraint.
5. **Overemphasis on Physical Power:** In modern times, the principle's focus on only physical force is incomplete. Spiritual, technical, and legal powers are equally important in maintaining a state, contributing to its legitimacy and effective governance.
In simple words: The force principle says states began from power and war, but critics say it ignores other factors like cooperation and religion, promotes dictatorship, and only looks at physical power, not other types of strength.

🎯 Exam Tip: For critical evaluations, always present both the core tenets of the theory and a balanced critique, addressing its strengths (even implicit ones) and its limitations with specific counter-arguments.