RBSE Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 7 The World After the Second World War

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Text Book Questions and Answers

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which organization was established after the first world war for maintaining peace in the world?
Answer: After the First World War, the League of Nations was created in 1920 CE. Its main purpose was to help maintain peace and avoid future global conflicts.
In simple words: The League of Nations was formed in 1920 after World War I to keep the world peaceful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the full name of the organization and the year it was established to score full marks.

Question 2. Cold war was fought between which two superpowers?
Answer: The Cold War was a period of tension fought mainly between two major superpowers: America (USA) and Russia (USSR).
In simple words: The Cold War was a long fight of tension between America and Russia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the two key opposing nations or blocs correctly when describing the Cold War.

Question 5. When did environment conservation-related earth summit happen in Rio-de- Janeiro?
Answer: The Earth Summit focused on environment conservation took place in Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992 CE.
In simple words: The big meeting about saving the environment happened in Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include both the location and the year of the Earth Summit for a complete answer.

Question 6. Who said that terrorists use methods which are inhuman, menacing and violent and violate international laws to fulfil their immediate objectives?
Answer: Berger stated that terrorists employ methods that are cruel, threatening, and forceful, breaking international laws to achieve their goals quickly.
In simple words: Berger said that terrorists use harsh, violent ways and break global rules to reach their aims.

🎯 Exam Tip: When quoting a person, ensure the name and the core idea of their statement are accurate.

Question 7. Where did the 17th Summit of Non-Aligned movement took place?
Answer: The 17th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in Venezuela.
In simple words: The 17th big meeting for Non-Aligned countries was in Venezuela.

🎯 Exam Tip: For summit locations, be specific about the country where it was held.

Question 8. Name the five member states of BRICS.
Answer: The five member countries of BRICS are Brazil, Russia, China, India, and South Africa.
In simple words: BRICS includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the acronym BRICS and the countries it represents clearly.

Question 9. In the 12th India-ASEAN Summit, Prime minister Narendra Modi named 'look east policy' as?
Answer: In the 12th India-ASEAN summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi changed the name of the 'Look East Policy' to 'Act East Policy'.
In simple words: PM Modi called the 'Look East Policy' the 'Act East Policy' at the 12th India-ASEAN summit.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the specific names of policies and the leaders associated with their renaming or introduction.

Question 1. What do you understand by cold war?
Answer: The 'Cold War' describes a time of strong unfriendliness and tension between the USA and the USSR. It was fueled by a lack of political trust, spying, and clever diplomatic moves. This situation was called a 'Cold War' when both sides, America and the USSR, would threaten each other globally, ready to start a real war if their interests were not met. The Cold War came about because of different beliefs after World War II. One side, led by the USA, believed in capitalism, while the other, led by the USSR, believed in communism. Both aimed to be the world's most powerful nation through military strength.
In simple words: The Cold War was a period of high tension between the USA and USSR, where they often threatened each other but didn't fight directly. It was caused by different beliefs about how countries should be run, with each side wanting to be the strongest.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining the Cold War, emphasize the "hostile but not directly military" nature and the key opposing ideologies/powers.

Question 2. Write the hymn of 10th Mandal of Rigveda which says it is sin to eat alone.
Answer: It has been stated in the tenth mandal of Rigveda:
• Moghamanna Vindate Apracheta
• Satya bravimi Vadh itsa tatsya
• Narmana Pusyati No Sankayam
• Kewatagho bhavati Kevatadi
The hymn means that a person who eats alone, without sharing with others, is committing a sin. This teaches us that resources should be shared by everyone and not just kept by a single group in society.
In simple words: Eating food alone without sharing is considered wrong according to the Rigveda. It teaches that resources should be shared by all people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quote the hymn accurately if asked, and then clearly explain its meaning in simple terms, focusing on the core message of sharing.

Question 3. Write the names of any ten nations formed after the disintegration of Soviet Union.
Answer: After the Soviet Union broke apart, several new nations were formed, including:
1. Armenia
2. Azerbaijan
3. Belarus
4. Estonia
5. Georgia
6. Kazakhstan
In simple words: When the Soviet Union split up, new countries like Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan were created.

🎯 Exam Tip: Try to remember at least 5-6 nations that emerged from the Soviet Union's breakup to answer this type of question sufficiently.

Question 4. NAM's 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th and 16th summit were held when and where?
Answer:
The 10th summit of NAM was held in Indonesia in 1992.
The 11th summit took place in Columbia in 1995.
The 13th summit was in Malaysia in 2003.
The 14th summit occurred in Cuba in 2006.
The 16th summit was held in Iran in 2012.
In simple words: NAM summits happened in Indonesia (1992), Columbia (1995), Malaysia (2003), Cuba (2006), and Iran (2012).

🎯 Exam Tip: Organize information like summit numbers, years, and locations clearly for easy recall and presentation.

Question 5. India is a NAM country, but still until the collapse of Soviet Union, its inclination was towards the Soviet Union. Why?
Answer: India leaned towards the Soviet Union for a few main reasons:
• In 1971, when Pakistan threatened war and China supported Pakistan, with the USA remaining neutral, India signed a treaty with the Soviet Union, which deepened its ties.
• India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, had an early interest in communist ideas.
• America's support for Pakistan regarding Kashmir and its military aid to Pakistan also pushed India towards the Soviet Union.
In simple words: India leaned on the Soviet Union because of Pakistan's threats, America's support for Pakistan, and PM Nehru's early interest in communism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the specific geopolitical events and historical factors that influenced India's foreign policy choices.

Question 6. State the differences between capitalism and communism.
Answer:
**Capitalism:** This is an economic and political system where private individuals own and control a country's trade and industries to make a profit, instead of the government. It is one of the oldest and most common economic systems. The USA is an example of a capitalist government.
**Communism:** This is an economic and social system where all property and resources are owned by the community, aiming for a society without different classes. Individuals do not own things privately. It is based on the idea that everyone is equal and workers should control production. Cuba's government is an example of communism.
In simple words: In capitalism, private people own businesses for profit (like the USA). In communism, the community owns everything, and everyone is equal (like Cuba).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each system and provide a relevant country example for both to illustrate the differences effectively.

Question 7. What do you mean by CTBT? Write full form of CTBT.
Answer: CTBT stands for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, whether for military or peaceful purposes, anywhere in the world. Its goal is to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and promote nuclear disarmament.
In simple words: CTBT is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It's a worldwide agreement that stops all nuclear explosions to prevent more nuclear weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Give the full form and a clear, concise definition explaining the purpose of the treaty.

Question 8. What do you know about agenda 21? Explain with references?
Answer: In 1992, the 'Environment and Development Conference,' also known as the Earth Summit, was held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil. Over 150 global representatives attended to discuss important environmental topics. They decided to create the Global Environment Facility (GEF) as a world bank for financial support and to protect global biodiversity. A major outcome was 'Agenda 21,' an 800-page document outlining key points for global attention. At the summit, developing countries argued that developed nations were more responsible for environmental damage, leading to a division. However, developed nations accepted greater responsibility and agreed to provide financial help through 'Agenda 21' to address these issues.
In simple words: Agenda 21 is a plan from the 1992 Earth Summit in Brazil, signed by many countries. It talks about protecting the environment and how richer countries should help poorer ones do it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year, location, key participants, and the main objectives of Agenda 21 and the Earth Summit.

Question 10. What do you mean by modern and institutional form of terrorism?
Answer:
**Modern Nature of Terrorism:** Today's terrorism does not just target specific people or places; it harms everyone, including women and children. It is sad that humans have become so cruel. Examples like the Indian plane hijack in 1999, the attack on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001, and the attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001 show the terrible cruelty terrorists inflict worldwide.
**Institutional Nature of Terrorism:** A key feature of modern terrorism is the 'Human Bomb,' where young people are brainwashed by terrorist groups to become suicide bombers. This form of terrorism affects every part of the world. These young people are often victims themselves, meticulously carrying out attacks in other countries.
In simple words: Modern terrorism harms everyone and uses cruel methods like suicide bombings. Terrorist groups brainwash young people into becoming 'human bombs' to attack other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the broader impact of modern terrorism and the specific organized aspect of institutional terrorism, providing clear examples.

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Other Important Questions

Question 1. The term 'Cold War' is used firstly by which writer?
(a) Walter Lippmann
(b) Lui Halle
(c) Fisher
(d) George Orwell
Answer: (d) George Orwell
In simple words: George Orwell was the first writer to use the phrase 'Cold War'.

🎯 Exam Tip: For historical origins of terms, remember the key figures credited with coining them.

Question 2. In which year did the Bolshevik Revolution occur?
(a) 1912
(b) 1917
(c) 1920
(d) 1914
Answer: (b) 1917
In simple words: The Bolshevik Revolution happened in 1917.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key historical events often require precise dates or years for accuracy.

Question 3. Which military alliance was formed in 1949?
(a) SEATO
(b) NATO
(c) CENTO
(d) SAARC
Answer: (b) NATO
In simple words: NATO was a military alliance that was formed in 1949.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key acronyms like NATO and SAARC and their full forms, as well as their founding years and primary objectives.

Question 4. The countries which signed Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 were
(a) America-Russia
(b) Britain-France
(c) India-Pakistan
(d) Italy-Germany
Answer: (a) America-Russia
In simple words: The United States and Russia were the two main countries that signed the NPT in 1968.

🎯 Exam Tip: For treaties, note down the signing countries and the year, as these are common factual points in exams.

Question 5. How many members of UNO adopted the policy of Non-alignment?
(a) One third
(b) One fourth
(c) Two third
(d) Half
Answer: (c) Two third
In simple words: Two-thirds of the United Nations Organisation members chose to follow the policy of Non-alignment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with numerical facts and proportions when answering questions about organizational membership or statistics.

Question 6. Who is the writer of 'The Scope of Neutralism'?
(a) Beriger
(b) Lippman
(c) Lui Halle
(d) Fisher
Answer: (a) Beriger
In simple words: Beriger is the writer who wrote the book 'The Scope of Neutralism'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked about authors and their works, ensure correct spelling and attribution.

Question 7. Which summit of NAM was held in India?
(a) Thirteenth

🎯 Exam Tip: Even if a question is incomplete, show what you know. For summits, remember the host country and the summit number.

Question 8. In 1997 world environment and Green House summit was held in which country?
(a) In Russia
(b) In Australia
(c) In India
(d) In Japan
Answer: (d) In Japan
In simple words: The world environment and Greenhouse summit in 1997 took place in Japan.

🎯 Exam Tip: For environmental summits, key facts to remember are the year, location, and main outcome or agreement.

Question 9. When did India become the member of Regional Forum of ASEAN?
(a) In 1996
(b) In 1997
(c) In 1998
(d) In 1999
Answer: (a) In 1996
In simple words: India joined the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1996.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note down the years when key countries joined important international organizations.

Question 10. On which place was the eighth summit of BRICS group held?
(a) Japan
(b) India
(c) Italy
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer: (b) India
In simple words: The eighth BRICS summit was held in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep track of the host countries for major international summits, especially those involving important economic blocs.

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Matching Questions

Question 1. Match the following:

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it is crucial to accurately identify each pair based on your knowledge of historical events and their timelines.

Question 2. Match the following:

🎯 Exam Tip: When studying major summits, always remember the specific location where they were held, as this is often tested in exams.

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who had used the term 'Cold War' and why?
Answer: The term 'Cold War' was first used by Bernard Baruch, an American financier and statesman. He used it to describe the tense political rivalry and ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, a war of ideas and proxy conflicts without direct military confrontation.
In simple words: Bernard Baruch first used the term 'Cold War' to describe the intense struggle between the USA and the Soviet Union, which involved threats and competition but no direct fighting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the origin of key historical terms and the reasons behind their usage helps in understanding their significance.

Question 2. Mention any one definition of cold war.
Answer: Louis Halle writes that the Cold War "It was a bitter state of tension between the two blocs, more dangerous than the armed conflict. It was the war of nerves.”
In simple words: Louis Halle described the Cold War as a very tense period between two groups of countries, more dangerous than an actual war, where they tried to scare each other without fighting.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining historical concepts, quoting a well-known historian or expert adds authority to your answer.

Question 3. Which historical event occured in Russia in 1917 CE?
Answer: In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution occurred in Russia, which later became a contributing cause of the Cold War.
In simple words: The Bolshevik Revolution happened in Russia in 1917, which helped lead to the Cold War later on.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect major historical events to their broader consequences to show a deeper understanding.

Question 4. Which military force was formed under the leadership of America in 1949?
Answer: In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was formed under the leadership of America.
In simple words: America led the formation of NATO, a military alliance, in 1949.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering about organizations, state the full name, its leader or leading country, and the year of formation.

Question 5. After Stalin the leadership of Russia came in the hands of which leader?
Answer: In 1953, after the death of Stalin, the leadership of Russia came into the hands of Khrushchev.
In simple words: After Stalin died in 1953, Khrushchev became the leader of Russia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the succession of leaders in key historical periods is essential for understanding political changes.

Question 6. Who formed SEATO and why?
Answer: To prevent Russian influence in Asia, American leader Eisenhower formed the South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO).
In simple words: American President Eisenhower created SEATO to stop Russia from spreading its influence in Asia.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing alliances, identify who formed them and their primary strategic purpose.

Question 7. What was hotline agreement?
Answer: In 1963, America and Russia signed the 'Hotline Agreement' to ensure that during emergencies, they could communicate directly through radio and telephones.
In simple words: The 'Hotline Agreement' was a 1963 deal between America and Russia to use radio and phones for direct communication during urgent situations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the purpose and context of agreements to demonstrate complete knowledge.

Question 8. Which countries signed on Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968?
Answer: The Soviet Union disintegrated in the regime of President Mikhail Gorbachev.
In simple words: The Soviet Union broke apart when Mikhail Gorbachev was the President.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on accurately recalling historical facts, including leaders and the outcomes associated with their terms.

Question 10. What was the most important result of the Cold War?
Answer: The most important result of the Cold War was the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
In simple words: The biggest outcome of the Cold War was the breaking up of the Soviet Union.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the most significant consequences of major historical conflicts.

Question 11. Which policy was adopted by India after Independence?
Answer: The Non-Aligned policy was adopted by India after independence.
In simple words: After becoming independent, India chose a policy of not siding with any major power bloc.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the rationale behind India's foreign policy decisions post-independence.

Question 12. As a result of which revolution the autocratic rule of Czar came to end in Russia?
Answer: In Russia, the autocratic rule of Czar came to an end as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution.
In simple words: The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia ended the absolute rule of the Czar.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link major political changes, like the end of a ruling system, to the specific revolutions or movements that caused them.

Question 13. What are the six principles of Non Alignment?
Answer: The six principles of Non-Alignment are as follows:
1. Separatism
2. Irrelevance
3. Neutralism
4. Neutralization
5. Monotheism
6. Non attachment.
In simple words: The six main ideas of Non-Alignment include staying separate, not being relevant to big power struggles, being neutral, not taking sides, believing in one main idea, and not getting too involved.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing principles, ensure clarity and accuracy for each point to score full marks.

Question 15. When was the alliance and cooperation treaty signed between India and Soviet Union?
Answer: The alliance and cooperation treaty was signed between India and the Soviet Union in 1971.
In simple words: India and the Soviet Union signed a treaty for alliance and cooperation in 1971.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify the year when discussing historical treaties or agreements.

Question 16. What is the main objective of Islamic State terrorist organization?
Answer: The main objective of the Islamic State terrorist organization is to establish control over nations with a Muslim majority.
In simple words: The Islamic State terrorist group's main goal is to control countries where most people are Muslim.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the primary goals and motivations of political or extremist organizations when asked.

Question 17. Who was declared as Khalifa of Muslims by ISIS terrorist organization?
Answer: The ISIS terrorist organization declared their head Abubakr Al Baghdadi as the Khalifa of Muslims.
In simple words: ISIS named its leader, Abubakr Al Baghdadi, as the Khalifa for Muslims.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key figures and their titles within extremist groups when answering specific factual questions.

Question 18. What is the name of the highest international institution of the world?
Answer: The highest international institution of the world is the United Nations Organisation.
In simple words: The United Nations Organisation is the top international group in the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the prominent global organizations and their roles in international affairs.

Question 19. What were the two major challenges of the modern world?
Answer: The two major challenges of the modern world are: Environment and terrorism.
In simple words: Today's world faces two big problems: protecting the environment and dealing with terrorism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify and clearly list current global issues, providing concise descriptions.

Question 20. How many member of states were in BRICS group in the beginning.
Answer: In the beginning, there were four member states in the BRICS group: Brazil, Russia, India and China.
In simple words: When the BRICS group started, it had four members: Brazil, Russia, India, and China.

🎯 Exam Tip: For organizational questions, know the initial membership and how it might have changed over time.

Question 21. Who first gave the idea of BRICS?
Answer: The idea of BRICS was first given by American economist Zim-O-Nile in 2001.
In simple words: The concept for BRICS was first suggested by an American economist named Zim-O-Nile in 2001.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key individuals and their contributions to the formation or naming of international bodies.

Question 23. Mention the name of organising venue of 19th summit of SAARC.
Answer: The organizing venue of the 19th summit of SAARC is Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.
In simple words: The 19th SAARC summit was planned to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always specify the venue and host city for international conferences and summits.

Question 24. Which summits of SAARC were organised in India?
Answer: SAARC's second summit in 1986, the eighth summit in 1995, and the fourteenth summit in 2007 were organized in India.
In simple words: India hosted SAARC summits in 1986 (second), 1995 (eighth), and 2007 (fourteenth).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to recall specific events hosted by a country, along with their respective years or order.

Question 25. Who took an oath as the Prime Minister of India in 2014?
Answer: In 2014, Shri Narendra Modi took an oath as the Prime Minister of India.
In simple words: Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India in 2014.

🎯 Exam Tip: Important political appointments and their years are crucial for history exams.

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. How was the preface of Cold War formed?
Answer: After the Second World War, tension and hostility grew between the USA and USSR. This period was marked by political distrust, spying, and diplomatic maneuvering. When both superpowers threatened each other on an international stage, ready to wage war if their interests were not protected, this situation became known as the 'Cold War'. Key causes included the Soviet armies establishing control over Eastern European countries, differing views on Germany's acquisition of Italy, and opposition to the USA's bombing of Japan. These events laid the groundwork for the Cold War.
In simple words: After World War II, the USA and USSR grew very suspicious of each other. They threatened each other without fighting openly, which was called the 'Cold War'. This happened because the Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe, there were disagreements over Italy, and the US bombed Japan.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the origins of a conflict, highlight the key players, their motivations, and the immediate events that led to its formation.

Question 2. What was 'Warsaw Pact'?
Answer: The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance formed by the Soviet Union in 1955. It included eight communist nations and was created as a response to NATO, which was an American-led alliance. Its main purpose was to defend against a potential communist Russian invasion.
In simple words: The Warsaw Pact was a military group created by the Soviet Union in 1955, along with other communist countries, to counter NATO.

🎯 Exam Tip: For military alliances, remember their founding year, key members, and the main reason for their establishment.

Question 3. Why did India adopt the policy of Non Alignment after independence?
Answer: India gained independence in 1947. After independence, India chose a middle path, deciding not to join any hostile camp. It aimed for the welfare of its people and actively participated in international politics. Indian leaders at the time understood that the Indian people would not prefer either capitalism or communism exclusively. Therefore, India adopted the policy of non-alignment.
In simple words: After gaining independence in 1947, India chose to follow a middle path. Its leaders decided not to join any major power groups like capitalist or communist blocs, believing this would help India maintain its own welfare and identity in global politics.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing India's foreign policy, emphasize the core principles and the historical context that led to their adoption.

Question 4. How did the Cold War become responsible for non-alignment Movement (NAM)?
Answer: During the Cold War, the rivalry between the USA and USSR to become superpowers created a prolonged crisis. Although they did not engage in direct armed conflict, their diplomatic aggressions instilled great fear in newly independent states. These states believed that joining either bloc would lead to their destruction by the other side. In this situation, it was most suitable for them to remain non-aligned. Thus, the Non-Aligned Movement emerged, and newly independent states adopted this policy.
In simple words: The Cold War made new countries fear that joining either the USA or USSR side would put them in danger. So, they decided it was better to stay neutral and not align with any superpower, which led to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the direct link between global conflicts and the emergence of new political movements or policies.

Question 5. Which are the two major institutions of NAM and what are their functions?
Answer: The two major institutions of NAM are:
1. Co-ordination Bureau: This bureau's role was to select topics for discussion and deliberation by member states on various international platforms. It comprised 66 elected members.
2. Summit or Conference: This institution has two parts. First, the 'Ministerial level summit' involves the foreign ministers of member nations. Second, the 'top-level summit' includes the heads of government from member countries and meets once every three years.
In simple words: The two main parts of NAM are the Co-ordination Bureau, which decides what topics to discuss, and the Summit or Conference, where leaders meet every three years to talk.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing institutions, clearly state their names, structure, and main responsibilities or functions.

Question 6. What is top-level summit in the context of Non-Alignment?
Answer: A top-level summit in the context of Non-Alignment is the highest-level conference of member states. In this summit, the heads of government of member states participate. It is held once every three years. Four types of representatives can take part in its.
In simple words: A top-level summit in Non-Alignment is the most important meeting where government heads from member countries gather every three years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define specific terms clearly and provide key details like frequency, participants, and significance.

Question 7. What efforts have been made for environment conservation by various nations?
Answer: Before the establishment of UNO, environmental issues were not a priority. After 1960, the UNO started addressing matters like oil spills causing water pollution. By 1970, an ambitious plan to reduce desertification in South Africa was launched. In 1972, at the Stockholm convention, it was highlighted that not conserving the environment would harm the economy. Following this convention, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established. In the 1980s, the UNO's general assembly organized a convention on environment and development, emphasizing sustainable development to protect future generations. During the same decade, agreements were made to protect the ozone layer and control hazardous chemicals.
In simple words: Many efforts have been made for environment protection. The UN started addressing water pollution and desertification, formed the UNEP, and focused on sustainable development and protecting the ozone layer.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing efforts, organize them chronologically or by organization for better clarity and recall.

Question 8. What was the main issue discussed in world environment and greenhouse summit in Japan? What solution was decided for it?
Answer: In 1997, the world environment and greenhouse summit was organized in Kyoto, Japan. The main issue discussed was reducing the emission of gases that cause global warming. A solution was decided to set binding targets for gas emissions: the EU would reduce by 8%, USA by 7%, and Japan by 6% between 2008 and 2018.
In simple words: The 1997 Kyoto summit in Japan focused on cutting greenhouse gas emissions to fight global warming. They agreed on specific reduction targets for countries like the EU, USA, and Japan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific details, like percentages and timelines, for decisions made at important international conferences.

Question 9. Write a short note on Islamic State terrorist organisation.
Answer: The Islamic State (IS), also known as ISIS or ISIL, was formed in 2013. Its methods are more brutal than Al-Qaeda's. The main goal of ISIS is to control Muslim-majority nations. To achieve this, it aimed to control regions like Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Kuwait, Cyprus, and Southern Turkey, and then expand. In 2014, ISIS declared its leader, Abubakr Al Baghdadi, as the Khalifa of the Muslim community.
In simple words: The Islamic State (IS/ISIS) started in 2013 with a very harsh approach, aiming to control Muslim-majority lands and later expand. In 2014, their leader Abubakr Al Baghdadi was named the Khalifa.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing notes on organizations, include their full name, founding year, key leaders, and primary objectives.

Question 10. What is the role of the United Nations Organisation (UNO) in fighting terrorism?
Answer: The United Nations Organisation (UNO) is the top body where countries can seek help against terrorism. UNO works to eliminate terrorism globally, having established an international court for this purpose. It has successfully placed moral duties on nations not to support terrorism, as it threatens world peace. Various agencies under UNO have created agreements and treaties to combat terrorism.
In simple words: The UNO is the main group helping countries fight terrorism. It works to end terrorism, has an international court, and encourages nations to stop supporting terrorism for world peace.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the specific mechanisms and moral influence that international organizations use to address global challenges like terrorism.

Question 11. What was Gujral doctrine?
Answer: I.K. Gujral became Prime Minister after H.D. Devegowda. When he was foreign minister, he proposed certain foreign policy principles known as the 'Gujral Doctrine'. According to this doctrine, India, with its neighbors like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, would not demand reciprocity. Instead, India would offer cooperation in good faith and trust, promoting mutual non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, and equality and peaceful coexistence.
In simple words: The Gujral Doctrine was a foreign policy by I.K. Gujral stating that India, as a larger country, should offer benefits to its smaller neighbors (like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Maldives) without expecting direct returns, focusing on trust, non-aggression, and respect.

🎯 Exam Tip: For doctrines or policies, clearly state the name of the originator and the core principles involved.

Question 12. 'String of Pearl' policy was adopted by whom and why?
Answer: China has been trying for many years to encircle India from the seas. For this, China is working towards the 'String of Pearls' policy. This strategy was first mentioned in the 'Future of Energy' report by the US Department of Defense. 'Pearls' here refer to China's establishment of naval bases and ports from the South China Sea to the Malacca Strait, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea. India has consistently resisted this policy.
In simple words: China is using the 'String of Pearls' strategy to surround India by sea, building naval bases from the South China Sea to the Arabian Sea. This policy was mentioned in a US defense report, and India has always opposed it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the strategic implications of geopolitical terms and policies, including the countries involved and their motivations.

Question 13. What in Mekong-Ganga Project?
Answer: The Mekong-Ganga Project established cooperation consisting of five members: India, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. This collaboration began in the fields of trade investment, technology, tourism, education, and culture.
In simple words: The Mekong-Ganga Project is a partnership of five countries (India, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam) to work together on trade, investment, technology, tourism, education, and culture.

🎯 Exam Tip: For international projects, list the participating countries and the key areas of cooperation.

Question 15. Which seven national leaders contributed in the establishment of SAARC?
Answer: SAARC was established in 1985 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, for mutual cooperation and improvement among South Asian nations. The national heads of seven countries formed the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. The seven national leaders who contributed were:
• Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India
• Zia-Ul-Haq, President of Pakistan
• Hussain Khurshid, President of Bangladesh
• Bir Bikram Birendra Shah, King of Nepal
• Jigme Singye Wangchuk, King of Bhutan
• Julius Richard Jayawardane, President of Sri Lanka
• Maumun Gayum, President of Maldives
In simple words: SAARC was founded in 1985 by seven leaders from South Asian countries: Rajiv Gandhi (India), Zia-Ul-Haq (Pakistan), Hussain Khurshid (Bangladesh), Bir Bikram Birendra Shah (Nepal), Jigme Singye Wangchuk (Bhutan), Julius Richard Jayawardane (Sri Lanka), and Maumun Gayum (Maldives).

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing key figures in the formation of an organization, include their names and the country or role they represented.

RBSE Class 11 History Chapter 7 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Define Cold War and describe its result.
Answer: The term 'Cold War' describes hostile and tense international relations between the USA and the USSR. It was characterized by political distrust, espionage, and diplomatic maneuvering. When both powerful nations threaten each other on an international platform with the possibility of open war if their interests are not secured, this situation is termed as a 'Cold War'. The Cold War began informally after the Russian Revolution in 1917 but fully developed in the mid-20th century after World War II. Its results (1917-1990) are as follows:
• Converted Concept of Balance of Power: Before the Cold War, power balance relied on military strength. Afterward, it became a 'Balance of Terror', where superpowers used their influence to intimidate others.
• Peaceful End of Cold War: The Cold War could have escalated into a hot war, but it eventually ended peacefully with the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
• Loss of Public and Property: The Cold War caused significant losses in public life and property, comparable to actual world wars.
• Disintegration of the Soviet Union: Continuous conflict weakened Russia's economy. Smaller states seized the opportunity to declare independence, leading to the Soviet Union's collapse.
• Shock for United Nations Organisation: The UNO was deeply affected by the Cold War. The organization, founded for world welfare, became a platform for the incomplete ambitions of the two superpowers (America and Russia).
• Loss of Humanity: The generation of Europe and America during the Cold War grew up in an atmosphere of tension and distrust, which prevented humanity from progressing positively and creatively.
In simple words: The Cold War was a period of strong tension and hostility between the USA and USSR, marked by distrust and threats rather than direct warfare. It started because both superpowers feared the other and used political and diplomatic tricks to gain power without actual fighting. The Cold War, starting after the Russian Revolution, led to a "Balance of Terror" where military power was used to scare other nations. It ended peacefully with the Soviet Union's collapse, but it caused significant losses in terms of human lives and resources, similar to actual wars. The conflict weakened Russia's economy, leading to the Soviet Union breaking apart and new states forming. The UN was also affected, becoming a place for superpowers to pursue their goals. Overall, the era of tension and distrust hindered human progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: For long answer questions, define the term clearly, then list and explain the key results or consequences in a structured manner.

Question 2. What were the causes of disintegration of the Soviet Union? Or How did the communism of Russia come to end?
Answer: After World War II, the Soviet Union emerged as a superpower, becoming a major international force for seven decades. It engaged in the Cold War with America, which, while not turning into a hot war, paved the way for its downfall. The year 1989 was pivotal for Russia, as the 'Congress of People Deputies' initiated significant changes, leading to the end of communism in Russia. The causes of the Soviet Union's disintegration were:
1. Defective Economic Policy: The Soviet Union's economic model differed from capitalism but was flawed in financial investment, focusing only on industrial growth. Over time, it became a mere oil exporter, consumer goods diminished, and citizens struggled to buy necessities at reasonable prices, leading to market failures.
3. Economic Imbalance: During the Cold War, both America and Russia invested heavily in various countries to strengthen their blocs. This strained Russia's economy, making it internally weak.
4. Transformation of Power: Russian citizens became dissatisfied with the one-party rule of Lenin and Stalin's dictatorship. During the Soviet Union's disintegration, people began to demand changes.
5. The Policies of Mikhail Gorbachev: In 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev took leadership of the Soviet Union. He introduced a new economic policy based on 'Perestroika' (restructuring) and 'Glasnost' (openness). He implicitly introduced capitalism into the communist economy. His biggest mistake was losing control over political affairs, leading to independence revolts in constituent states.
6. Emergence of New States: Gorbachev's policies led to conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1988. In 1990, Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia declared independence. By April 1991, Georgia and Ukraine became independent, and an independent Czech Republic emerged in 1993. Thus, one by one, European countries became free from communist influence, and the dictatorial system ended.
In simple words: After World War II, the Soviet Union became a superpower and was involved in the Cold War, which eventually led to its collapse. In 1989, major changes in Russia led to the end of communism. One key reason for the Soviet Union's breakdown was its flawed economic policy, which focused heavily on industries without balanced financial investment. The Soviet Union focused on industrial development but neglected consumer goods, leading to shortages and economic problems. The Cold War also drained Russia's economy as it spent on strengthening its allies. People grew tired of the one-party rule and dictatorship, leading to demands for change. Mikhail Gorbachev's new policies (Perestroika and Glasnost) unintentionally brought capitalism and led to revolts for independence. These events, including conflicts in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the independence of Baltic states, ultimately caused European countries to break free from communist influence.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the downfall of a major power, provide a multi-faceted analysis covering economic, political, and social factors, and the role of key leaders.

Question 3. What is BRICS? Describe its all top-level summits?
Answer: BRICS is currently a group of nations that are emerging economies. This group was established in 2008, initially consisting of four members: Brazil, Russia, India, and China, and was known as BRIC. In 2010, when South Africa became its fifth member, it became known as BRICS. Its reach extends from Asia to Africa and South America. In this competitive era, BRICS nations are ready to collaborate on facing challenges. The top-level BRICS summits are as follows:
• The first BRICS summit was held in June 2009 in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Decisions on economic, political, and defense issues were proposed to be based on democratic ideas.
• The second BRICS summit took place in 2010 in Brasília, Brazil, where a 33-point declaration was adopted.
• The third summit was convened in April 2011 in Sanya, China. It reiterated calls for reforms in the Security Council, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank to make them more representative and democratic.
• The fourth summit was held in New Delhi, India, in March 2012. After discussions, a consensus was reached to increase the share of BRICS nations in shaping global stability, security, and wealth.
• The fifth summit was held in South Africa. Its declaration emphasized promoting international law, multinational cooperation, and strengthening the UN's central power.
• The sixth BRICS summit was held in Brazil in 2014, with a main focus on inclusive growth and sustainable development.
• In 2015, the seventh BRICS summit was held in Russia, where discussions focused on promoting cooperation in the economic field.
• In 2016, the eighth BRICS summit was organized in New Delhi, India.
In simple words: BRICS is a group of five emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It started in 2008 with four members (BRIC) and expanded to include South Africa in 2010. These countries aim to collaborate and face global challenges together. BRICS has held several top-level summits. The first was in Russia (2009) to discuss democratic ideas for global issues. The second in Brazil (2010) adopted a 33-point declaration. The third in China (2011) called for reforms in global financial institutions. India hosted the fourth summit (2012), focusing on increasing BRICS' global influence. South Africa held the fifth (2013), promoting international law and UN power. Brazil (2014) focused on inclusive growth, and Russia (2015) discussed economic cooperation. India again hosted the eighth summit in 2016.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing an international organization, always include its members, founding year, objectives, and a brief overview of its major achievements or summits.

Question 4. Describe the condition of India during the period of Cold War.
Answer: During the Cold War, India was a vast and significant colony of England. Under British rule, Indians were striving for freedom. During this period, many changes occurred in India's political system.
In simple words: During the Cold War, India was a large British colony. Indians were fighting for freedom from British rule. The Cold War period brought many changes to India's political situation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on India's unique position as a colonized nation during the Cold War and its aspirations for independence.

Question 5. Mention the achievements and failures of Non-Aligned movement.
Answer: The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) had several successes and also faced some challenges.
Achievements:

• NAM became very popular, starting with 25 member states in 1961 and growing to 120 by 2012.
• It helped prevent major wars from breaking out among nations.
• NAM's approach played a role in slowing down the Cold War tensions.
• It was important for keeping peace in areas like Germany, Korea, and Congo, and gained global recognition for trying to calm tense situations.
• As a founding member, India pushed for a nuclear test ban in 1954, which led to a partial ban in 1963.
• NAM made sure that developing countries had a voice on the global stage, which might have been ignored otherwise.

• NAM's policy did not always provide security to its member countries.
• Many non-aligned countries still made agreements with powerful nations.
• NAM could not provide economic security to all its member states.
• Its founding members could not change the harsh policies of the two main superpowers. For example, China tightened its control over Tibet.
• NAM played a very small role in stopping wars, such as those between Arab nations and Israel.
• Its involvement in the freedom struggles of countries like Algeria and Mozambique was minimal.
• NAM was unsuccessful in completely ending the aggressive actions of superpowers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing achievements and failures, ensure you provide specific examples for both to strengthen your answer.

Question 6. Mention the meaning and objectives of Non-Alignment and Explain its relevance at the present time.
Answer:
Meaning of Non-Alignment:Non-Alignment means that a nation aims for global recognition based on its own independent standing, not by joining any major power bloc or superpower. When two or more nations collectively raise their voice to remain independent on an international platform, it is known as Non-Alignment. This movement officially began in 1961.
Objectives of Non-Alignment:

1. It stood against colonialism and imperialism, which means it opposed one country controlling another.
2. It criticized racial discrimination, advocating for equal treatment for all races.
3. It aimed for peaceful coexistence among nations, encouraging them to live together without conflict.
4. Member countries committed not to join any military groups or alliances.
5. It worked to promote world peace and harmony.
6. It supported disarmament, which means reducing or getting rid of weapons.
7. It sought to establish fair economic relations between countries, free from exploitation.

• NAM continues to be a global movement, representing most of the developing countries in the world.
• It has always worked against neo-colonialism, which is when powerful countries indirectly control weaker ones.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define Non-Alignment and then list its objectives and current relevance in separate, distinct points for a comprehensive answer.