RBSE Solutions Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Unemployment

Question 1. Data related to unemployment is collected by
(a) RBI
(b) SBI
(c) NABARD
(d) National Sample Survey Organization
Answer: (d) National Sample Survey Organization
In simple words: The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) collects information about people who are unemployed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that NSSO is a key government agency for collecting socio-economic data in India, including employment figures.

Question 3. In a standard employment year, there are
(a) Daily 6 hours, 275 days in a year
(b) Daily 8 hours, 273 days in a year
(c) Daily 8 hours, 275 days in a year
(d) Daily 8 hours, 280 days in a year
Answer: (b) Daily 8 hours, 273 days in a year
In simple words: A standard work year involves working 8 hours a day for 273 days.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the specific numbers (8 hours, 273 days) for the definition of a standard employment year, as these are often tested.

Question 4. According to CDS (Current Daily Situation), how many people in India were included in the labour force in 2011-12?
(a) 483.5 million
(b) 440.2 million
(c) 472.9 million
(d) 415.7 million
Answer: (b) 440.2 million
In simple words: About 440.2 million people were in the labor force in India in 2011-12, according to daily records.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between different unemployment measurement methods like CDS, Usual Status, and Weekly Status, and know the specific figures associated with each.

Question 5. According to CDS, in 2011-12, what was the percentage of unemployment in India?
(a) 2.2 per cent
(b) 5.6 per cent
(c) 7.2 per cent
(d) 1.2 per cent
Answer: (b) 5.6 per cent
In simple words: The daily unemployment rate in India was 5.6% in 2011-12, as per the CDS method.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the year and the specific measurement method mentioned in the question, as figures can change for different periods or definitions.

Question 7. More than the required labour is engaged in agriculture. Due to this, the productivity of labour is less. If this surplus labour is removed from agriculture, the production will not decrease. What type of unemployment is this?
(a) Structural unemployment
(b) Disguised unemployment
(c) Cyclic unemployment
(d) Seasonal unemployment
Answer: (b) Disguised unemployment
In simple words: When too many people work where fewer are needed, and removing some doesn't change output, it's disguised unemployment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Disguised unemployment is common in developing countries, especially in the agricultural sector, where family members often share tasks.

Question 8. During recession in the trade cycle, production decreases and labour has to be laid off. Which kind of unemployment is this?
(a) Seasonal unemployment
(b) Cyclic unemployment
(c) Disguised unemployment
(d) Structural unemployment
Answer: (b) Cyclic unemployment
In simple words: Unemployment caused by a bad economy or recession is called cyclical unemployment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cyclical unemployment is directly linked to the ups and downs of the economy (business cycles) and is a short-term issue.

Question 9. In which of the following sections was the unemployment rate (principle + ancilliary) highest in 2011-12 in the educated youth section (15-29 age group and higher than secondary education level) the highest?
(a) In rural men
(b) In rural women
(c) In urban men
(d) In urban women
Answer: (d) In urban women
In simple words: Educated young women in cities had the highest unemployment rate in 2011-12.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that unemployment figures can vary significantly across different demographic groups and geographical locations.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is standard human year?
Answer: A standard human year refers to a situation where a person works for 273 days in a year, with each workday lasting 8 hours. This measure helps define a full year of employment.
In simple words: A standard human year means working 8 hours a day for 273 days in one year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with the numbers (273 days, 8 hours) when defining a standard human year.

Question 2. Write the meaning of Usual status unemployment.
Answer: Usual status unemployment measures the number of people who did not have any job for a full year before a survey was conducted. It looks at long-term unemployment.
In simple words: This type of unemployment counts people who were jobless for an entire year before a survey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Usual status unemployment focuses on a longer reference period (one year) to identify chronic unemployment.

Question 3. Write the meaning of weekly status unemployment.
Answer: Weekly status unemployment looks at a person's employment situation during the one-week period just before a survey. If they didn't work at all in that week, they are counted as unemployed by this measure.
In simple words: This measures unemployment based on whether a person had a job during the week before a survey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Weekly status unemployment uses a shorter reference period (one week) to capture recent unemployment trends.

Question 4. Write the meaning of daily status unemployment.
Answer: Daily status unemployment examines a person's work situation for each day in the seven days before a survey. It counts how many days a person was unemployed during that week.
In simple words: This method checks unemployment for each day over the past seven days before a survey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Daily status unemployment provides the most detailed picture of unemployment, capturing even short periods of joblessness within a week.

Question 5. What was the rate of unemployment according to usual status and current daily status in the year 2011-12?
Answer: In 2011-12, the unemployment rate in India based on the Current Daily Status (CDS) was 2.2 percent. The daily status unemployment rate was 5.6 percent. Also, according to the usual status method, 472.9 million people were part of India's labor force, while the current daily status method showed 415.7 million people in the labor force.
In simple words: In 2011-12, the daily unemployment rate was 2.2%, rising to 5.6% for daily status unemployment. The labor force had 472.9 million people by usual status and 415.7 million by daily status.

🎯 Exam Tip: It's crucial to specify the measurement method (CDS, Usual Status, Daily Status) when quoting unemployment rates or labor force figures, as they can differ significantly.

Question 7. Write the names of any two selfremployment programmes adopted for eradication of unemployment in India.
Answer: Two government programs aimed at helping people create their own jobs to fight unemployment in India are:
1. The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
2. The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
In simple words: IRDP and Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana are two government schemes to help people become self-employed and reduce joblessness.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for specific programs, remember to name at least two and, if possible, briefly state their purpose.

Question 8. Write the names of any two wage employment programmes adopted for eradication of unemployment.
Answer: Two wage employment programs launched to reduce unemployment in India are:
1. The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme.
2. The Employment Assurance Scheme.
In simple words: The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme and the Employment Assurance Scheme are two government programs that provide paid work to people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between self-employment programs (where people start their own ventures) and wage employment programs (where people are paid for work).

Question 9. Write any two reasons responsible for the problem of unemployment in India.
Answer: Two main reasons contributing to unemployment in India are:
1. A rapidly increasing population, which leads to more people looking for jobs than available.
2. An education system that may not properly prepare people with the skills needed by industries.
In simple words: Too many people and an education system that doesn't teach job-ready skills are two reasons for unemployment in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing causes of unemployment, focus on broad socio-economic factors like demographics and education rather than individual choices.

Question 10. Write the names of any two kinds of unemployment prevalent in rural areas.
Answer: Two common types of unemployment found in rural areas are:
1. Disguised unemployment, where more people work than needed in tasks like farming.
2. Seasonal unemployment, which occurs because work is only available during certain seasons, like harvest time.
In simple words: Disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment are common in rural areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that rural unemployment often differs from urban unemployment, with distinct causes and patterns related to agriculture and seasonal work.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2. What is meant by disguised unemployment?
Answer: Disguised unemployment is when a person appears to be working but isn't actually adding much to production. For instance, in farming families in developing countries, many people might work on a field where fewer people could do the same job. They seem busy, but their extra effort doesn't increase the total output.
In simple words: It's when more people work than needed, so their contribution to output is hidden or very low, even though they look employed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Disguised unemployment is characterized by zero marginal productivity of labor, meaning adding or removing workers doesn't change total output.

Question 3. Write the meaning of seasonal unemployment.
Answer: Seasonal unemployment happens because some jobs, especially in agriculture, depend on specific times of the year, like harvest or planting seasons, or on the monsoon rains. During the off-season, people don't have work. This type of joblessness also affects industries related to festivals. To fix this, more jobs need to be created in rural areas that are not linked to agriculture.
In simple words: Seasonal unemployment occurs when jobs are only available during certain times of the year, leaving people without work for the rest of the time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate seasonal unemployment to industries that are inherently tied to specific times, such as agriculture, tourism, and some festival-related businesses.

Question 4. Write the three standards of measuring unemployment in India.
Answer: In India, unemployment is measured using three main standards:
1. **Usual Status Unemployment:** This looks at whether a person was employed for the majority of the 365 days before the survey.
2. **Weekly Status Unemployment:** This checks a person's employment situation during the one week before the survey.
3. **Daily Status Unemployment:** This assesses a person's work status for each day of the seven days preceding the survey.
In simple words: India measures unemployment using three ways: usual status (over a year), weekly status (over a week), and daily status (each day of the week).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define each of the three measurement standards and their respective reference periods (year, week, day).

Question 5. Mention the level of educated unemployment in India.
Answer: In India, educated unemployment is a concern. People with only a secondary education level, in both rural and urban areas, face more difficulty finding jobs compared to those who have higher levels of education.
In simple words: People with secondary education struggle more to find jobs in India than those with higher education, in both villages and cities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight that a higher level of education generally correlates with better employment opportunities, but even educated individuals can face unemployment.

Question 7. Mention the structural change in employment in various sectors of the economy (i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary sector).
Answer: India's economy has seen shifts in employment across its sectors. The primary sector's (like agriculture) share in employment decreased from 58.5% in 2004-05 to 48.9% in 2011-12. At the same time, the secondary sector (manufacturing) saw its share rise from 18.2% to 24.3%, and the tertiary sector (services) grew from 23.4% to 26.4% during the same period.
In simple words: From 2004 to 2012, fewer people worked in agriculture (primary sector), while more people found jobs in manufacturing (secondary) and services (tertiary sector).

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing structural changes, always provide specific data points and years to support your answer effectively.

Question 8. What kind of changes are needed in the education system to eliminate educated unemployment?
Answer: To solve educated unemployment, the education system must be improved to match the job needs of local areas. Both employers and workers should work together to provide suitable education and training. This way, even highly educated people can find jobs, and the country's skilled workforce won't go to waste.
In simple words: Education needs to teach skills that local jobs require, and businesses must help train workers to prevent educated people from being jobless.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the practical aspects of education, emphasizing skill development and industry-academia collaboration as key solutions to educated unemployment.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Write the names of different types of unemployment and explain how the problem of unemployment in developing countries is different from the problem of unemployment in developed countries.
Answer: Here are some different types of unemployment:
• **Structural Unemployment :** This happens when workers' skills don't match the jobs available, or when there aren't enough new businesses (capital formation) to create jobs for everyone.
• **Seasonal Unemployment :** This type of joblessness occurs when work is only available during certain times of the year, like in farming or festival-related jobs, leaving people without work during other months.
• **Open Unemployment :** This is when people want to work and are able to, but cannot find any jobs at all. Many people in the workforce remain jobless, unable to earn a regular income.
• **Cyclical Unemployment :** This happens because of the ups and downs (trade cycles) in the economy. When the economy slows down, businesses produce less and lay off workers.
The problem of unemployment differs between developing and developed countries. Developing countries rely heavily on agriculture, often employing more people than needed. Developed countries, however, depend more on industries for jobs, leading to better employment opportunities. Developing nations often lag economically, which means they continue to struggle more with unemployment issues.
In simple words: Unemployment can be structural (skills mismatch), seasonal (work tied to seasons), open (no jobs for willing workers), or cyclical (due to economic slowdowns). Developing countries often have more people in agriculture than needed, while developed countries have more industry jobs, making their unemployment problems different.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing unemployment in different economies, highlight the contrasting roles of agriculture and industry, as well as skill mismatches and economic cycles.

Question 2. Comment on the status of employment and unemployment in India.
Answer: India gathers data on employment and unemployment from four main sources: the Census report, the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), data from employment offices, and surveys by the Labour Bureau. These sources can show different figures because they have different goals and ways of working. In cities, problems like industrial unemployment and educated unemployment are common. In rural areas, underemployment (not enough work) and open unemployment (no work at all) are more common. The unemployment rate was 7.3% in 1999-2000, then rose to 8.2% in 2004-05, and fell to 5.6% by 2011-12. Even with slower job growth, overall unemployment decreased between 2004-05 and 2011-12. Regionally, in 2011-12, unemployment was highest in Kerala (9.1%) and lowest in West Bengal (4.4%). Self-employment made up 52.2% of total employment.
In simple words: India uses four main sources to track jobs and joblessness, which show different results. Urban areas face industrial and educated unemployment, while rural areas have underemployment and open unemployment. The overall unemployment rate changed over time, decreasing from 2004 to 2012. Kerala had high unemployment, and West Bengal had low unemployment in 2011-12, with self-employment being common.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing employment status, consider the different data sources, the distinction between rural and urban unemployment, and specific trends over time, including regional variations.

Question 3. Outline the major conclusions of the National Regional Survey Organization with regard to the status of labour and unemployment.
Answer: The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) found several key points about labor and unemployment. Under the 'usual status' method, India's labor force grew from 407 million in 1999-2000 to 483.7 million in 2011-12. Using the 'Current Daily Status' (CDS) method, the labor force increased from 363.3 million to 440.2 million in the same period. Both methods show a steady rise in the labor force. NSSO studies also revealed that under 'usual status,' the number of employed people and human days grew from 368 million in 1999-2000 to 472.9 million in 2011-12. Under 'current daily status,' employed people and human days increased from 336.9 million to 415.7 million. However, the annual growth in employment slowed down significantly, from 2.8% (1999-2000 to 2004-05) to just 0.5% (2004-05 to 2011-12). This was lower than the labor force growth rate, showing that job creation wasn't keeping pace with the growing workforce.
In simple words: NSSO data shows India's labor force and employed people grew steadily from 1999 to 2012, using both usual and daily status methods. But, job growth slowed down a lot, meaning not enough new jobs were created for the increasing number of people looking for work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use specific data points and periods to demonstrate the trends in labor force participation and employment growth, highlighting any disparities or shifts.

Question 4. Outline the main factors responsible for the problem of unemployment in India.
Answer: Main factors responsible for the problem of unemployment in India are:
i. **Rural-Urban Migration and Lower Living Standards:** During peak work seasons, people often move from villages to cities. However, they then face joblessness and poor living conditions in urban areas.
ii. **Rising Population and Labor Supply:** After independence, the population grew very fast due to lower death rates and high birth rates, from 360 million in 1951 to 1.21 billion in 2011. This rapid growth also increased the number of people looking for jobs, including more educated women. Unfortunately, the economy didn't grow fast enough to create enough work for everyone.
iii. **Poor Planning:** Unemployment is also a result of flawed development plans. Industrial joblessness is caused by a lack of urban industrial growth and slow progress. Educational unemployment comes from an education system that doesn't teach job-ready skills. This poor planning meant not enough jobs were created in villages, making cities seem more appealing.
iv. **Unsuitable Education System:** Education is vital for human progress. The education system should be designed to match what local jobs need. Both businesses and workers should collaborate to provide relevant education and training. This will ensure that skilled people don't remain unemployed and the country's valuable labor force is used effectively.
In simple words: Unemployment in India is caused by people moving to cities for jobs, a fast-growing population, planning that doesn't create enough jobs, and an education system that doesn't teach the right skills for available work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize the causes of unemployment (e.g., demographic, economic, structural) and provide clear examples or explanations for each factor.

Question 5. Describe the policies adopted by the Government for eradicating employment.
Answer: Initially, government planning aimed for economic development to naturally create enough jobs. However, by the 5th plan, it was realized that growth alone wasn't enough. It became clear that jobs needed to be created in both government and private sectors, along with special employment programs.
In the 8th five-year plan, the goal was a 2.6% to 2.8% growth rate to remove unemployment within 10 years. This plan focused on improving agriculture, developing unused land, expanding non-farm jobs in villages, and quickly growing the unorganized and service sectors, along with small industries.
The 9th plan targeted labor-intensive sectors and areas with high unemployment. The 10th plan aimed to boost jobs in agriculture, small businesses, education, health, construction, tourism, and IT. Finally, the 11th plan focused on increasing employment in specific labor-intensive areas like construction, tourism, handloom, handicrafts, and jewelry production.
In simple words: The government first thought economic growth would create jobs, but then started special programs and plans. These plans focused on boosting agriculture, small businesses, non-farm jobs, and specific sectors like construction and tourism to reduce unemployment over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing government policies, mention specific Five-Year Plans and the key strategies or sectors they focused on for employment generation.

Question 6. Give suggestions for resolving the problem of unemployment in India.
Answer: Here are some suggestions to solve unemployment in India:
• **Increase Investment and Change Investment Focus:** India needs more investment to boost production and create jobs. This investment should be directed towards projects that require more human labor rather than just machines.
• **Expand Small and Village Industries:** Supporting and improving small-scale industries, handicrafts, and local crafts in rural areas is crucial. These industries need less money to start and create many jobs. By strengthening them, people will find work in their villages, reducing the need to move to cities and helping with hidden or seasonal unemployment.
• **Better Manpower Planning:** The country needs to match the skills of its available workers with the skills needed for jobs. Currently, many people are jobless, while some industries lack skilled workers. Training and improving the skills of the workforce can help solve both these issues.
• **Promote Vocational Education and Entrepreneurship:** Encourage students who want to pursue higher education to go to colleges and universities, but also emphasize job-specific vocational training. Skilled engineers should be supported to start their own small businesses.
• **Control Population Growth:** Controlling the increasing population is essential to tackle unemployment. Effective family planning programs should be widely used. A large population today means more people looking for jobs in the future, and if the economy doesn't grow fast enough, unemployment will worsen.
In simple words: To fix unemployment, India needs more investment in labor-intensive projects, growth in village industries, better job training, support for vocational education and small businesses, and effective population control programs.

🎯 Exam Tip: When providing suggestions, ensure they are comprehensive and cover economic, educational, and social aspects of unemployment, using clear bullet points.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Objective Type Questions

Question 1. How many methods of measurement of unemployment have been provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 5
Answer: (c) 3
In simple words: NSSO uses three ways to count unemployment: usual, weekly, and daily status.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to name and briefly explain each of the three unemployment measurement methods used by NSSO.

Question 2. How many persons were included in labour force in 1999-2000 (in million) according to current status?
(a) 407.0
(b) 469.0
(c) 483.7
(d) 501.10
Answer: (a) 407.0
In simple words: In 1999-2000, the labor force had 407.0 million people according to current status reporting.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the specific year and measurement method (e.g., current status) when recalling or stating economic data.

Question 4. On the basis of U.S, persons and human days employed in 2011-12 (in million) were-
(a) 398.0
(b) 457.9
(c) 472.9
(d) 415.7
Answer: (c) 472.9
In simple words: In 2011-12, under the usual status method, 472.9 million people were employed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure you distinguish between Usual Status (U.S.) and Current Daily Status (CDS) figures, as they reflect different aspects of employment.

Question 5. What was the share of employment in primary sector in 2004-05?
(a) 58.4
(b) 18.2
(c)23.4
(d)24.3
Answer: (a) 58.4
In simple words: In 2004-05, agriculture and related activities provided jobs to 58.4% of the workforce.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the relative shares of different sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary) in employment and how they change over time.

Question 6. What is the share of self employment in total employment?
(a) 52.2%
(b) 50.0%
(c) 48.3%
(d) 45.1%
Answer: (a) 52.2%
In simple words: About 52.2% of all jobs are in self-employment, where people work for themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of the different categories of employment, such as self-employment, regular wage employment, and casual wage employment.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is unemployment according to Keynes?
Answer: According to economist John Maynard Keynes, unemployment happens when there isn't enough overall demand for goods and services in the economy. Because of this low demand, businesses produce less than they could, leading to job losses.
In simple words: Keynes believed unemployment occurs when people don't buy enough goods, causing companies to produce less and hire fewer workers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand Keynesian economics' emphasis on aggregate demand as a key driver of employment levels.

Question 2. Which unemployment is called long term unemployment?
Answer: Structural unemployment is often referred to as long-term unemployment. This is because it results from fundamental shifts in the economy, like changes in technology or industry structure, which require significant time for workers to adapt or retrain.
In simple words: Structural unemployment is considered long-term because it comes from big, lasting changes in the economy, not just temporary slowdowns.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that structural unemployment is a chronic issue requiring long-term solutions like retraining and education programs.

Question 3. Which type of unemployment occurs due to lack of structural coordination in the economy?
Answer: Structural unemployment arises when there's a lack of proper coordination within the economy's structure. This means the skills workers have don't match the skills employers need, or jobs are available in one region but workers are in another.
In simple words: Unemployment that happens because parts of the economy don't fit together well, like skills not matching jobs, is structural unemployment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link structural unemployment directly to mismatches and inefficiencies within the economic system.

Question 4. In which type of unemployment, a person does not seem to be unemployed clearly?
Answer: In disguised unemployment, a person might appear to be working, but their contribution to overall production is very low or even zero. This makes it unclear that they are actually unemployed in terms of adding economic value.
In simple words: Disguised unemployment is when someone looks employed but isn't really contributing to the work, so their joblessness isn't obvious.

🎯 Exam Tip: Disguised unemployment is a hidden form of unemployment, often prevalent in the agricultural sector of developing economies.

Question 5. Which unemployment occurs in the condition of meager employment?
Answer: Disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment are the types of joblessness that occur when employment opportunities are scarce or limited. Disguised unemployment involves too many people for available work, while seasonal unemployment means jobs only exist for part of the year.
In simple words: When jobs are few, you find disguised unemployment (too many workers for little work) and seasonal unemployment (work only for certain times).

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect 'meager employment' to the specific characteristics of disguised and seasonal unemployment, where jobs are insufficient either in quantity or duration.

Question 6. What is measured by CDS?
Answer: CDS, which stands for Current Daily Status, is a method used to measure unemployment and employment in terms of 'human days.' It counts how many days a person was employed or unemployed during a 7-day period.
In simple words: CDS counts 'human days,' showing how many days a person worked or didn't work in a week.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clarify that CDS is a daily measure, focusing on the number of person-days available for and engaged in work.

Question 8. What was the share of primary sector in employment percentage in 2011-12?
Answer: The primary sector's share in employment in 2011-12 was 48.9 per cent.
In simple words: Almost half of the working people in 2011-12 were employed in basic activities like farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific percentages for key sectors and years to answer factual questions accurately.

Question 9. How much was the share of secondary sector in employment percentage in 2004-05?
Answer: In 2004-05, the secondary sector accounted for 18.2 per cent of employment.
In simple words: The manufacturing and construction industries employed about 18% of people in 2004-05.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors when discussing employment data.

Question 10. How much was the share of secondary sector in employment percentage in 2011-12?
Answer: The secondary sector's share in employment increased to 24.3 per cent in 2011-12.
In simple words: The number of people working in industries grew to nearly one-quarter of all jobs by 2011-12.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the change in percentages over different years to highlight trends in employment distribution.

Question 11. How much was the share of tertiary sector in employment percentage in 2011-12?
Answer: In 2011-12, the tertiary (service) sector's share in employment was 26.8 per cent.
In simple words: More than a quarter of all jobs in 2011-12 were in services like banking, education, and healthcare.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the tertiary sector includes a wide range of services, from IT to hospitality.

Question 12. In context to employment, which is the largest sector?
Answer: The primary sector is the largest sector in terms of employment.
In simple words: Most people work in farming and related activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that while the primary sector employs the most people, its contribution to GDP might be lower than other sectors.

Question 13. In context to employment, which is the second largest sector?
Answer: The tertiary sector is the second largest sector for employment.
In simple words: After farming, services employ the next biggest group of workers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the order of sectors by employment size to discuss economic structure.

Question 14. What is the contribution of tertiary sector in GDP?
Answer: The tertiary sector contributes 52% to the GDP.
In simple words: Services contribute more than half of the country's total economic output.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the difference: primary sector has high employment but lower GDP contribution, while tertiary has high GDP contribution even if not the highest employment.

Question 16. How much population is involved in salaried employment?
Answer: 18% of the population is involved in salaried employment.
In simple words: Less than one-fifth of people work for a fixed salary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of different types of employment (self-employment, wage employment, salaried) and their proportions.

Question 17. What is CWS?
Answer: CWS stands for Current Weekly Status.
In simple words: It's a way to measure a person's work situation over one week.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the full forms of important economic abbreviations like CWS and CDS.

Question 18. What is CDS?
Answer: CDS stands for Current Daily Status.
In simple words: It's a way to measure how much a person works each day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that CWS and CDS are methods used to track employment and unemployment more precisely.

Question 19. How much was the unemployment as per the general status in Kerala in 2011-12?
Answer: In 2011-12, the unemployment rate in Kerala, as per the general status, was 9.1%.
In simple words: About 9 out of every 100 people looking for jobs in Kerala could not find them in 2011-12.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be ready to cite specific regional unemployment figures if the question asks for details.

Question 20. How much was the unemployment as per the general status in West Bengal in 2011-12?
Answer: In 2011-12, the unemployment rate in West Bengal, based on general status, was 4.4 per cent.
In simple words: West Bengal had a lower unemployment rate, at 4.4%, compared to Kerala during the same period.

🎯 Exam Tip: Compare and contrast unemployment rates across different states to show comprehensive knowledge.

Question 21. What was the population of India in 1951?
Answer: The population of India in 1951 was 36 crore.
In simple words: India's population was 360 million people in 1951.

🎯 Exam Tip: Historical population figures provide context for economic development and labor force changes.

Question 23. State the types of unemployment.
Answer: The different types of unemployment are:
1. Structural unemployment.
2. Disguised unemployment
3. Seasonal unemployment
4. Open unemployment
5. Cyclical unemployment.
In simple words: Unemployment can happen in different ways, like when skills don't match jobs, too many people work for too little output, jobs disappear in certain seasons, people have no work at all, or jobs are lost due to economic ups and downs.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the different types of unemployment clearly and be prepared to explain each one in detail.

Question 24. State threes concepts of measuring the unemployment.
Answer: The three concepts for measuring unemployment are:
1. General Status Unemployment
2. Daily Status Unemployment
3. Weekly Status Unemployment.
In simple words: We can measure unemployment by looking at a person's usual work status, their work status each week, or their work status each day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how each method of measurement (General, Daily, Weekly Status) provides a different perspective on unemployment.

Question 25. When does educated unemployment occur?
Answer: Educated unemployment occurs due to two main reasons:
1. A defective education system.
2. A lack of proper educational facilities.
In simple words: When the education system does not teach skills that jobs need, or there aren't enough good schools, educated people struggle to find work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the mismatch between skills taught and market demands when discussing educated unemployment.

Question 26. In which plan, reducing underemployment and solving the problem of unemployment had been accepted as an objective?
Answer: Reducing underemployment and solving the problem of unemployment were objectives in the 6th Five Year Plan.
In simple words: The government's Sixth Plan aimed to make sure people had enough work and fewer people were unemployed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific economic objectives to the relevant Five Year Plans.

Question 28. What was the targeted growth rate fixed in the 8th five year plan?
Answer: The targeted growth rate set in the 8th Five Year Plan was between 2.6 to 2.8 per cent.
In simple words: The eighth plan aimed for the economy to grow by about 2.6% to 2.8% each year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the specific growth rate targets for important Five Year Plans.

Question 29. In which plan, sectors creating greater employment opportunities were sought to be developed?
Answer: Sectors that create more employment opportunities were sought to be developed in the 10th Five Year Plan.
In simple words: The tenth plan focused on growing industries that could provide many jobs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the different focus areas of each Five Year Plan, especially regarding employment generation.

Question 30. What was the objective of the 11th five year plan?
Answer: The 11th Plan aimed to adopt employment schemes that would rapidly increase employment and improve job quality.
In simple words: The eleventh plan's main goal was to create many good jobs quickly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the shift from just creating jobs to also improving the quality of employment in later plans.

Question 31. What was the impact on educated unemployment in the year 2011-12 as compared to 1999-2000?
Answer: Compared to 1999-2000, the rate of educated unemployment decreased in 2011-12. This reduction was more significant for women than for men.
In simple words: Fewer educated people were unemployed in 2011-12 than in 1999-2000, especially women.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to trends and specific demographic impacts (e.g., gender) on unemployment data.

Question 32. States two reasons of unemployment.
Answer: Two reasons for unemployment are:
1. A mismatch between development patterns and employment growth.
2. An increase in population and labor supply.
In simple words: Unemployment happens because the economy doesn't grow in a way that creates enough jobs, and there are too many people looking for work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always provide clear, distinct points when asked for multiple reasons.

Question 33. When was the Farmer Labour Employment Guarantee Programme started?
Answer: The Farmer Labour Employment Guarantee Programme was started in 1979.
In simple words: This program to guarantee jobs for farmers and laborers began in 1979.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the launch years of significant government employment schemes.

Question 35. How many people were trained under TRYSEM between 1991 and 1999?
Answer: Between 1991 and 1999, 23.3 lakh people were trained under TRYSEM.
In simple words: Over 2.3 million people got training through TRYSEM from 1991 to 1999.

🎯 Exam Tip: Quantify the impact of government programs with specific numbers where available.

Question 36. With which programme was TRYSEM merged in 1999?
Answer: In 1999, TRYSEM was merged with the Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
In simple words: TRYSEM became part of another large rural self-employment program in 1999.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the evolution and mergers of key government schemes.

Question 37. When was the Jawahar Employment Scheme initiated?
Answer: The Jawahar Employment Scheme was initiated in 1989-90.
In simple words: This job scheme, named Jawahar, began in 1989-1990.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep track of the starting years of different employment programs.

Question 38. With which scheme was Jawahar Employment Scheme merged in 1999?
Answer: The Jawahar Employment Scheme was merged with the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Scheme.
In simple words: In 1999, the Jawahar Employment Scheme joined with the Jawahar Village Prosperity Scheme.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware of which schemes were integrated or replaced by others.

Question 39. When was NREGA programme started?
Answer: The NREGA programme was started in 2006.
In simple words: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act started in 2006.

🎯 Exam Tip: NREGA (later MGNREGA) is a very important program; remember its launch year.

Question 40. Give two suggestions to eradicate the problem of unemployment.
Answer: Two suggestions to eradicate unemployment are:
1. Increase investment and bring structural changes in investment patterns.
2. Expand handicrafts, craftsmanship, and other small industries in rural areas to boost their efficiency.
In simple words: To fix unemployment, we need to invest more and in new ways, and also grow small local businesses and crafts in villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide practical and policy-oriented suggestions when asked for solutions to economic problems.

Question 1. What is structural unemployment?
Answer: Structural unemployment happens when there's a mismatch between the skills workers have and the skills employers need. It also occurs when capital formation is slower than the growth of the labor force.
In simple words: This type of unemployment occurs when available jobs require different skills than what workers possess, or when there isn't enough investment to create jobs for everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain structural unemployment by focusing on the 'mismatch' of skills or slow capital growth.

Question 2. What is open unemployment?
Answer: Open unemployment is a situation where a person who wants to work and is able to work cannot find any job. It is common where a large number of people looking for jobs do not get a regular income. This type of unemployment can be clearly counted.
In simple words: Open unemployment means a person is willing and able to work but has no job at all and is actively looking for one.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate open unemployment from disguised or underemployment, emphasizing the complete lack of work for those willing to work.

Question 3. What is cyclic unemployment?
Answer: Cyclical unemployment happens due to the business cycle in a market economy. It is linked to the ups and downs in growth and production. When the economy is performing well, cyclical unemployment is low because there is high economic output.
In simple words: This type of unemployment goes up when the economy slows down or goes into recession, and goes down when the economy grows.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect cyclical unemployment directly to economic cycles (recessions and booms).

Question 4. What is Frictional unemployment?
Answer: Frictional unemployment happens when workers are between jobs or looking for new ones in a healthy economy. This includes people who leave jobs voluntarily, are fired, or are re-entering the workforce. It is considered a normal part of the labor market.
In simple words: This is a short-term unemployment that occurs when people are moving from one job to another, or entering the job market for the first time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that frictional unemployment is usually temporary and often seen as a sign of a dynamic labor market.

Question 5. What is usual status unemployment?
Answer: Usual status unemployment refers to the number of people who were not employed at all for most of the year (usually a reference period of one year) before a survey was conducted.
In simple words: This measures people who have been jobless for a long time, typically for the entire past year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish usual status from weekly or daily status by its longer reference period, indicating chronic unemployment.

Question 6. What is weekly Status unemployment?
Answer: Weekly status unemployment uses the seven days before the survey as its reference period. A person is considered employed if they worked for at least one hour on any day during that week, pursuing any gainful activity.
In simple words: This counts people as unemployed if they did not work for even one hour in the week before the survey.

🎯 Exam Tip: Contrast weekly status with daily status by focusing on the minimum work duration within the week.

Question 7. What is Daily Status unemployment?
Answer: Daily status unemployment looks at each day within the seven-day reference week. It reports a person's work status for each specific day, meaning they are considered unemployed for any day they did not work.
In simple words: This method measures unemployment day by day for a week, counting someone as unemployed for any day they had no work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Daily status provides the most detailed picture of unemployment, capturing even short periods of joblessness.

Question 8. State the sources of unemployment in India.
Answer: The sources of unemployment data in India include:
1. The Census report of India.
2. Reports from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) on employment and unemployment.
3. Data from employment offices and directorates of employment and training.
4. Unemployment surveys conducted regularly by the Labor Bureau.
In simple words: Information about unemployment in India comes from big government surveys like the Census and NSSO, and records kept by job centers and the Labor Bureau.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the official bodies responsible for collecting and reporting unemployment data in India.

Question 9. What is the share of self employment in total employment?
Answer: Self-employment accounts for 52.2% of total employment. However, many self-employed individuals are involved in low-income activities. Employment is often classified into self-employment, regular wage employment, and casual employment.
In simple words: Over half of all working people in India are self-employed, but many of these jobs do not pay well.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that high rates of self-employment do not always indicate high income or job security.

Question 10. Explain National Rural Employment scheme.
Answer: The National Rural Employment Scheme was primarily a labor employment program. Its goal was to build productive social assets in rural areas through manual labor, providing employment to many people.
In simple words: This program gave jobs to rural people by having them build useful things like roads and other community assets.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the twin objectives of the scheme: employment generation and asset creation in rural areas.

Question 11. What is TRYSEM?
Answer: TRYSEM stands for Training for Rural Self-Employment Programme. It began in 1974 with the aim of training 2 lakh (200,000) rural people each year. The program made it mandatory to include one-third rural girls in the training. In the 7th Plan, 8.8 lakh rural people received self-employment training through this scheme.
In simple words: TRYSEM was a government program started in 1974 that trained young people in villages, especially girls, to start their own businesses and become self-employed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the focus on self-employment and skill development for rural youth and women.

Question 12. What is Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)?
Answer: The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was launched in 1993 in 772 backward blocks across India. It was mainly a rural wage employment program, focusing on tribal, hilly, desert, and drought-prone regions. In 2001, EAS was merged into the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana, and later, it was integrated into the Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana.
In simple words: EAS was a 1993 program that guaranteed wage jobs in rural areas, especially in difficult regions, to provide employment during non-farming seasons. It later combined with other schemes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the target areas and the evolution (mergers) of the EAS program.

Question 13. What is IRDP?
Answer: IRDP stands for Integrated Rural Development Program. It was launched by the Government of India in 1978-79. The program's goal was to provide employment opportunities and help the poor develop skills to improve their living conditions. It offered subsidies and support to people living below the poverty line.
In simple words: IRDP was a government program from 1978-79 that aimed to help poor people in villages find jobs and improve their skills to live better lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the 'integrated' approach of IRDP, combining employment with skill development and subsidies.

Question 14. State three suggestions to resolve the problem of unemployment.
Answer: Three suggestions to resolve unemployment are:
1. Increase investment and implement structural changes in investment patterns.
2. Expand and improve the efficiency of handicrafts, craftsmanship, and other small industries in rural areas.
3. Implement effective manpower planning to match the available labor force with required skills.
In simple words: We need to invest more wisely, boost small local businesses, and train people for the jobs that are actually available.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure your suggestions are distinct and address different aspects of the unemployment problem.

Question 1. Explain the NREGA programme.
Answer: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was launched in 2006 in 200 of the country's most backward districts. On October 2, 2009, it was renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Under this scheme, every rural family was guaranteed 100 days of unskilled wage employment. The program aimed to improve livelihood security in rural areas. It expanded to cover all districts of India by April 1, 2008. The World Bank praised NREGA as a great example of rural development. Any rural citizen is entitled to receive employment within 15 days of registering; otherwise, they receive an unemployment allowance.
In simple words: NREGA (now MGNREGA) is a law that guarantees 100 days of manual work to rural families each year. It started in 2006 to help people in villages get jobs and earn money. If they don't get work, they get money instead.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the name change, the guarantee of 100 days, and the provision for unemployment allowance to score well.

Question 2. State the social and economic harmful impacts of unemployment, and explain the common weekly status and daily status of employment and unemployment. Also explain the measures initiated by the government for employment creation.
Answer: **Economic Harmful Effects of Unemployment:**
1. Unemployed laborers are often exploited, forced to accept low wages and work in poor conditions.
2. Overall production in the economy is hindered.
3. Less goods and services are produced.
4. Capital formation (investment in new assets) decreases.

**The Usual, Weekly, and Daily Levels of Unemployment:**
* **Usual Level of Unemployment:** This includes people who spend most of their time working. In India, working for 183 days or more in a year is considered full employment. Someone working for fewer than 183 days is usually considered unemployed.
* **Weekly Level of Unemployment:** This considers a person's employment status in the week before the survey. If a person works for even one hour in that week, they are considered employed on a weekly basis; otherwise, they are unemployed.
* **Daily Level of Unemployment:** This considers a person's employment status for each day in the seven days before the survey. Daily status unemployment is the ratio of actual labor days lost to total available labor days in a week.

**Efforts by the Government to Create Employment Opportunities:**
Central and State governments regularly launch programs to create employment, which are divided into two types: Direct and Indirect.
* **Direct Programs:** These involve direct government intervention to create jobs. For example, the government supports sectors like industries, hotels, and transport, aiming to increase their growth and thus employment directly.
* **Indirect Methods:** These focus on overall development that indirectly boosts employment. This includes improving health services, primary education, water supply, housing, village roads, barren land development, and sanitation. Such measures lead to holistic development and faster job creation.
In simple words: Unemployment harms the economy by causing worker exploitation, lowering production, and reducing savings. To measure it, we look at how many days or hours people work in a week or over a year. The government tries to create jobs in two ways: by directly investing in industries and by developing basic facilities like roads and schools, which then create more jobs indirectly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Break down multi-part questions into logical sections. Clearly explain each type of unemployment measurement and categorize government efforts as direct or indirect.