RBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 7 State Government

State Government Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. The number of members of legislative assembly will remain constant till which time in spite of growth in population?
Answer: Article 170 of the Constitution states that a legislative assembly must have a minimum of 60 members and a maximum of 500 members. The number of members can be increased up to 500 if the population of a specific area grows significantly. This rule helps keep the assembly size manageable.
In simple words: The number of legislative assembly members stays the same until a set time, even if the population grows, but can go up to 500 if an area's population gets very big.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Article 170 sets the basic limits for legislative assembly members and understand why these limits are flexible based on population changes.

Question 2. Which states of India have bicameral legislature?
Answer: The states in India that have a bicameral legislature (meaning two houses: Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council) are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh. These states have chosen to have both an upper and a lower house.
In simple words: Some Indian states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh have two law-making bodies, not just one.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing all the states with bicameral legislatures correctly is key; sometimes the list changes, so staying updated is important.

Question 3. How many members of legislative council are nominated by the Governor?
Answer: The Governor nominates one-sixth (1/6th) of the total members to the legislative council. These members are usually experts in fields like art, science, literature, and social service.
In simple words: The Governor picks 1 out of every 6 members in the legislative council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the specific fraction of members nominated by the Governor, as it is a fixed constitutional provision.

Question 4. Write the names of key officials of legislative assembly and legislative council in a state.
Answer: The main officials of a legislative assembly are the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker. For a legislative council, the officials include the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson, though the question specifically asks for "legislative assembly and legislative council" and the answer only mentions Speaker and Deputy Speaker. These individuals ensure the smooth functioning of their respective houses.
In simple words: The main people in charge of a state's legislative assembly are the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between the officials of the legislative assembly (Speaker) and the legislative council (Chairperson).

Question 5. Which house of state legislature does not have the right to introduce no-confidence motion against the Cabinet?
Answer: The Legislative Council does not have the right to introduce a no-confidence motion against the Cabinet. This power rests primarily with the Legislative Assembly because it is directly elected by the people and represents their mandate.
In simple words: The Legislative Council cannot bring a no-confidence motion to remove the Cabinet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the distinct powers of each house; the Legislative Assembly holds the Cabinet accountable through motions like no-confidence.

Question 6. Electoral College of teachers elects how many members in the legislative council?
Answer: The Electoral College of teachers elects one-twelfth (1/12th) of the members in the legislative council. This ensures that teachers have a voice in the legislative process, representing the educational community.
In simple words: Teachers choose 1 out of every 12 members in the legislative council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific fraction (1/12th) for teacher representation in the legislative council, as well as for graduates.

Question 8. According to Constitution, the executive power in a state lies with whom?
Answer: According to the Constitution, the executive power in a state lies with the Governor. The Governor acts as the constitutional head and exercises these powers either directly or through officers subordinate to him. This establishes the Governor's formal authority.
In simple words: The Governor has the top executive power in a state, as per the Constitution.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always identify the Governor as the constitutional head of the state executive, distinct from the Chief Minister who is the real executive head.

Question 9. What is the name of order which is issued by the Governor when the legislature is not in session?
Answer: The order issued by the Governor when the legislature is not in session is called an Ordinance. An ordinance has the same legal force as an Act of the Legislature but must be approved by the legislature when it reconvenes. This allows for quick decision-making during emergencies.
In simple words: When the legislature is not meeting, the Governor can issue a special rule called an Ordinance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the term "Ordinance" and its purpose: it's a temporary law issued by the Governor during legislative recess.

Question 10. The Chief Minister has to take oath of what before assuming office?
Answer: Before taking office, the Chief Minister has to take an oath of secrecy and duty. This oath ensures that they will faithfully perform their duties and keep confidential matters secret, upholding the integrity of their position.
In simple words: The Chief Minister promises to keep secrets and do their job well before starting work.

🎯 Exam Tip: The two key components of the Chief Minister's oath are secrecy and duty; ensure both are mentioned.

Question 11. Which Article of the Constitution has made the provision for formation of High Court?
Answer: Article 214 of the Constitution provides for the formation of a High Court for each state. This article establishes the judicial structure at the state level, ensuring access to justice.
In simple words: Article 214 in the Constitution talks about setting up a High Court for every state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link Article 214 directly to the establishment of High Courts in states for quick recall.

Question 12. A judge of High Court needs to submit his resignation to whom?
Answer: A judge of a High Court needs to submit their resignation to the President of India. The President is the appointing authority for High Court judges, making them the appropriate recipient for resignations as well. This highlights the central government's role in the judiciary.
In simple words: A High Court judge gives their resignation letter to the President of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that High Court judges resign to the President, not the Governor or Chief Justice of their respective High Court.

State Government Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Write any three conditions which result in termination of membership of legislative assembly.
Answer: The membership of either house (Legislative Assembly or Council) can end due to several conditions:
1. If a person loses the eligibility to be a member, even after joining the house. For example, if they become unsound of mind or bankrupt.
2. If a member voluntarily resigns from their seat.
3. If a member is absent from the house for a certain period without permission. This ensures members fulfill their attendance duties.
In simple words: A person stops being a member of the legislative assembly if they lose their qualifications, quit, or are absent for too long.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on distinct grounds for disqualification and termination, such as loss of eligibility, resignation, or unapproved absence.

Question 2. Briefly explain the duties of speaker of legislative assembly.
Answer: The Speaker of the legislative assembly has several important duties:
1. The Speaker presides over the sessions of the legislative assembly and manages the proceedings of the house. This ensures orderly debate.
2. The Speaker is responsible for keeping peace and discipline in the house and can take necessary action to ensure that.
3. The Speaker can decide the order of proceedings in the house based on the advice of the house leader.
4. The Speaker announces the results after voting on bills or motions.
5. The Speaker typically does not vote in normal situations. However, in the event of a tie, they use their 'Casting Vote' to break the deadlock.
In simple words: The Speaker runs the legislative assembly meetings, keeps order, decides what happens next, announces votes, and only votes themselves if there is a tie.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the Speaker's dual role as a presiding officer and a guardian of discipline, along with the unique "Casting Vote" power.

Question 3. Assume that members of the house want to remove the speaker of legislative assembly. Explain the method which they will follow.
Answer: To remove the Speaker, the following steps must be taken:
1. A no-confidence motion must first be introduced in the legislative assembly.
2. The legislative assembly needs to pass this no-confidence motion with a simple majority of the members present and voting.
3. A notice for voting on the removal of the Speaker must be given at least 14 days in advance. This ensures fairness and allows the Speaker time to respond.
In simple words: To remove the Speaker, members must propose a no-confidence motion, pass it with a majority vote, and give at least 14 days' notice before the vote.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key steps for removing the Speaker involve a no-confidence motion, a simple majority vote, and a mandatory 14-day notice period.

Question 4. Which method needs to be followed if Rajasthan wants to establish a legislative council?
Answer: Article 169 of the Constitution outlines the method for establishing a legislative council. If the legislative assembly of Rajasthan passes a proposal by a two-thirds majority of its members who are present and voting, then the Parliament of India will create a law for either forming or abolishing a legislative council in that state. Currently, Rajasthan only has a legislative assembly. The legislative assembly of Rajasthan has already passed a bill to form a legislative council and has sent this bill to the Central Government for approval. This process shows how states can influence their legislative structure.
In simple words: If Rajasthan wants a legislative council, its assembly must vote for it with a special majority. Then, the Indian Parliament will make a law to create it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Article 169 and the two-step process: state assembly resolution with special majority, followed by a law passed by Parliament.

Question 5. What are the eligibility criteria for Governor?
Answer: The eligibility criteria for becoming a Governor are as follows:
1. The person must be a citizen of India.
2. The person must be at least 35 years old.
3. The person cannot continue to be a member of Parliament or a state legislature once appointed as Governor.
4. The person cannot hold any office of profit. These requirements ensure the Governor is a mature, unbiased, and dedicated public servant.
In simple words: To be a Governor, a person must be an Indian citizen, at least 35 years old, not hold another elected office, and not be earning money from any other government job.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the four main eligibility conditions, particularly the age requirement and the ban on holding an office of profit or other elected office.

Question 6. What are the discretionary powers of Governor?
Answer: While the Constitution does not grant explicit discretionary powers to the Governor, and the Governor is expected to act as a constitutional head, there are situations where they need to use their own judgment. These situations include:
1. Selecting the Chief Minister when no single party has a clear majority in the legislative assembly.
2. Removing the Chief Minister if they lose the confidence of the house.
3. Calling or ending the session of the Legislative Assembly.
4. Dissolving the Legislative Assembly.
5. Seeking information from the Chief Minister.
6. Sending a report to the President about the constitutional situation in the state, which may lead to President's Rule.
7. Sending any bill passed by the state legislature for the President's approval.
8. Returning a bill passed by the legislature for review.
9. Requesting the President for directives before issuing an ordinance. These powers ensure the stability and proper functioning of the state government.
In simple words: The Governor has special powers to make decisions without advice from the Cabinet in certain situations, like choosing a Chief Minister if no party wins clearly, or sending bills to the President.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific examples of discretionary powers, focusing on scenarios where the Governor must use personal judgment (e.g., fractured mandate, seeking President's approval for bills).

Question 7. Briefly explain the formation of Council of Ministers in a state.
Answer: The Council of Ministers in a state is formed in the following way:
1. Appointment of Chief Minister: The first step is appointing the Chief Minister. According to Article 164, the Governor appoints the Chief Minister and then appoints other ministers on the Chief Minister's advice. It is usually the leader of the majority party in the legislative assembly who is appointed as the Chief Minister.
2. Selection of Ministers: The Chief Minister chooses other ministers and sends their names and departments to the Governor. The Chief Minister has the privilege of forming the Cabinet. The 91st constitutional amendment limited the number of ministers to 15% of the total members in the legislative assembly. The Chief Minister ensures that all regions and classes get fair representation in the Cabinet, and ministers are typically from their own party to promote teamwork.
In simple words: The Governor first appoints the Chief Minister, usually the leader of the winning party. Then, the Chief Minister chooses other ministers, keeping in mind fair representation for all parts of the state.

🎯 Exam Tip: Detail the two main steps: Chief Minister appointment by Governor, and then other ministers appointed on CM's advice, noting the 15% limit on Cabinet size.

Question 8. Briefly explain the working of Council of Ministers in a state.
Answer: The Council of Ministers is a very important part of the Cabinet and makes decisions on key issues. They usually meet weekly, but the Chief Minister can call extra meetings if needed. The Chief Minister, or the senior-most minister if the Chief Minister is absent, leads these meetings. No minimum number of members (quorum) is needed for these meetings.
The two main rules for the Council of Ministers are collective responsibility and secrecy. All decisions are typically made by everyone agreeing in meetings. If there's a disagreement, the decision is made after discussion and is then considered a collective decision. This ensures unity in government actions.
In simple words: The Council of Ministers makes important decisions, meets often, and works together under the Chief Minister. They all take responsibility for decisions and keep them secret.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize collective responsibility and secrecy as the core principles guiding the Council of Ministers' work, along with the Chief Minister's leadership role.

Question 9. Write any two eligibility criteria for judge of High Court.
Answer: The eligibility criteria for a High Court judge are as follows:
1. The person must be a citizen of India. This is a fundamental requirement for all public offices.
2. The person should have served in a judicial post in that state for at least 10 years.
3. Alternatively, the person should have worked as an advocate for at least 10 years in the High Court or in two or more courts within the state. These criteria ensure that judges have ample legal experience.
In simple words: To be a High Court judge, a person must be an Indian citizen and have at least 10 years of experience as a judge or a lawyer in high courts.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing eligibility for High Court judges, focus on citizenship and the 10-year experience in either judicial office or as an advocate.

State Government Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Analyse the formation, powers and functions of legislative assembly.
Answer: The Legislative Assembly is made up of members who are directly chosen by the people of that state. However, the Governor nominates one-sixth (1/6th) of the members. The state legislature is the law-making body of the state and holds significant powers:
2. Financial Power: The Legislative Assembly has full control over state money matters. No income or expense-related work can be done without the budget being passed by the assembly. The state government can only use money from the State fund if an appropriate bill is passed by the legislature. This ensures financial accountability.
3. Administrative Power: Due to the legislative system, the state cabinet is answerable to the state legislature, especially the Legislative Assembly, for its work. Members of the assembly can ask questions to ministers about their departments. They can also pass motions of criticism or no-confidence against ministers, and if a no-confidence motion against the Cabinet passes, the Cabinet must resign.
4. Power to Amend the Constitution: For a bill passed by Parliament to change certain parts of the Constitution, at least half of the states' legislative assemblies must approve it. Legislative councils, however, cannot amend the Constitution; they can only approve or disapprove.
5. Election Related Power: The elected members of the legislative assemblies participate in the election of the President of India.
In simple words: The Legislative Assembly makes laws, controls state money by passing budgets, holds the government accountable, helps in amending the Constitution, and its members vote to elect the President.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the Legislative Assembly, ensure you cover its formation (direct election, Governor's nomination), its financial control (budget), administrative oversight (no-confidence motion), and role in constitutional amendments and presidential elections.

Question 2. Analyse the formation, powers and functions of legislative council.
Answer: The Legislative Council is a permanent house, and its members are indirectly elected through a system of electoral colleges. It is never dissolved, and even the Governor cannot dissolve it. Members serve for six years, with one-third retiring every two years and being replaced by newly elected members. This ensures continuity.
Following are the rights and functions of the legislative council:
1. Legislation: All bills, except money bills, can be introduced in either house of the state legislature. However, a bill must be passed by both houses. Article 197 states that if the legislative assembly passes a bill and the legislative council rejects it, or makes unacceptable amendments, or holds it for up to three months, the legislative assembly can pass it again. If the council rejects it again or holds it for another month, the bill is considered passed by both houses. This means the assembly has more power.
3. Financial Work: The Constitution clearly states that a money bill can only be introduced in the legislative assembly, not the legislative council. When the legislative assembly passes a money bill and sends it to the legislative council for recommendations, the council can only hold it for up to 14 days. If it doesn't return the bill within 14 days, the bill is considered passed by both houses. This shows the limited financial power of the council.
In simple words: The Legislative Council is a permanent upper house where members are indirectly chosen. It helps in law-making, but the Legislative Assembly has more power, especially with money bills, which the Council can only delay for a short time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the indirect election, permanent nature, and staggered terms of the Legislative Council. Highlight its limited legislative power compared to the assembly, especially regarding money bills.

Question 3. Explain the process of passage of a normal bill in state legislature.
Answer: A normal bill goes through the following steps to be passed by the state legislature:
1. The bill is first introduced in either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council.
2. For a normal bill to pass, it needs a simple majority vote from both houses.
3. If the Legislative Assembly passes a bill, it is then sent to the Legislative Council.
4. The Legislative Council can hold the bill for up to 14 days. If the bill is not returned within this period, it is considered passed by both houses. This mechanism ensures efficient legislative process.
5. Once the bill is passed by the legislature, it is sent to the Governor for their approval.
6. The Governor may also send the same bill to the President for his approval, especially if it relates to a subject on the Concurrent List.
In simple words: A bill starts in either house, needs a simple majority from both, then goes to the Governor for approval. If the Governor sends it to the President, the President's approval is also needed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Outline the journey of a bill, emphasizing its introduction in either house, simple majority requirement, the Governor's assent, and the possibility of presidential approval for certain bills.

Question 4. Explain the appointment and powers of Governor.
Answer: The President of India appoints the Governor for a five-year term. However, the Governor can stay in office until their successor takes over, can be removed by the President, or can be transferred to another state. A Governor can also resign voluntarily before their term ends. This shows the federal nature of the appointment.
Powers of Governor are as follows:
1. Executive Power: The state's executive power lies with the Governor, who uses these powers directly or through officials. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers on the Chief Minister's advice. They also appoint the chairperson and members of the State Public Service Commission. The President consults the Governor when appointing High Court judges. All subjects under the State List fall under the Governor's executive power. Additionally, if a bill is sent back by the Governor a second time, they must give their assent. They can also reserve bills for the President's assent and issue ordinances when the legislature is not in session.
3. Financial Power: The Governor also has some financial powers. A money bill cannot be introduced in the legislative assembly without the Governor's prior approval. The Governor ensures the budget is presented annually and no grants are demanded without their approval. The consolidated fund of the state is under the Governor's control.
4. Judicial Power: Article 161 allows the Governor to reduce, stay, or pardon a punishment for a person who has committed a crime against state laws. Based on the Governor's report, the Central Cabinet can recommend President's Rule in the state under Article 356.
5. Other Power: Besides the above, the Governor holds many other powers.
In simple words: The President appoints the Governor, who can be removed or transferred. The Governor has executive powers (appointing CM, controlling administration), financial powers (approving money bills and budget), and judicial powers (pardoning crimes).

🎯 Exam Tip: For the Governor, clearly separate the appointment process (by President, removable by President) from the various categories of powers (executive, financial, judicial, legislative, discretionary), giving specific examples for each.

Question 5. Explain the formation and powers of Cabinet in a state.
Answer: The Council of Ministers, often referred to as the Cabinet, is formed as follows:
1. Appointment of Chief Minister: The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, usually the leader of the majority party in the legislative assembly, as per Article 164. This is the first step in forming the Cabinet.
2. Selection of Ministers: The Chief Minister then chooses other ministers and sends their names to the Governor. The Chief Minister has the freedom to form the Cabinet, keeping in mind factors like regional representation and ensuring a cohesive working unit. The 91st constitutional amendment limits the number of ministers to 15% of the legislative assembly's strength.
Following are the powers of the Cabinet:
(A) Policy Making on Governance: The Council of Ministers is mainly responsible for making policies on governance. All important policy decisions are made by the Council of Ministers, regardless of the subject.
3. Representing the Government in Legislature: Ministers attend the legislative assembly and legislative council to answer questions, address criticisms from members, and defend government policies.
4. To Decide on Legislation: The Council of Ministers also plays a crucial role in lawmaking. They decide the order and type of bills to be introduced in the legislature.
5. Preparation of Budget: The Finance Minister, under the Cabinet's guidance, presents the state's annual budget. The budget is prepared based on the policies decided by the Council of Ministers, and ensuring its passage is a key responsibility.
In simple words: The Cabinet is formed when the Governor appoints the Chief Minister, who then chooses other ministers. The Cabinet makes government policies, represents the government in the assembly, decides which laws to introduce, and prepares the state's yearly budget.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer by first explaining the formation (CM appointment, selection of ministers) and then detailing the Cabinet's key powers: policy-making, legislative role, financial role (budget), and representation in the legislature.

Question 6. Analyse the role of Chief Minister in governance of state.
Answer: The Chief Minister plays a central role in the state's governance:
1. Formation of Cabinet: After taking office, the Chief Minister's first task is to select ministers and send their list to the Governor. The Chief Minister has significant freedom in choosing ministers.
2. Allocation and Change of Portfolios: The Chief Minister assigns different departments to colleagues and can change these assignments even after the Cabinet is formed.
3. Operation of the Cabinet: The Chief Minister calls and leads Cabinet meetings, prepares the agenda, and all Cabinet decisions happen under their instructions.
4. Coordination Among Departments: The Chief Minister ensures that all government departments work together as a single unit. They resolve disputes if they arise between two or more ministers.
5. Establishing Connection between Cabinet and Governor: The Chief Minister is responsible for linking the Cabinet and the Governor, informing the Governor about Cabinet decisions and relaying the Governor's messages to the Cabinet.
6. Leader of Legislative Assembly: The Chief Minister is also the leader of the legislative assembly. They hold an important position in law-making, and legislation often proceeds according to their wishes.
In simple words: The Chief Minister forms the Cabinet, gives jobs to ministers, runs Cabinet meetings, makes sure departments work together, communicates with the Governor, and leads the legislative assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Chief Minister's leadership roles in relation to the Cabinet (formation, portfolios, meetings), inter-departmental coordination, communication with the Governor, and as the legislative assembly leader.

Question 7. Explain the formation and jurisdictions of the High Court in a state.
Answer: According to Article 216, each High Court has a Chief Justice and other judges appointed by the President as needed. The President decides on the number of judges in a High Court.
1. Appointment of Judges: Article 217(1) states that the President appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of a High Court. The President appoints the Chief Justice of a High Court after consulting with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned state. Other judges are appointed after consulting with the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, the High Court, and the Governor.
Following are the jurisdictions of High Court:
Original Jurisdiction: This means the High Court can hear cases directly. Cases can involve:
1. Disputes about the election of members of Parliament or state legislature.
2. Disputes regarding revenue collection.
3. Cases related to admiralty (sea law), probate (wills), marriage, company law, divorce, and similar matters.
2. Writ Jurisdiction: Article 226 allows the High Court to issue various writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari. While the Supreme Court can only issue writs for fundamental rights, the High Court can issue writs for both fundamental rights and other rights. This broader power protects citizens' rights more comprehensively.
3. Appellate Jurisdiction: The High Court's appellate jurisdiction means it can hear appeals. This jurisdiction has three categories:
Civil: Appeals can be filed against district court decisions in cases like income tax, patent, design, and inheritance.
Criminal: If a session court has given a sentence of four or more years or a death sentence, an appeal can be made in the High Court.
Constitutional: Cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution can also be appealed in the High Court.
In simple words: The High Court is formed with a Chief Justice and other judges, all chosen by the President. It can directly hear certain cases (original), issue special orders (writs) to protect rights, and hear appeals from lower courts in civil, criminal, and constitutional matters.

🎯 Exam Tip: For High Courts, clearly explain the appointment process of judges and then detail each type of jurisdiction (Original, Writ, Appellate – with its sub-categories of Civil, Criminal, Constitutional).

State Government Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. State legislature is composed of which organs?
Answer: The state legislature is made up of three parts: the Governor, the Legislative Assembly, and the Legislative Council (in states where it exists). These three components work together to make laws for the state.
In simple words: The state legislature includes the Governor, the Legislative Assembly, and sometimes the Legislative Council.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember all three components of the state legislature, noting that the Legislative Council is not present in all states.

Question 3. What is the tenure of legislative assembly?
Answer: The normal tenure of a legislative assembly is 5 years. After this period, new elections are usually held, or the assembly is dissolved.
In simple words: A legislative assembly usually lasts for 5 years.

🎯 Exam Tip: The tenure of a legislative assembly is a fixed term; know the exact duration.

Question 4. The state executive is composed of which institutions?
Answer: The state executive is composed of the Governor, the Chief Minister, and the Cabinet. These institutions are responsible for implementing laws and governing the state.
In simple words: The state executive is made up of the Governor, Chief Minister, and Cabinet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the three key components of the state executive: Governor, Chief Minister, and Cabinet.

Question 5. Governors of which states enjoy discretionary powers?
Answer: Governors of some states enjoy special discretionary powers. Historically, this included states like Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh due to their unique constitutional provisions or special circumstances. These powers allow them to act on their own judgment in certain situations.
In simple words: Governors in states like Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh have special powers to make their own decisions in some cases.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be aware that certain states have specific provisions for their Governors' discretionary powers, often linked to their historical or strategic importance.

Question 6. What is the minimum number of members in legislative council?
Answer: The minimum number of members allowed in a legislative council is 40. This ensures that the council is a sufficiently representative body.
In simple words: A legislative council must have at least 40 members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the minimum strength (40 members) for a legislative council as a constitutional requirement.

Question 7. How many states have bicameral legislative?
Answer: Currently, seven states in India have a bicameral legislature (two houses: Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council). This number can change over time as states decide to create or abolish legislative councils.
In simple words: Seven states in India have two houses for making laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep updated on the number of states with bicameral legislatures, as this can change with constitutional amendments.

Question 8. Which house in the state legislative is called the upper house?
Answer: The Legislative Council is called the upper house in the state legislature. It is considered a more deliberative body, often comprising experienced members.
In simple words: The Legislative Council is known as the upper house in a state's law-making body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between the "upper house" (Legislative Council) and "lower house" (Legislative Assembly) in state legislatures.

Question 9. Which house in the state legislative is called the lower house?
Answer: The Legislative Assembly is called the lower house in the state legislature. Its members are directly elected by the people, making it the primary representative body.
In simple words: The Legislative Assembly is known as the lower house in a state's law-making body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Legislative Assembly is the "lower house" and is directly elected, reflecting the will of the people.

Question 10. What is the minimum number of members in legislative assembly as per Article 170?
Answer: As per Article 170, the minimum number of members in a legislative assembly is 60. This ensures that even smaller states have a representative legislative body.
In simple words: Article 170 says that a legislative assembly must have at least 60 members.

🎯 Exam Tip: The minimum number of members for a legislative assembly (60) is specified in Article 170; learn this key constitutional provision.

Question 12. Which house is called the upper house in state legislature?
Answer: The Legislative Council is called the upper house in the state legislature. It serves as a deliberative body and is often seen as a house of elders or experts.
In simple words: In a state's law-making body, the Legislative Council is known as the upper house.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is crucial to correctly identify the Legislative Council as the upper house in the state legislature.

Question 13. What are the eligibility criteria for members of legislative assembly?
Answer: A person must meet the following conditions to be a member of the legislative assembly:
1. The person must be a citizen of India.
2. The person should be at least 25 years old.
3. The person should not hold any office of profit under the union government or state government.
4. The person should not be declared mentally unstable or bankrupt by a court.
5. The person should also fulfill any other eligibility conditions set by Parliament or the legislative council. These rules ensure that members are competent and committed.
In simple words: To be a member of the legislative assembly, you must be an Indian citizen, at least 25 years old, not hold any other profitable government job, not be insane or bankrupt, and meet any other special rules.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key eligibility criteria for MLA include citizenship, age (25 years), not holding an office of profit, and not being declared of unsound mind or bankrupt.

Question 14. What are the eligibility criteria for members of legislative council?
Answer: All the eligibility criteria for members of the legislative council are the same as for members of the legislative assembly, with one key difference: the minimum age for a member of the legislative council must be 30 years. This higher age requirement aims to ensure more experience and maturity in the upper house.
In simple words: The rules to join the legislative council are the same as for the assembly, but you need to be at least 30 years old.

🎯 Exam Tip: The main difference in eligibility for the legislative council is the minimum age of 30 years, compared to 25 for the assembly.

Question 15. Who is the governor of Rajasthan?
Answer: As per the provided information, Kalyan Singh was the governor of Rajasthan. It is important to remember that such positions change over time.
In simple words: Kalyan Singh was the governor of Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: For current affairs questions like this, always verify the latest information as political appointments can change.

Question 16. Who is the Chief Minister of Rajasthan?
Answer: As per the provided information, Vasundhara Raje Scindia was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan. It is important to note that such political offices have changing incumbents.
In simple words: Vasundhara Raje Scindia was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always be aware that names for positions like Chief Minister change with elections and political developments.

Question 18. Who is the leader of Legislative Assembly?
Answer: The leader of the Legislative Assembly is the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister heads the government and leads the majority party in the assembly, guiding its legislative agenda.
In simple words: The Chief Minister is the leader of the Legislative Assembly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the Chief Minister's role directly to leading the Legislative Assembly as the head of the majority party.

Question 19. Which was the first High Court to come up in India?
Answer: The first High Courts to be established in India were in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. These were established in 1862 under the Indian High Courts Act, marking a significant step in the Indian judicial system.
In simple words: The first High Courts in India were set up in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three original High Courts (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras) and the year of their establishment (1862) for historical context.

Question 20. How many High Courts are there in India?
Answer: Currently, there are 25 High Courts in India. Each High Court has jurisdiction over a state or a group of states and Union Territories.
In simple words: India has 25 High Courts today.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep up-to-date with the current number of High Courts in India, as this can change with new establishments or mergers.

Question 21. What do you understand by appellate court?
Answer: An appellate court is a court where a person can appeal a decision made by a lower court. If someone is not happy with the judgment in a local or district court, they can ask an appellate court to review the case. This system ensures fairness and allows for correction of errors.
In simple words: An appellate court is where you can challenge a decision made by a court below it.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define an appellate court as a court that hears appeals from lower courts, emphasizing its role in reviewing previous decisions.

State Government Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Write a short note on the officials of legislative assembly.
Answer: Each state's Legislative Assembly has two main officials: the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker. Members of the assembly elect both of them, and their terms usually match the assembly's term. The Speaker can resign by giving their resignation to the Deputy Speaker, and vice versa. Both can be removed by impeachment, which requires a majority vote in the house. A proposal for impeachment must be given to the Speaker or Deputy Speaker at least 14 days in advance. These officials ensure the smooth and fair conduct of legislative business.
In simple words: The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and Deputy Speaker who are elected by its members. They can resign or be removed by a special vote after giving 14 days' notice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the election, tenure, resignation process, and removal (impeachment with 14-day notice) of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

Question 2. Write a short note on number of members in legislative council.
Answer: The Legislative Council is the second or upper house of the state legislature. The Constitution sets guidelines for its membership. The total number of members in the Legislative Council cannot be more than one-third (1/3rd) of the total members in the state's Legislative Assembly. However, the minimum number of members in the Legislative Council must be 40. This ensures the Council is not too large or too small to function effectively. This house is meant to be a permanent body, providing continuous review of legislation.
In simple words: The Legislative Council, or upper house, cannot have more than one-third of the assembly's members but must have at least 40 members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the two limits for Legislative Council members: a maximum of one-third of the Legislative Assembly's strength, and a minimum of 40 members.

Question 4. What are the salaries and allowances of Governor?
Answer: The Governor receives a monthly salary of Rs. 1,10,000. They also get free housing and other benefits as decided by the Parliament. Their salary and allowances cannot be reduced while they are in office. These funds are non-votable and come from the Consolidated Fund, ensuring financial stability.
In simple words: A Governor gets Rs. 1,10,000 per month, plus free housing and other benefits. This money comes from a special government fund and cannot be lowered during their time in office.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about official salaries and allowances, always mention the specific amount and the source of funding if provided.

Question 5. What are the factors that need to keep in mind while making the Council of Ministers by CM?
Answer: When forming the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister must consider these important points:
1. All areas and groups within the state should be fairly represented in the Cabinet, ensuring diverse perspectives.
2. The Chief Minister usually picks ministers from their own party, which helps the Cabinet work together smoothly as one team.
In simple words: The Chief Minister must make sure all parts of the state and different groups have ministers. They also pick people from their own party to work well together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the two main criteria for ministerial selection: representation and party unity, as these are key to effective governance.

Question 6. Write a short note on category of ministers in state cabinet.
Answer: The state cabinet has three types of ministers:
1. **Cabinet Minister (or Member of Cabinet):** These are the most important ministers. They work together to make big decisions and policies for the government.
2. **State Minister:** These ministers are ranked after Cabinet Ministers. Some State Ministers may be in charge of a department on their own.
3. **Deputy Minister:** These ministers assist the Cabinet or State Ministers in their work.
This layered structure helps in efficient governance by distributing responsibilities among various ranks of ministers.
In simple words: The state cabinet has three kinds of ministers: Cabinet Ministers (who make big decisions), State Ministers (who are next in line and might run their own department), and Deputy Ministers (who help the others).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list and briefly describe each category of minister, highlighting their main role in the cabinet hierarchy.

Question 8. Write a short note on Electoral College of Graduates.
Answer: The Electoral College of Graduates is made up of people who live in the state. These individuals must be graduates and have finished their graduation-level exams at least three years ago. This group chooses about one-twelfth (1/12th) of the total members. This provision ensures that educated members of society also have a direct role in choosing legislative representatives.
In simple words: This group includes graduates living in the state who finished their degree at least three years ago. They elect about 1/12th of the total members.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the two key criteria for this college: being a graduate and having completed graduation at least three years prior, along with the proportion of members they elect.

Question 9. Comment on financial power of legislative council.
Answer: The Constitution clearly states that a money bill can only be introduced in the legislative assembly, never in the legislative council. If the legislative assembly passes a money bill and sends it to the legislative council for advice, the council can keep the bill for a maximum of 14 days. If the council does not send the bill back within these 14 days, it is considered passed by both houses. This limited power ensures that the legislative council cannot indefinitely delay crucial financial legislation.
In simple words: Money bills can only start in the legislative assembly. The legislative council can only hold these bills for 14 days; if they don't return it, the bill is considered passed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the 14-day limit for the legislative council on money bills as it is a crucial detail for their financial power.

Question 10. How much say does the state legislature has in amendment of the Constitution?
Answer: For a bill passed by the Parliament to change certain parts of the Constitution, it needs approval from the legislative assemblies of at least half of the states. However, the legislative councils in states do not have the power to amend the Constitution themselves. They can only approve or disapprove such bills. This process ensures that constitutional amendments affecting states have broad consensus from state legislatures.
In simple words: If Parliament wants to change the Constitution, at least half of the state legislative assemblies must agree. State legislative councils cannot change the Constitution; they can only say yes or no to the changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between the role of legislative assemblies (requiring approval from half the states) and legislative councils (only approval/disapproval) in constitutional amendments.

State Government Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the power and functions of speaker in state legislature?
Answer: The Speaker of the state legislature has several important powers and functions:
1. The Speaker leads the sessions of the legislative assembly and manages its proceedings.
2. They decide the order of discussions in the house, often taking advice from the leader of the house.
3. The Speaker can accept or reject questions if they do not follow the rules.
4. They announce the results after voting takes place in the assembly.
5. Normally, the Speaker does not vote. However, if there is a tie, they use their 'Casting Vote' to break it, acting impartially.
6. The Speaker also decides if a bill is a money bill or not.
7. They give decisions on petitions related to defection (when a member changes parties).
In simple words: The Speaker leads assembly meetings and sets the order of discussions. They can accept or reject questions, announce voting results, and use a 'Casting Vote' if there's a tie. They also decide if a bill is a money bill and rule on defection cases.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the Speaker's powers clearly, focusing on their role in conducting business, maintaining order, and making key decisions like the 'Casting Vote'.

Question 2. Explain the legislative powers of Governor.
Answer: The Governor is an important part of the state legislature and holds significant legislative powers:
- The Governor calls the legislature sessions, can pause them, and can even dissolve the lower house (legislative assembly). They address the first session after general elections and can send messages to the legislature at any time.
1. **Assent to Bills:** A bill passed by the legislative assembly needs the Governor's approval to become a law. The Governor can either approve a bill, reject it, or send it back to the legislative assembly for review. If the assembly passes the bill again, the Governor must usually give their approval. The Governor can also keep some bills for the President's approval.
2. **Ordinance Power:** If the legislature is not meeting, the Governor can issue an ordinance. An ordinance has the same power as a law passed by the state legislature. It remains valid for up to six weeks after the legislature's session begins. If the legislature disapproves it within six weeks, the ordinance becomes invalid. For some specific topics, the Governor needs the President's permission before issuing an ordinance.
- **Nominations:** The Governor can nominate one-sixth (1/6th) of the members to the legislative council from fields like literature, art, science, cooperative movement, and social service. They can also nominate one member from the Anglo-Indian community to the legislative assembly if they feel this community is not properly represented. These powers allow the Governor to play a crucial role in law-making, especially during legislative recesses.
In simple words: The Governor starts and stops legislature meetings, and can close the lower house. Bills need their approval to become laws. When the legislature is not meeting, the Governor can make temporary laws called ordinances. They can also pick some members for the legislative council and assembly from special groups.

🎯 Exam Tip: Organize the Governor's legislative powers into clear categories like 'Assent to Bills' and 'Ordinance Power', detailing the conditions and limits for each.

Question 3. A governor can use his discretionary powers under which conditions?
Answer: The Governor can use special powers (discretionary powers) in certain situations:
1. Sending a report to the President regarding the constitutional situation in the state.
2. Sending any bill passed by the state legislature to the President for approval.
3. Returning a bill passed by the legislature for reconsideration.
4. Asking the President for instructions before issuing an ordinance (a temporary law).
These discretionary powers are important for the Governor to act as a crucial link between the state and the central government.
In simple words: The Governor can use special powers to report to the President about the state, send bills for President's approval, return bills for review, or ask the President for orders before making a temporary law.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the Governor's role as a representative of the central government, particularly in reporting on the state's constitutional health and interacting with the President regarding bills and ordinances.