Maharashtra Board Class 9 History Chapter 6 Empowerment of Women and Other Weaker Sections Solutions

Empowerment Of Women And Other Weaker Sections Class 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Class 9 History Chapter 6 Empowerment Of Women And Other Weaker Sections Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

History Class 9 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Complete the statements by choosing the proper option:

Question 1.In 1992, a movement against drinking alcohol was started in _________.
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Gujarat
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Uttarakhand
Answer: (c) Andhra Pradesh
In simple words: The anti-alcohol movement, which began in Andhra Pradesh in 1992, gained momentum in response to social issues caused by alcohol consumption, particularly impacting women and families.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year and the state associated with the beginning of the anti-alcohol movement for objective questions.

Question 2.In 1975, the government of India formed the Committee on the status of women under chairmanship of __________.
(a) Dr Phulrenu Guha
(b) Uma Bharati
(c) Vasundhara Raje
(d) Pramila Dandavate
Answer: (a) Dr Phulrenu Guha
In simple words: Dr. Phulrenu Guha was chosen to lead the Committee on the Status of Women, which was established in 1975 by the Indian government to investigate and improve women's conditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: It is important to recall the chairman's name and the year of the committee's formation for factual accuracy in exams.

2.B Identify the wrong pair and rewrite the corrected one:

Question 1.
(i) Saudamini Rao - Stree-Mukti Andolan Samiti
(ii) Vidya Bal - Nari Samata Manch
(iii) Pramila Dandavate - Mahila Dakshata Samiti
(iv) Jyoti Mhapsekar - Committee on the Status of Women
Answer: Wrong Pair : Jyoti Mhapsekar - Committee on the Status of Women
In simple words: The incorrect pairing is Jyoti Mhapsekar with the Committee on the Status of Women; her work is associated with different women's rights initiatives like the street play 'Mulgi Jhali Ho'.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "identify the wrong pair" questions, carefully check the association of each individual with their respective organization or movement.

3. Make a concept chart:

Question 1.Laws related to women:
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख महिलाओं से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण कानूनों को दो मुख्य वर्षों, 1952 और 1961, में वर्गीकृत करता है। 1952 में गुजारा भत्ता का अधिकार, पिता की संपत्ति में हिस्सेदारी, स्त्रीधन की मान्यता और बहुविवाह को अवैध बनाना तथा तलाक का अधिकार शामिल था। 1961 में दहेज प्रतिषेध अधिनियम और मातृत्व लाभ अधिनियम पारित हुए, जिससे दहेज की प्रथा समाप्त हुई और कामकाजी महिलाओं को प्रसूति अवकाश का अधिकार मिला।
In simple words: This chart illustrates key laws for women's rights, with 1952 focusing on alimony, property share, streedhan recognition, and divorce rights, while 1961 introduced the Dowry Prohibition Act and the Maternity Benefit Act to address dowry and provide maternity leave.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining concept charts, focus on clearly outlining the different categories and their associated legal provisions and historical years.

4. Explain the concepts:

Question 1.Alimony
Answer:
(i) A fixed amount paid to a married woman for her upkeep by the husband who has divorced her, is called alimony.
(ii) The law enacted in 1952, recognizes women's right to alimony and their share in the father's property. Her right to Sreedharan was recognized.
In simple words: Alimony is a regular payment made by a divorced husband for his ex-wife's financial support, a right recognized by law in 1952, which also granted women a share in their father's property and acknowledged their right to Sreedharan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define alimony and mention the year of its legal recognition, along with other associated rights like property share, for a comprehensive answer.

Question 2.Minority
Answer:
(i) In any society, a group of people of a particular religion, language or race who are few in number are termed as a minority.
(ii) As there are various religions, sects, and languages in our country, we see great cultural diversity. There is variation in cultural traditions, too.
In simple words: A minority group consists of people with distinct religious, linguistic, or racial identities who are numerically smaller than the dominant population in a society, contributing to the cultural diversity of a nation like India with its many varied traditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining minority, include the key characteristics such as religion, language, or race, and link it to cultural diversity in India.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons:

Question 1.The evolution of the women's liberation movement.
Answer:
(i) The United Nations had declared 1975 as the International Women's Year.
(ii) In 1975, the government of India constituted the Committee on the Status of Women and appointed Dr Phulrenu Guha as its Chairman.
(iii) A comprehensive survey was conducted on several issues such as the social position of women, their status, the consequences of the constitutional provisions made for women as also education of women and its percentage, their progress due to education, difficulties faced by working women, the position of women with respect to work/livelihood, their wages, the female-male ratio, birth and mortality rate and the role of women.
(iv) Taking into consideration this entire background, a State-wide conference for women was held in 1975 organised by the Stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti. Women from all walks of life / regions participated in it.
(v) The Samiti published its manifesto in 1978. The policy of a struggle against discrimination on the basis of gender, caste and vama was adopted.
(vi) In 1977, groups like the Streemukti Andolan Samiti established by Soudamini Rao in Pune, Bayaja a fortnightly, as also Stree Uvach, Maitrin and Stree Anyayavirodhi Manch in Aurangabad, Mahila Dakshata Samiti in Kolhapur, Mahila Hakka in Nashik and Nari Prabodhan Manch in Latur were formed.
(vii) Anti-dowry protection committees were formed all over Maharashtra. A conference to protest against oppression of women was organised in Dhule city.
In simple words: The women's liberation movement in India gained momentum after 1975, declared International Women's Year, with the government forming a committee and a statewide conference addressing issues like social status, education, work conditions, and discrimination, leading to the formation of various women's organizations and anti-dowry committees.

🎯 Exam Tip: To answer this question effectively, provide a chronological overview of key events, committees, and organizations that contributed to the women's liberation movement.

Question 2.The Prohibition of Dowry (Amendment) Act was enacted in 1984.
Answer:
(i) Even after the enactment of the anti-dowry law, incidents like 'Woman bums to death as sari pallu catches fire while cooking' and 'Woman slips into well while washing clothes, drowns and dies' continued to be reported.
(ii) Investigations still revealed dowry to be the most frequent cause of such deaths.
(iii) The role of the police, the administration and judiciary were highlighted. This created greater awareness.
(iv) As a result, the Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act came into force in 1984.
In simple words: Despite initial anti-dowry laws, dowry-related deaths persisted, with investigations consistently identifying dowry as the primary cause, leading to increased awareness and the implementation of the stricter Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act in 1984.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the amendment, focus on the reasons for its necessity, such as continued dowry deaths, and its impact on strengthening existing laws.

Question 3.The practice of untouchability was banned by law.
Answer:
(i) In the post-independence period, our Constitution adopted the values of freedom, equality, fraternity and social justice.
(ii) In accordance with this, the practice of untouchability was banned by law.
(iii) Untouchability was removed by the 17th paragraph of the Constitution and this class was included in the Scheduled Castes.
In simple words: After India's independence, the Constitution, based on principles of equality and justice, legally abolished untouchability under its 17th article, integrating those previously subjected to it into the Scheduled Castes to ensure their rights and dignity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the constitutional basis (freedom, equality, justice) and the specific article (17th paragraph) that led to the banning of untouchability and the inclusion in Scheduled Castes.

Question 4.The Constitution gives cultural and educational rights to minorities.
Answer:
(i) In any society, a group of people of a particular religion, language or race who are few in number are termed a minority.
(ii) As there are various religions, sects and languages in our country, we see great cultural diversity. There is variation in cultural traditions, too.
(iii) In order to preserve their cultural traditions and develop their own language, the Constitution gives the citizens certain educational and cultural rights.
(iv) Minorities have the right to protect and conserve their language, culture and traditions.
(v) For this purpose they have the right to set up separate educational institutions.
In simple words: To safeguard India's rich cultural diversity, the Constitution grants educational and cultural rights to minority groups-defined by religion, language, or race-enabling them to preserve their unique traditions, develop their languages, and establish their own educational institutions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain why cultural and educational rights are necessary for minorities, citing India's diversity, and then list the specific rights provided by the Constitution, such as setting up institutions.

6. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words:

Question 1.Describe the Chipko movement.
Answer:
(i) The show of constructive woman power was seen during the Chipko movement in 1973.
(ii) Trees from the forests in the foothills of the Himalayas were to be cut down for commercial purposes.
(iii) Chandiprasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna had started a movement to prevent this.
(iv) Women followed the strategy of holding hands and encircling each tree.
(v) As their method consisted of protecting the tree by embracing it, the movement came to be known as the Chipko movement.
(vi) Women took part in it in large numbers. Women had a big role to play in the agricultural economy of this region.
(vii) Gaura Devi was the activist who created this awareness among the women with the help of Sudesha Devi and Bachani Devi.
In simple words: The Chipko movement, which began in 1973, was a non-violent protest where women in the Himalayas embraced trees to prevent commercial logging, led by figures like Chandiprasad Bhat, Sunderlal Bahuguna, and Gaura Devi, demonstrating significant woman power in environmental conservation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include the year, location, key figures, and the core method of 'embracing trees' to fully describe the Chipko movement.

Question 2.Write a note on the Protection of Human Rights Act.
Answer:
(i) In 1993, the Protection of Human Rights Act law was enacted to prevent injustice to men and women.
(ii) The National Human Rights Commission was also formed for this purpose.
(iii) In some States, the State Human Rights Commission was also formed on the same lines.
(iv) This law which deals with collective oppression, the social conditions of divorced women, women and secure work places, played an effective role in mitigating injustices to women.
In simple words: Enacted in 1993, the Protection of Human Rights Act, along with the National and State Human Rights Commissions, aims to prevent injustice to both men and women, effectively addressing issues like collective oppression, the plight of divorced women, and ensuring secure workplaces.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the enactment year of the Act, the establishment of Human Rights Commissions, and the broad areas of injustice it aims to address for a complete answer.

7. Answer the following question in detail:

Question 1.Explain with examples how the united strength of women can bring about constructive changes in various fields.
Answer:
(i) Women, who have to face the brunt of scarcity of supplies and rising prices, gave a show of their strength as an organised entity in 1972.
(ii) Under the leadership of the socialist leader Mrinal Gore, women in Mumbai participated in a demonstration which came to be known as the laatne morcha (the rolling pin demonstration).
(iii) Commodities like oil, ghee, rava, maida, would become scarce just as Diwali was near at hand. Kerosene had become very expensive.
(iv) Women came together brandishing their rolling pins and took part in the demonstration.
(v) This movement met with success and the public got a glimpse of the united power of women.
(vi) Another show of constructive woman power was seen during the Chipko movement in 1973. Gaura Devi was the activist who created awareness among the women with the help of Sudesha Devi and Bachani Devi.
(vii) In 1992, three youths of Dubuganta village of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh drowned in a lake, in a state of inebriation, and died.
(viii) At this instance, the women of the village came together and forced the closure of arrack shops.
(ix) The movement spread to the entire State and the government had to adopt a strict policy against the sale of alcohol.
(x) On 4th September 1987, Roop Kanwar, a married woman, committed sati. She did not do this of her own free will; she was coerced into doing so. Committing sati, glorifying the practice of sati were all illegal acts.
(xi) The women activists and journalists, Meena Menon, Geeta Seshu, Sujata Anandan, Anu Joseph and Kalpana Sharma investigated the case. In 1998, the government passed the Sati (Prevention) Act with very stringent provisions.
In simple words: Women's collective strength has driven significant change, exemplified by the 1972 'laatne morcha' against price hikes, the 1973 Chipko movement for environmental protection, the 1992 anti-liquor movement in Andhra Pradesh, and the advocacy following the 1987 Roop Kanwar sati incident, which led to stringent anti-sati legislation in 1998.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide diverse examples (economic protest, environmental activism, anti-liquor movement, anti-sati legislation) to demonstrate the multi-faceted impact of women's united strength and the resulting constructive changes.

Class 9 History Chapter 6 Empowerment Of Women And Other Weaker Sections Additional Important Questions And Answers

Choose the correct option from the given options and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.Under the leadership of the socialist leader _________ women in Mumbai participated in a demonstration which came to be known as the Laatne Morcha.
(a) GauraDevi
(b) Dr Phulrenu Guha
(c) Meena Menon
(d) Mrinal Gore
Answer: (d) Mrinal Gore
In simple words: Mrinal Gore, a socialist leader, led women in Mumbai during the Laatne Morcha, a significant demonstration.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the specific leader associated with the 'Laatne Morcha' in Mumbai for direct recall questions.

Question 2.Vinoba Bhave made use of women power in the _________.
(a) Bhoodan Movement
(b) Chipko Movement
(c) Laatne Morcha
(d) Anti-liquor movement
Answer: (a) Bhoodan Movement
In simple words: Vinoba Bhave utilized women's strength in his Bhoodan Movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Vinoba Bhave with the Bhoodan Movement and its use of women's power for accurate answers.

Question 3.Women activists associated with the Chipko movement _________.
(a) Sucheta Kripalani, Nandini Satpathy and Jayalalitha
(b) Dr Phulrenu Guha, Uma Bharati and Vasundhara Raje
(c) Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi and Bachani Devi
(d) Dr Phulrenu Guha, Meena Menon and Mrinal Gore
Answer: (c) Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi and Bachani Devi
In simple words: Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, and Bachani Devi were prominent women activists involved in the Chipko movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names of the key women activists (Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachani Devi) specifically linked to the Chipko movement.

Question 4.The Chipko movement was started by _________.
(a) Chandiprasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna
(b) Sudesha Devi and Bachani Devi
(c) Vinoba Bhave and Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Meena Menon and Mrinal Gore
Answer: (a) Chandiprasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna
In simple words: Chandiprasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna initiated the Chipko movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the main initiators of the Chipko movement, Chandiprasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna, for factual questions.

Question 5.The United Nations had declared _________ the International Women's Year.
(a) 1992
(b) 2000
(c) 1975
(d) 1988
Answer: (c) 1975
In simple words: The United Nations designated 1975 as the International Women's Year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year 1975 as the International Women's Year for historical context.

Question 6.A collection of songs called Streemuktichi Lalkari, a street play called Mulgi Jhaali Ho are written by _________.
(a) Vidya Bal
(b) Pramila Dandavate
(c) Sujata Anandan
(d) Jyoti Mhapsekar
Answer: (d) Jyoti Mhapsekar
In simple words: Jyoti Mhapsekar authored "Streemuktichi Lalkari" and "Mulgi Jhaali Ho".

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate Jyoti Mhapsekar with the literary works "Streemuktichi Lalkari" and "Mulgi Jhaali Ho" for identification questions.

Question 7.A State-wide conference for women was held in 1975 organised by the _________.
(a) Samajwadi Mahila Sabha.
(b) Stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti.
(c) Nari Prabodhan Manch.
(d) Stree Anyayavirodhi Manch.
Answer: (b) Stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti.
In simple words: The Stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti organized a statewide women's conference in 1975.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the name of the organizing body, "Stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti," for the 1975 statewide women's conference.

Question 8.Census is conducted in India every _________.
(a) 5 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 15 years
(d) 20 years
Answer: (b) 10 years
In simple words: In India, the national census is conducted every ten years.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the frequency of the census (every 10 years) in India for general knowledge and factual questions.

Identify and write the wrong pair in the following sets:

Question 1.
(i) Vinoba Bhave - Bhoodan Movement
(ii) Chandiprasad Bhat and Sunderlal Bahuguna - Chipko movement
(iii) Dr Phulrenu Guha - Laatne Morcha
(iv) Shah Bano Begum - Right to alimony
Answer: Wrong Pair: Dr Phulrenu Guha - Laatne Morcha
In simple words: The incorrect pair is Dr. Phulrenu Guha with Laatne Morcha, as she chaired the Committee on the Status of Women, while Mrinal Gore led the Laatne Morcha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Double-check the association of each individual with their specific movement or role to identify the wrong pair correctly.

Question 2.
(i) Stree Anyayavirodhi Manch - Aurangabad
(ii) Mahila Dakshata Samiti - Pune
(iii) Mahila Hakka - Nashik
(iv) Nari Prabodhan Manch - Latur
Answer: Wrong Pair: Mahila Dakshata Samiti - Pune
In simple words: The incorrect pairing is Mahila Dakshata Samiti with Pune; it was established in Delhi by Pramila Dandavate, with branches elsewhere.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to the correct geographical locations or founding places of different women's organizations to avoid misidentification.

Question 3.
(i) Stree-mukti Andolan Samiti - Soudamini Rao
(ii) Mahila Dakshata Samiti - Phulrenu Guha
(iii) Milun Saryajani - Vidya Bal
(iv) Laatne Morcha - Mrinal Gore
Answer: Wrong Pair: Mahila Dakshata Samiti - Phulrenu Guha
In simple words: The incorrect pair is Mahila Dakshata Samiti with Phulrenu Guha; Pramila Dandavate established the Mahila Dakshata Samiti, while Phulrenu Guha chaired the Committee on the Status of Women.

🎯 Exam Tip: Cross-reference the names of key individuals with the organizations they founded or led to accurately identify the wrong pair.

Question 4.
(i) Streemuktichi Lalkari - Collection of songs
(ii) Mulgi Jhaali Ho - Periodical
(iii) Bayaja - fortmighty
(iv) Sitama Katha - Story
Answer: Wrong Pair : Mulgi Jhaali Ho - Periodical
In simple words: The incorrect pair is "Mulgi Jhaali Ho" as a periodical; it is a street play, not a periodical.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the nature of each item (e.g., song collection, play, periodical, story) to correctly match it with its description.

Do as directed

Make a concept chart:

Question 1.Roop Kanwar Sati Case.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'रूप कंवर सती केस' से संबंधित प्रमुख व्यक्तियों को दर्शाता है। इसमें रूप कंवर का नाम केंद्रीय बिंदु पर है, और उसके चारों ओर उन महिला कार्यकर्ताओं और पत्रकारों के नाम हैं जिन्होंने इस मामले की जांच की थी। इन नामों में मीना मेनन, गीता सेशु, सुजाता आनंदन, कल्पना शर्मा और अनु जोसेफ शामिल हैं, जिन्होंने इस घटना पर प्रकाश डाला और इसके खिलाफ आंदोलन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई।
In simple words: This diagram illustrates the Roop Kanwar Sati Case, highlighting Roop Kanwar at the center and surrounded by the names of key women activists and journalists—Meena Menon, Geeta Seshu, Sujata Anandan, Anu Joseph, and Kalpana Sharma—who investigated the case and brought awareness to it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing the Roop Kanwar Sati Case, mention the key individuals (activists/journalists) who investigated it and their role in raising awareness.

Question 2.List at least five Women Chief Ministers in India:
Answer:
• Sucheta Kriplani (Uttar Pradesh)
• Nandini Satpathy (Odisha)
• Jayalalitha (Tamil Nadu)
• Mayawati (Uttar Pradesh)
• Vasundhara Raje (Rajasthan)
• Mamata Banerjee (West Bengal)
• Rabdi Devi (Bihar)
• Anandiben Patel (Gujarat)
• Sheila Dixit (Delhi)
• Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed (Jammu & Kashmir)
• Uma Bharati (Madhya Pradesh)
• Rajendra Kaur Bhattal (Punjab)
• Sushma Swaraj (Delhi)
• Shashikala Kakodkar (Goa)
• Sayeeda Anwar Taimur (Assam)
• Janaki Ramachandran (Tamil Nadu), are all women who have led their States as Chief Ministers.
In simple words: Many women have served as Chief Ministers in India, including notable figures like Sucheta Kriplani, Jayalalitha, Mayawati, Mamata Banerjee, and Vasundhara Raje, demonstrating significant female leadership in state governance.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing Women Chief Ministers, aim for a diverse representation from different states to showcase the breadth of their political leadership in India.

Complete the following chart:

Question 1.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing charts like this, accurately match each individual with their specific contribution or the organization they led or founded.

Write short notes on:

Question 1.International Women's Day
Answer:
(i) A demonstration was held in New York on 8 March 1857.
(ii) It was the first demonstration by working women and its demands were for fewer working hours, proper remuneration, provision of creches, etc.
(iii) On 8 March 1909 women went on strike for the very same demands. That is why, this day was declared as the Women's Struggle Day at the Women's Socialist International, a conference held in Denmark.
(iv) The year 1975 was observed as the International Women's Year and in 1977, 8 March was declared as International Women's Day by a resolution passed in the General Assembly of the United Nations.
(v) The three aspects of this programme were peace, development and equality between men and women.
In simple words: International Women's Day, observed on March 8th, commemorates women's struggles for rights, originating from 19th-century demonstrations for better working conditions, officially recognized by the UN in 1977 following 1975 as International Women's Year, focusing on peace, development, and gender equality.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing short notes on International Women's Day, cover its historical origins (demonstrations), key dates (1909, 1975, 1977), and the core principles it upholds (peace, development, equality).

Question 2.Family Courts
Answer:
(i) Family courts were established to resolve conflicts arising out of differences within marriage and domestic problems as well as issues such as alimony, single parenthood, separation, care of children and ownership which are all related to the family situation.
(ii) These family courts give priority to mutual understanding over witnesses and evidence and to counsellors over lawyers.
(iii) Emphasis is on resolving issues quickly but justly.
In simple words: Family courts were created to quickly and justly resolve domestic disputes, prioritizing mutual understanding and counseling over adversarial legal processes for issues like marriage conflicts, alimony, child care, and property, ensuring family well-being.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the purpose of family courts (resolving conflicts quickly and justly), their preferred methods (mutual understanding, counselors), and the specific types of family issues they address.

Question 3.Reservation for Women
Answer:
(i) The 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution provide for reservation of one-third of the seats for women in Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis, Zilla Parishads, municipalities and municipal corporations as well as for the posts of Sarpanch, Chairman and Mayor.
(ii) Maharashtra and 15 other states have reserved 50% seats for women.
(iii) This provision provides women the opportunity to participate in the business of the community.
In simple words: The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments mandated one-third reservation for women in local self-governing bodies and leadership roles, with Maharashtra and 15 other states increasing it to 50%, significantly boosting women's participation in community governance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the specific constitutional amendments (73rd and 74th), the extent of reservation (one-third, 50% in some states), and the purpose (women's participation in governance).

Question 4.Scheduled Tribes
Answer:
(i) The Scheduled Tribes or Adivasis who live in remote parts of the country face several difficulties.
(ii) As they have lived far away from the progress made in modem times, they are economically and socially backward.
(iii) Even though their conditions have seen some improvement in recent times, they do not have any means of livelihood other than agriculture and forest produce.
(iv) Modem farming implements have not yet reached them. Hence, their income from agriculture is very small. Besides, their fields are on hillsides and not fertile.
(v) They are malnourished due to insufficient and poor quality of diet.
(vi) Adivasis in remote areas find it difficult to get medical attention in time. For all these reasons, there is a need to give special protection to Adivasis.
(vii) In the Indian Constitution, Adivasis have been enumerated as Scheduled Tribes. They are given representation in law boards, education, government service etc.
In simple words: Scheduled Tribes, or Adivasis, are indigenous groups living in remote areas, historically facing socio-economic backwardness, malnutrition, and limited access to modern amenities and livelihoods, necessitating special constitutional protections like reservations in education and government to facilitate their development and representation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describe the socio-economic challenges faced by Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis), such as remote living, backwardness, and lack of resources, and explain how the Constitution provides special protection through enumeration and representation.

Question 5.8th March was declared as International Women's Day.
Answer:
(i) A demonstration was held in New York on 8 March, 1857. It was the first demonstration by working women and its demands were for fewer working hours, proper remuneration, provision of creches, etc.
(ii) On 8 March 1909 women went on strike for the very same demands. That is why, this day was declared as the Women's Struggle Day at the Women's Socialist International, a conference held in Denmark.
(iii) The year 1975 was observed as the International Women's Year and in 1977, 8 March was declared as International Women's Day by a resolution passed in the General Assembly of the United Nations.
In simple words: International Women's Day, celebrated on March 8th, traces its origins to 19th-century women's demonstrations for better working conditions, recognized as Women's Struggle Day in 1909, and officially declared by the UN in 1977 after 1975 was designated International Women's Year.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining why March 8th is International Women's Day, trace its historical journey from early demonstrations and strikes to its official recognition by the United Nations, including key dates.

Question 6.The 'Muslim Women's Act' (Protection of rights on divorce) was passed by Parliament.
Answer:
(i) A fixed amount paid to a married woman for her upkeep by the husband who has divorced her, is called alimony.
(ii) In the case of Mohammad Ahmed Khan vs Shah Bano Begum, the Supreme Court gave the verdict that Shah Bano Begum had the right to alimony.
In simple words: The 'Muslim Women's Act' was passed by Parliament to address issues of alimony for divorced Muslim women, following a Supreme Court verdict in the Shah Bano Begum case that upheld her right to financial support from her former husband.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the context of the 'Muslim Women's Act' by mentioning the Shah Bano Begum case and the Supreme Court's ruling on alimony, which led to the parliamentary legislation.

Read The Passage And Answer The Questions:

Passage I

International Women's year: The United Nations ! had declared 1975 as the International Women's Year. The three aspects of this programme were peace, development and equality between men and women. In 1975, the government of India constituted the Committee on the Status of Women and appointed Dr Phulrenu Guha as its Chairman. A comprehensive survey was conducted of several issues such as the social position of women, their status, the consequences of the constitutional provisions made for Women as also education of women and its percentage, their progress due to education, difficulties faced by working women, the position of women with respect to work/livelihood, their wages (relative to men's wages), the female-male ratio, birth and mortality rates and the role of women. Taking into consideration this entire background, State-wide conference for women was held in 1975 organised by the stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti. Women from all walks of life/regions participated in it. The Samiti published its manifesto in 1978. The Samiti published its manifesto discrimination on the basis of gender, caste and vama was adopted. This gave rise to a collection of songs called Streemuktichi Lalkari, a street play called Mulgi Jhali Ho by Jyoti Mhapsekar and a periodical called Prerak Lalkari which became their mouthpiece and other such programmes. In 1977, groups like the Streemukti Andolan Samiti established by Soudamini Rao in Pune, Bayaja a fortnightly, as also Stree Uvach, Maitrin and Stree Anyayavirodhi Manch in Aurangabad, Mahila Dakshata Samiti in Kolhapur, Mahila Hakka in Nashik and Nari Prabodhan Manch in Latur were formed. Anti-dowry protection committees were formed all over Maharashtra. A conference to protest against oppression of women was organised in Dhule City.

Question 1. Prepare a time line of the highlights mentioned in the passages.
Answer: Timeline of the Highlights of the passage
- 1975 - UN declared International Women's Day Committee on the Status of women was appointed.
- 1975 - Stree Mukti Sangharsha Samiti was organised.
- 1978 - Stree Mukti Sangharsha Samiti published a Manifesto
- 1977 - Stree Mukti Andolan Samiti was established by Soudamini Rao.
In simple words: This timeline highlights key events in the women's rights movement in India, including the declaration of International Women's Year, the formation of the Stree Mukti Sangharsha Samiti, and the publication of its manifesto.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to create a timeline, ensure accuracy of years and corresponding events. Focus on major milestones for full marks.

Question 2. State the issues on which a survey was conducted by the committee on the status of women.
Answer: The Committee on Status of Women appointed under the chairmanship of Dr. Phulrenu Guha made a comprehensive survey over several issues:
- Social position of women and their status.
- Consequences of the constitutional provision made for women.
- Education of women and it's a percentage.
- Their progress due to education.
- Difficulties faced by working women with respect to work, livelihood, and wages.
- Female - male ratio.
- Birth and mortality rates.
- Role of women.
In simple words: The Committee on the Status of Women conducted a detailed survey on various aspects of women's lives, such as their social status, education, work conditions, wages, and population ratios, to understand their overall position in society.

🎯 Exam Tip: For descriptive questions, list all relevant points clearly. Using bullet points can help organize your answer effectively.

Question 3. Name any two women who according to you managed to break the norms of the Indian Society and came up as icons of woman power.
Answer:
(i) Mrinal Gore
(ii) Gaura Devi
In simple words: Mrinal Gore and Gaura Devi are examples of women who challenged societal norms and became symbols of women's empowerment through their activism and leadership.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key personalities associated with social movements. Naming specific individuals and their contributions adds value to your answer.

Passage II

Vidya Bal's periodicals, Nari Samata Manch, and Milun Saryajani, as also the work ofthe Samajwadi Mahila Sabha and the Krantikari Mahila Sanghatana were of great help in dealling with women's issues. The Employment Guarantee Scheme in Maharashtra also helped to empower women. Pramila Dandavate established the Mahila Dakshata Samiti in Delhi in 1976. Branches of the Samiti came up in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. The Communist Party established the Akhil Bharatiya Janavadi Mahila Sanghatana in 1980. Efforts were made to start branches of this Organisation in all parts of India. The Sanghatana started a struggle against issues like dowry, female foeticide, domestic abuse, Research on women's issues was undertaken at various levels. Women's Studies Centres were started at the first women's university, Mumbai and at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Savitribai Phule Pune University and Shivaji University, Kolhapur. These Centres played an important role in critical analysis and in developing a vision on women's issues.

Question 1. State the role of Pramila Dandavate and Vidhya Bal in women's upliftment.
Answer:
(i) Pramila Dandavate established Mahila Dakshata Samiti in Delhi in 1976.
(ii) Vidya Bal published periodicals like 'Nari Samata Manch' and 'Milun Saryajani'.
In simple words: Pramila Dandavate established the Mahila Dakshata Samiti in Delhi, while Vidya Bal contributed to women's upliftment by publishing periodicals like 'Nari Samata Manch' and 'Milun Saryajani' to raise awareness.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing contributions, specify the organization or medium associated with each individual's work. This demonstrates a deeper understanding.

Question 2. Where are the women's study centers located in Maharashtra?
Answer: Women study centers are located at:
- Shrimati Nathibai Damodar Thakersey Women's University - Mumbai.
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences - Mumbai.
- Savitribai Phule University - Pune
- Shivaji University - Kolhapur.
In simple words: Women's study centers in Maharashtra are located at Shrimati Nathibai Damodar Thakersey Women's University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, and Shivaji University to promote research and awareness on women's issues.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise with names of institutions and locations. A complete list ensures maximum marks for factual questions.

Question 3. Do you think International Beauty Pageants can help in creating awareness about women's issues? why?
Answer: Yes, International Beauty Pageants can help in creating global awareness on women's issues world wide. The participants in these events come from different cultures and backgrounds, they speak on many subjects affecting women which is covered by international media. Concerns pertaining to women's political rights have been brought to the notice of the world through these pageants.
In simple words: International beauty pageants can help raise global awareness about women's issues by providing a platform for participants from diverse backgrounds to speak on topics affecting women, bringing political rights and other concerns to international media attention.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for an opinion, provide a clear stance (Yes/No) and support it with logical reasons and examples from the text or general knowledge.

Answer The Following Questions In Detail:

Question 1. Explain, in detail, the Anti-liquor movement.
Answer:
(i) In 1992, in Andhra Pradesh, a movement was started against the drinking of alcohol. It received a good response in other States too.
(ii) When the head of the household dies an untimely death due to addiction to alcohol, the family faces a serious crisis which affects women the most.
(iii) Due to alcoholism, they have to deal with extreme sorrow and poverty. This movement got the support of the anti-arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh.
(iv) As a result of a government policy, arrack (a locally produced alcohol) dealers set up shop in every town and village. The poor labouring people began to get addicted to alcohol.
(v) At the same time, a literacy programme was being run in the villages of the State. The Sitama Katha (Sita's story) was narrated as a part of this programme.
(vi) It was a story about Sita who creates awareness among the people of a village and gets alcohol to be banned from the village.
(vii) In 1992, three youths of Dubuganta village of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh drowned in a lake, in a state of inebriation, and died.
(viii) At this instance, the women of the village came together and forced the closure of arrack shops.
(ix) The report of this news in the local newspapers had its effect on many other villages.
(x) The movement spread to the entire State and the government had to adopt a strict policy against the sale of alcohol.
In simple words: The Anti-liquor movement, primarily starting in Andhra Pradesh in 1992, was a women-led initiative to combat the severe family crises caused by alcohol addiction, leading to the closure of arrack shops and government policy changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: For detailed explanations, include the origin, key reasons, actions taken, and the ultimate impact of the movement. Structure your answer chronologically or thematically.

Question 2. Explain the term 'Nomadic' and 'De-notified' Tribes.
Answer:
(i) Castes and tribes that move from place to place for a livelihood, are included under Nomadic Tribes.
(ii) They live by rearing animals and engaging in some other occupations.
(iii) The British had declared some of them as criminal tribes.
(iv) In the Law of 1871 to curb crimes, some of the main groups were mentioned as criminal tribes and their occupations and movements were banned.
(v) This unjust law was repealed in the post-independence period.
(vi) And the curbs on these tribes were lifted. They were included under De-notified Tribes.
(vii) Special efforts are made by the government for the purpose of their social and economic development.
(viii) These tribes have been given representation in educational institutions and the government sector.
In simple words: Nomadic Tribes are groups who move for livelihood, and 'De-notified Tribes' are those previously labeled as 'criminal' by the British, whose restrictions were lifted post-independence, and now receive government support for development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define each term clearly and briefly explain their historical context and current status. Highlight the key distinction between them.

Question 3. What do you mean by Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
(i) In the post-independence period, our Constitution adopted the values of freedom, equality, fraternity and social justice.
(ii) In accordance with this, the practice of untouchability was banned by law.
(iii) Untouchability was removed by the 17th paragraph of the Constitution and this class was included in the Scheduled Castes.
(iv) In view of the educational and social backwardness of these castes, they were given reservations in education as well as jobs to facilitate their development.
In simple words: Scheduled Castes are communities recognized by the Constitution who faced untouchability and social backwardness, now protected by laws banning untouchability and provided reservations in education and jobs to promote their development and equality.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining constitutional terms, mention the historical context, the constitutional provisions, and the aim of these provisions.

Question 4. Write a note on the manifestation of woman power.
Answer:
(i) Women, who have to face the brunt of scarcity of supplies and rising prices, gave a show of their strength as an organised entity in 1972.
(ii) Under the leadership of the socialist leader Mrinal Gore, women in Mumbai participated in a demonstration which came to be known as the laatne morcha (the rolling pin demonstration).
(iii) Commodities like oil, ghee, rava, maida, would become scarce just as Diwali was near at hand. Kerosene would become very expensive.
(iv) Women came together brandishing their rolling pins and took part in the demonstration.
(v) This movement met with success and the public got a glimpse of the united power of women.
In simple words: The manifestation of woman power is seen in instances like the 1972 anti-price rise "laatne morcha" in Mumbai, where women collectively protested scarcity and rising prices, demonstrating their organized strength and capacity to influence social movements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide specific examples from history where women's collective action led to significant change. Emphasize the 'how' and 'why' of their impact.

Observe The Pictures And Write Relevant Information About Them:

Question 1.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र चिपको आंदोलन को दर्शाता है, जिसमें महिलाएं पेड़ों को बचाने के लिए उन्हें गले लगा रही हैं। यह आंदोलन 1973 में पेड़ों की व्यावसायिक कटाई को रोकने के लिए शुरू किया गया था। महिलाएं पेड़ों को काटकर पर्यावरण को बचाने के लिए संगठित रूप से खड़ी थीं।
Answer:
(i) A show of constructive women power was seen during the Chipko Movement in 1973. The trees from the forests in the foothills of Himalayas were to be cut down for commercial purposes.
(ii) The important leaders of the Chipko Movement were: Chandiprasad Bhat, Sunderlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi and Bachani Devi.
In simple words: The Chipko Movement, starting in 1973, showed women's power in protecting forests by hugging trees to prevent commercial felling, with key leaders like Chandiprasad Bhat, Sunderlal Bahuguna, and Gaura Devi.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to describe an image, first identify the event or concept depicted, then provide relevant historical facts, dates, and key figures associated with it.

Question 2.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक क्रॉस लगे बोतल को दर्शाता है, जो शराबबंदी या शराब के खिलाफ आंदोलन का प्रतीक है। यह इंगित करता है कि शराब के सेवन या बिक्री पर प्रतिबंध है।
Answer:
(i) In 1992, in Andhra Pradesh a movement was started against the drinking of alcohol.
(ii) In 1992, three youths of Dubuganta village of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh drowned in lake, in a state of inebriation and died. At this instance, the women of the village came together and forced the closure of arrack shops.
(iii) Arrack is a locally produced alcohol. As a result of a government policy arrack dealers set up shop in every town and village.
In simple words: This image symbolizes the anti-liquor movement, notably in Andhra Pradesh in 1992, where women organized to shut down arrack shops after alcohol addiction caused family tragedies, leading to stricter government policies against alcohol sales.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the visual symbol directly to the movement's context, including its origin, purpose, and impact on society.

Question 3.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र सती प्रथा को दर्शाता है, जिसमें एक महिला चिता पर बैठी है और अन्य महिलाएं उसके चारों ओर खड़ी हैं। यह सामाजिक बुराई का एक उदाहरण है जिसके खिलाफ कानून बनाए गए थे।
Answer:
(i) In 1998, the govt passed the Sati (Prevention) Act with very stringent provisions.
(ii) On 4th Sept. 1987, Roop Kanwar a married woman, committed sati. She did not do this of her own free will, she was coerced into doing so. The women activists and journalists, Meena Menon, Geeta Seshu, Sujata Anandan, Anu Joseph and Kalpana Sharma investigated the case.
In simple words: This image depicts the practice of Sati, a historical social evil where Roop Kanwar was coerced into self-immolation in 1987, prompting women activists to demand stringent laws, resulting in the Sati (Prevention) Act of 1998.

🎯 Exam Tip: For sensitive topics, clearly state the historical event, key individuals involved, and the legal or social reforms that followed as a consequence.

Question 4.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दहेज उत्पीड़न या दहेज से संबंधित दुखद घटना को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक महिला परेशान अवस्था में बैठी है, जो दहेज प्रथा के कारण होने वाली समस्याओं की ओर इशारा करता है, जिसके खिलाफ 1961 में कानून बना और 1984 में संशोधित किया गया।
Answer:
(i) The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 made both giving and taking of dowry a cognizable criminal offence.
(ii) Even after the enactment of the anti-dowry law investigations still revealed dowry to be the most frequent cause of deaths. This created greater awareness. Thus, Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act came into force in 1984.
In simple words: This image represents the issue of dowry, which despite the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 making it a criminal offense, continued to cause deaths, leading to the 1984 Amendment Act for stronger enforcement and awareness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the legal framework and its evolution, highlighting how social problems necessitate amendments to existing laws to increase their effectiveness and public awareness.