Maharashtra Board Class 9 History Chapter 7 Science and Technology Solutions

Science And Technology Class 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

Class 9 History Chapter 7 Science And Technology Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

History Class 9 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1.A Choose The Right Option And Rewrite The Sentence:

Question 1._______ was named as the first Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission.
(a) Dr Homi Bhabha
(b) Dr Homi Sethna
(c) Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
(d) Dr Raja Ramanna
Answer: (a) Dr Homi Bhabha
In simple words: Dr. Homi Bhabha was the inaugural chairman of India's Atomic Energy Commission, a pivotal figure in the country's nuclear program.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key figures like Dr. Homi Bhabha associated with significant national institutions for multiple-choice questions.

Question 2._______ was the first completely indigenous communication satellite made by ISRO.
(a) Aryabhatta
(b) Insat 1 B
(c) Rohini-75
(d) APPLE
Answer: (d) APPLE
In simple words: APPLE, launched in 1981, was India's first entirely domestically built communication satellite, marking a significant step in indigenous space technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between India's first satellite (Aryabhatta) and its first *indigenous communication* satellite (APPLE) to avoid confusion.

B. Identify The Wrong Pair:

Question 1.(1) Prithvi - Surface-to-Surface ballistic missile
(2) Agni - Surface-to-Sea ballistic missile
(3) Akash - Surface-to-Air missile
(4) Nag - anti-tank missile
Answer: Wrong Pair: Agni - Surface-to-Sea ballistic missile
In simple words: The incorrect pairing identifies Agni as a surface-to-sea missile, whereas it is actually a surface-to-surface ballistic missile.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the type and range of India's indigenous missiles (e.g., Agni, Prithvi, Akash, Nag) is crucial for factual recall questions.

2A. Prepare A Timeline Of The Progress Of India In Science And Technology:

Question .1
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र भारत में 1961 से 2000 तक विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी में हुई प्रमुख प्रगति की एक समयरेखा को दर्शाता है। इसमें भारतीय रॉकेट लॉन्च, दूरसंचार विभाग का पुनर्गठन और विभिन्न दशकों में हुए महत्वपूर्ण वैज्ञानिक मील के पत्थर शामिल हैं, जैसे कि उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण और परमाणु परीक्षण।

Answer:

1961-1970
1961: India's first successful Rocket launch
1963: Telex Services started
1965: Domestic satellite communication earth station was established at Jodhpur Tekra, near Ahmedabad
1967: Indian National Committee for Space Research launched India's first research Rocket from Thumba Equatorial Launch Center in Thumba (Kerala)
1968: For International telecommunication service centre was established at Aarvi near Pune
1969: Indian Space Research Organisation established (15th August)
1969: Atomic Power Station at Tarapur was set up
1969: Indigenously built rocket - Rohini 75 was launched

1971-1980
1972: Overseas Communication Services was established on Mumbai
1972 (15th August): Post and Telegraph department started the 6 digit Pincode system
1974: India launched first Satellite, Aryabhatta
1974: The oil and Natural gas Commission started digging oil well on 'Bombay High'
1974 (18th May): India successfully performed her first nuclear Test
1976: International Subscribers Dialled Telephone Services - started to connect Mumbai and London directly on phone
1979: India launched remote sensing experimental Satellite Bhaskar I from Soviet Union

1981-1990
1981: Bhaskar II was launched from Soviet Union
1981 (19th June): APPLE was launched from French Guiana
1984: Metro was started in Kolkatta
1984: Computerized reservation for rail ticket started in Delhi
1985: India made nuclear reactor called Dhruva started at Trombay, near Mumbai
1986: DRDO developed several missiles under the leadership of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam thereafter
1986: Satellite Insat I-B was launched into space
1987: NPCIL was set up
1988: VSNL took a big leap
1988: Speed post service was started to send postage rapidly
1988: India successfully tested missile Prithvi
1990: Missile Aakash was developed
1990: VSNL main internet service provided
1990: India successfully tested missile 'Agni'

1991-2000
1994 (22nd August): Mobile phone service started in India
1998: Konkan Railway started
1998 (11th May): India carried out its 2nd nuclear test
2000: Restructuring of the Department of Telecommunication

In simple words: This timeline details India's significant advancements in science and technology from 1961 to 2000, covering milestones in space research, telecommunications, nuclear energy, and missile development.

🎯 Exam Tip: For timeline questions, focus on memorizing the key events and their associated years to present a comprehensive chronological overview.

B. Explain The Following Concepts:

Question 1.Space research
Answer:
(i) In 1961, Indian National Committee for Space Research (NCSR) launched India's first research rocket from Thumba Equatorial Launch Centre in Thumba in the State of Kerala.
(ii) In 1969, our indigenously built rocket Rohini-75 was successfully launched.
(iii) The next stage was the successful launch of the first Indian satellite Aryabhatta in 1975 with help from the Soviet Union.
(iv) This success proved that Indian scientists can indigenously build and launch a satellite. Indian scientists were confident that they could acquire the technology for sending a message from the Earth Station and to assess the working of the satellite.
In simple words: Space research in India began with the launch of a research rocket in 1961, followed by the indigenous Rohini-75 and the first Indian satellite Aryabhatta, demonstrating India's capability in satellite technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the chronological order of key achievements, such as the first research rocket, indigenous rocket, and first satellite, when explaining space research.

Question 2.Telex service
Answer:
(i) The department of telecommunications under the Ministry of Communications started the telex service in 1963 to transmit typed messages from one part of the country to another rapidly.
(ii) In 1969, the telex service started in Devanagari script in Delhi.
(iii) Later, it spread all over the country.
(iv) This service began to be used in different fields. With the rise of internet after 1990, the significance of this service reduced.
In simple words: The telex service, launched in 1963, allowed rapid transmission of typed messages across India, expanding to Devanagari script by 1969, but its importance diminished with the advent of the internet after 1990.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the inception, expansion, and eventual decline of services like telex, linking them to technological advancements for a complete answer.

3. Explain The Following With Reasons:

Question 1.Pandit Nehru established the Atomic Energy Commission.
Answer:
(i) India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to nurture a scientific temper and bring about the nation's progress.
(ii) From this perspective, he set up the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 10th August, 1948.
(iii) Dr Homi Bhabha was appointed as the first Chairman of the Commission.
(iv) The objectives of the commission were to produce electricity from atomic energy, increase the yield of food grains and make them last longer, set up the technology for achieving this and develop nanotechnology.
In simple words: Pandit Nehru established the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948, with Dr. Homi Bhabha as chairman, to foster scientific development and use atomic energy for peaceful purposes like electricity generation, agricultural improvement, and technological advancement.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining reasons, clearly state the vision (Nehru's scientific temper), the action (establishing AEC), and its multi-faceted objectives (power, agriculture, technology).

Question 2.India decided to conduct nuclear tests.
Answer:
(i) India successfully performed her first nuclear test at Pokharan in Rajasthan on 18th May, 1974 in consonance with the policy of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and for self-sufficiency.
(ii) The reason why India took this decision was China's nuclear capability and Pakistan's desperate efforts to acquire nuclear weapons with China's help.
(iii) Dr Homi Sethna, the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission and Dr Raja Ramanna, Director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre played a major role in conducting this nuclear test.
(iv) Prime Minister Indira Gandhi took the decision of carrying out a 'nuclear explosion'. Pokharan was chosen on the basis of the required criteria for the location of the nuclear tests - far away from human settlement and no ground water reserves.
In simple words: India conducted nuclear tests in Pokharan in 1974 due to its policy of peaceful use of nuclear energy, strategic concerns over China's nuclear capability, and Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear weapons, with key leadership from Dr. Homi Sethna and Dr. Raja Ramanna.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on both the stated policy (peaceful purposes, self-sufficiency) and the geopolitical reasons (China, Pakistan) behind India's nuclear tests.

Question 3.USA imposed economic sanctions on India.
Answer:
(i) On 11th May 1998, India carried out its second nuclear test to prove its nuclear preparedness.
(ii) Three tests were done on this day.
(iii) One of them was of the hydrogen bomb.
(iv) Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee assured that there would be no first use of nuclear weapons by India. But the USA imposed economic sanctions on India immediately.
In simple words: The USA imposed economic sanctions on India after its second series of nuclear tests on May 11, 1998, which included a hydrogen bomb, despite Prime Minister Vajpayee's assurance of a no-first-use policy for nuclear weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the date and reason for India's second nuclear test, and the immediate international response, particularly the US sanctions.

4. Write The Answers In 25 To 30 Words:

Question 1.Write about Pokharan nuclear test.
Answer:
(i) India successfully performed her first nuclear test at Pokharan in Rajasthan on 18th May, 1974 in consonance with the policy of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and for self-sufficiency.
(ii) The reason why India took this decision was China's nuclear capability and Pakistan's desperate efforts to acquire nuclear weapons with China's help.
(iii) Dr Homi Sethna, the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission and Dr Raja Ramanna, Director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre played a major role in conducting this nuclear test.
(iv) Prime Minister Indira Gandhi took the decision of carrying out a 'nuclear explosion'. Pokharan was chosen on the basis of the required criteria for the location of the nuclear tests: far away from human settlement and no groundwater reserve.
In simple words: India's first nuclear test in Pokharan (1974) aimed for peaceful nuclear energy use and self-sufficiency, influenced by regional security concerns regarding China and Pakistan, with key contributions from Homi Sethna and Raja Ramanna under PM Indira Gandhi.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the date, location, primary objective, and key personnel involved when describing the Pokharan nuclear test.

Question 2.For which sector was Bhaskar-1 satellite expected to be useful?
Answer:
(i) India launched remote sensing experimental satellite Bhaskar-1 from the Soviet Union in 1979 in order to observe various things on the surface of the Earth by remote sensing technology.
(ii) This remote sensing technology would be useful for India's development by regarding water bodies, mineral deposits and forecasting weather.
(iii) The photographs taken with the help of this technology about the bowels of the Earth, environment and forests were important.
(iv) Another area in which the information from this satellite was useful was Oceanography
In simple words: Bhaskar-1, a remote sensing satellite launched in 1979, was useful for monitoring Earth's surface, aiding India's development in managing water resources, identifying mineral deposits, weather forecasting, environmental studies, and oceanography.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the specific applications (water bodies, minerals, weather, environment, oceanography) to score well on questions about satellite utility.

5. Write In Brief:

Question 1.Which of the everyday services are influenced by satellite technology?
Answer:
(i) Bhaskar-1: India launched remote sensing experimental satellite Bhaskar-1 from the Soviet Union in 1979 in order to observe various things on the surface of the Earth by remote sensing technology. This remote sensing technology would be useful for India's development by regarding water bodies, mineral deposits and forecasting weather. The photographs taken with the help of this technology about the bowels of the Earth, environment and forests were important. Another area in which the information from this satellite was useful was Oceanography. In 1981, 'Bhaskar-2' was launched from Soviet Union.
(ii) (if APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment): The first completely indigenously built satellite by ISRO in India, APPLE was launched on 19th June, 1981 from the French Guiana. 'APPLE' was beneficial in the field of education. The objective of providing emergency telecommunication services was successful.
(iii) Indian National Satellite (INSAT): In August 1983, the satellite INSAT 1-B was launched in space. Because of this satellite, a major revolution came about in the areas of telecommunication, television, radio, weather forecasting and space research in India. Due to INSAT, 207 Akashwani or Radio stations could be connected to each other. This mechanism was also useful for search and rescue of people caught in some disaster like a shipwreck or an air plane crash, for forecasting weather, to look for and follow cyclones or storms, in the fields of telemedicine and educational institutions. The tele-medicine service enabled the population from remote areas to get advice and treatment from expert doctors. Public Primary Health Centers in villages have been connected with super speciality hospitals through INSAT.
(iv) Satellite Communication Centre: In order to establish satellite communication with the help of an artificial satellite, a domestic satellite communication Earth station was established in 1967, at Jodhpur Tekra near Ahmedabad. This made it easy to train scientists and technicians in setting up and running an Earth Station within the country. In 1970, a centre was established at Aarvi near Pune, equipped for international telecommunication service. The technology adopted by railways has a big role in the history of modern India.
In simple words: Satellite technology significantly impacts daily life through remote sensing (Bhaskar-1/2) for resource management and weather, communication (APPLE, INSAT) enabling television, radio, education, emergency services, and telemedicine, and international telecommunication through dedicated centers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When detailing everyday services, categorize them (e.g., remote sensing, communication, tele-medicine) and provide specific examples like Bhaskar, APPLE, and INSAT to demonstrate comprehensive understanding.

Question 2.Why is Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam called as the 'Missile Man'?
Answer:
(i) In 1958, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established under the Department of Defence of the government of India. The objective of this organisation was to make India self-sufficient with respect to means, equipment and weapons required for defence. After 1983, this organisation developed several missiles under the leadership of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Dr Kalam has made a great contribution in the production of missiles. Dr Kalam is known as the father of India's missile programme. He is also referred to as the 'Missile Man' of India.
(ii) Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was conceived by and carried out under the leadership of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) undertook the task of building the missiles.
In simple words: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is known as the 'Missile Man' because of his significant leadership in developing various missiles for the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and spearheading the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), making India self-sufficient in missile technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect Dr. Kalam's title directly to his leadership role in DRDO and the IGMDP, emphasizing his contribution to India's self-sufficiency in missile production.

Question 3.How can one have computerized reservation done for railway travel?
Answer:
(i) There is a site called IRCTC for online railway bookings. On it's site, sign up option is given through which Login Id and Password is created for IRCTC account. One must login with this ID and password for booking railway ticket. A captcha image needs to be filled to ensure the account is not being misused.
(ii) To the left of the page on the site, a column is given to enter the destination and boarding point, along with the date on which the journey is supposed to be made. After filling this, the list of trains along with their numbers, berth system, schedules is shown. The Quota, i.e. general, ladies, senior citizen needs to be filled here.
(iii) Here, if the ladies quota is selected, the berth is booked in the compartment reserved exclusively for ladies. If senior citizen quota is selected, exemption in travel fees is given.
(iv) After this, berth preferences i.e. sleeper, second seating is to be selected to book the tickets. Upon which, a new window opens for filling the details like name of the passenger, age, etc. A captcha image needs to be filled again to confirm booking.
(v) The gateway to online payment opens up which is done through Debit Card or Internet Banking, whichever is easier for the person booking it. A message of confirmation and email is received to the person booking it for his/her detail.
In simple words: Computerized railway reservations are done via the IRCTC website; users create an account, log in, enter journey details, select quotas and berth preferences, provide passenger information, confirm booking with a captcha, and complete payment using debit card or internet banking, receiving an email confirmation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Present the steps for online railway reservation in a logical, sequential manner, covering account creation, search, selection, passenger details, and payment.

Question 4.Write the key features of the Konkan Railway.
Answer:
(i) The Konkan Railway started in 1998.
(ii) There are several records of technology to the credit of Konkan Railway which stretches over the four states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala over a distance of 760 kilometres.
(iii) There are 12 tunnels on this track. The 6.5 km tunnel at Karbude is the longest tunnel. There are 179 big and 1819 small bridges on this track.
(iv) Out of these, the 2065.8 m long bridge on River Sharavati near Honnawar is the biggest, i.e. The 64 m tall bridge on River Panval near Ratnagiri is India's tallest bridge.
(v) For avoiding accidents on tracks that are prone to landslides, there are sensors fitted to the railway engines.
In simple words: Launched in 1998, the Konkan Railway is a 760 km track spanning Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala, renowned for its engineering feats including 12 tunnels (Karbude being the longest), 179 large and 1819 small bridges, with the Sharavati bridge as the biggest and Panval bridge as the tallest, also featuring landslide sensors for safety.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on numerical data like length, number of tunnels and bridges, and specific superlatives (longest tunnel, tallest/biggest bridge) to provide a factual and detailed answer.

Class 9 History Chapter 7 Science And Technology Additional Important Questions And Answers

Choose The Correct Option From The Given Options And Rewrite The Statements:

Question 1.The Indian Atomic Energy Commission was set up on _______
(a) 10th Aug, 1958
(b) 10th Aug, 1948
(c) 10th Aug, 1968
(d) 19th Aug, 1858
Answer: (b) 10th Aug, 1948
In simple words: The Indian Atomic Energy Commission was established on August 10, 1948.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember key dates for the establishment of major scientific institutions like the Atomic Energy Commission.

Question 2.In 1956, the Department of Atomic Energy set up _______ a nuclear reactor functioning on atomic energy.
(a) Syrus
(b) Zarlina
(c) Poornima
(d) Apsara
Answer: (d) Apsara
In simple words: In 1956, the 'Apsara' nuclear reactor was set up by the Department of Atomic Energy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the name of the first nuclear reactor, Apsara, with its establishment year, 1956, for factual accuracy.

Question 3.India successfully performed her first nuclear test at _______
(a) Pokhran
(b) Jaipur
(c) Delhi
(d) Haryana
Answer: (a) Pokhran
In simple words: India's first nuclear test was successfully conducted at Pokhran.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember Pokhran as the site of India's initial nuclear tests.

Question 4.Prime Minister _______ assured that there would be no first use of nuclear weapons by India.
(a) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(c) Indira Gandhi
(d) VP Singh
Answer: (b) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
In simple words: Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave the assurance of India's 'no first use' policy for nuclear weapons.

🎯 Exam Tip: Correctly associate the 'no first use' policy with Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Question 5.The first digit of the pincode indicates the _______
(a) State
(b) Region
(c) Nation
(d) District
Answer: (b) Region
In simple words: The initial digit of a pincode signifies the geographical region.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the structure of the Pincode system, specifically what its first digit represents.

Question 6.Agni had a range of _______ km.
(a) 800
(b) 600
(c) 700
(d) 500
Answer: (c) 700
In simple words: The Agni missile had an initial range of 700 kilometers.

🎯 Exam Tip: For missile-related questions, recall specific details such as their range.

Question 7.In 1981, 'Bhaskar-2' was launched from _______.
(a) Soviet Union
(b) Japan
(c) China
(d) America
Answer: (a) Soviet Union
In simple words: The Bhaskar-2 satellite was launched from the Soviet Union in 1981.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the international collaborations and launch origins for India's early satellites.

Question 8._______ a surface to surface ballistic missile was given to the Army.
(a) Prithvi -1
(b) Prithvi - 2
(c) Prithvi - 3
(d) Agni
Answer: (a) Prithvi -1
In simple words: Prithvi-1, a surface-to-surface ballistic missile, was inducted into the Indian Army.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the different variants of the Prithvi missile and their deployment to specific armed forces branches.

Question 9.APPLE' was beneficial in the field of _______.
(a) Military
(b) Education
(c) Health
(d) Technology
Answer: (b) Education
In simple words: The APPLE satellite significantly contributed to the field of education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the primary application areas or benefits of specific satellite launches like APPLE.

Question 10.In _______ the telecommunication department was restructured.
(a) 1991
(b) 2000
(c) 2002
(d) 1880
Answer: (b) 2000
In simple words: The telecommunication department underwent restructuring in the year 2000.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note important years associated with major administrative or structural changes in government departments.

Question 11.Konkan railway started in the year _______.
(a) 1888
(b) 1988
(c) 1998
(d) 1994
Answer: (c) 1998
In simple words: The Konkan Railway project commenced operations in 1998.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the starting year of significant infrastructure projects like the Konkan Railway.

Question 12.On, _______ the mobile phone service started in India.
(a) 23rd Aug, 1994
(b) 22nd Aug, 1994
(c) 24th Aug, 1994
(d) 21st Aug, 1994
Answer: (b) 22nd Aug, 1994
In simple words: Mobile phone services were introduced in India on August 22, 1994.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific dates for the launch of major technological services are important for recall-based questions.

Question 13.In 1970, a domestic satellite communication earth centre was established at Aarvi near _______ equipped for international telecommunication service.
(a) Mumbai
(b) Pune
(c) Nagpur
(d) Nashik
Answer: (b) Pune
In simple words: An international telecommunication earth centre was established at Aarvi near Pune in 1970.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific locations with the establishment of key communication infrastructure.

Identify And Write The Wrong Pair From The Following Sets:

Question 1.(1) Dr. Homi Sethna - Chairman of DRDO
(2) Dr. Raja Ramanna - Director of BARC
(3) Sam Pitroda - Spearheaded telecommunication
(4) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - Conceived and Carried out IGMDP
Answer: Wrong Pair: Dr. Homi Sethna - Chairman of DRDO
In simple words: The incorrect pair is Dr. Homi Sethna as Chairman of DRDO, as he was actually the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission.

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately match key individuals with their correct organizational roles to avoid misidentification.

Question 2.(1) First diesel engine - Diesel Locomotive Works at Varanasi
(2) India's tallest bridge - at Karbude
(3) Completely Indian made nuclear reactor - Dhruva at Trombay
(4) India's first research rocket - Thumba Equatorial Launch Centre at Kerala.
Answer: Wrong Pair: India's tallest bridge - at Karbude
In simple words: The incorrect pair states India's tallest bridge is at Karbude; Karbude is actually known for the longest tunnel, while the Panval bridge is the tallest.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to distinguishing between superlatives (longest tunnel vs. tallest bridge) and their correct locations.

Question 3.(1) Indigenously built rocket - Rohini 75
(2) First Indian Satellite - Aryabhatta
(3) Headquarters of ISRO - Sriharikota
(4) Reactor research Centre - Kalpakkam
Answer: Wrong Pair: Headquarters of ISRO - Sriharikota
In simple words: The wrong pair is ISRO's headquarters being Sriharikota; its headquarters are in Bengaluru, while Sriharikota is a launch site.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between the administrative headquarters of organizations and their operational facilities or launch sites.

Question 4.(1) NPCIL - setup in 1987
(2) Bhaskar - 2 - launched in 1981
(3) ONGC - established in 1998
(4) Tarapur power station - Setup in 1969
Answer: Wrong Pair: ONGC - established in 1998
In simple words: The incorrect pair is ONGC established in 1998, as it was founded much earlier in 1956.

🎯 Exam Tip: Verify the founding dates of important public sector undertakings and institutions like ONGC, NPCIL, etc.

Question 5.(1) Post and Telegraph Department started the 6 digit pincode system - 15th August 1972
(2) Indian Atomic Energy Commission was setup - 10th August 1948
(3) Indian Space Research Organisation was established - 15th August 1959
(4) First Nuclear test at Pokhran - 18th May 1974
Answer: Wrong Pair: Indian Space Research Organisation was established - 15th August 1959
In simple words: The wrong pair shows ISRO established in 1959; it was actually established on August 15, 1969.

🎯 Exam Tip: Double-check the establishment dates of critical organizations like ISRO to ensure accuracy.

Question 6.(1) Domestic Satellite Communication Earth Centre - Jodhpur Tekra
In simple words: This question forms an incomplete pair, but Jodhpur Tekra is correctly associated with a Domestic Satellite Communication Earth Centre.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure that all parts of a pair are provided or recognize if a question is incomplete while still identifying correct associations.

Write Short Notes:

Question 1. Pincode
Answer:
(i) From 15 August 1972, the Post and Telegraph Department started the six digit pincode system in the country.
(ii) The Postal Index Code was intended to bring efficiency in distributing the mail. In this system, the country was divided into nine regions.
(iii) The first digit of the Pincode indicates the region, the second digit indicates the Sub-region, the third digit shows the main disbursement district, while the remaining three digits show the location of the local post office.
(iv) For Maharashtra, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 are the first two digits. In 1986, the speed post service was started to send postage rapidly.
In simple words: The Pincode system, introduced in 1972, is a six-digit code used by the Post and Telegraph Department to efficiently sort and deliver mail, dividing the country into nine regions based on geographical areas. It helps in quick identification of the delivery location.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year of introduction (1972) and the number of digits in a Pincode. Understanding how the digits represent different geographical areas is key.

Question 2. Akash and Nag missiles
Answer:
(i) In 1990, the missile Akash was developed to fire from land into air.
(ii) This missile has a capacity to carry 720 kilogram explosives at supersonic speed and a range of 30 kilometres.
(iii) The missile 'Nag' was made in order to destroy the tanks of the enemy.
(iv) It is of the 'fire and forget' type. India has militarily become secure due to the production of missiles.
In simple words: Akash is a surface-to-air missile for defense, while Nag is an anti-tank, 'fire and forget' missile, both contributing significantly to India's military self-reliance and security.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the launch years and the primary function (surface-to-air vs. anti-tank) of each missile, as well as their contribution to India's defense capabilities.

Question 3. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
Answer:
(i) In 2000, the telecommunication department was restructured.
(ii) The responsibility to make policy decisions was retained with the Telecom Department.
(iii) Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was established to actually provide the services to consumers.
(iv) Along with the telephone service, cellular phone, internet, broadband services were also made available.
In simple words: BSNL was established in 2000 after restructuring the telecommunication department, focusing on providing various telecom services like landline, mobile, internet, and broadband directly to consumers.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the year BSNL was established and its role in providing direct telecommunication services to consumers, including its expansion into new technologies.

Question 4. Dhruva Nuclear Reactor
Answer:
(i) In 1985, a completely Indian made nuclear reactor called Dhruva was started at Trombay near Mumbai.
(ii) The Dhruva nuclear reactor uses uranium as fuel.
(iii) At this center, 350 radioactive substances are produced. They are used in industry, agriculture and medicine.
In simple words: The Dhruva Nuclear Reactor, built in India and started in 1985 at Trombay, uses uranium as fuel to produce 350 radioactive substances essential for industrial, agricultural, and medical applications.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the reactor's indigenous nature, its location, fuel type, and the diverse applications of the radioactive substances it produces.

Question 5. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL)
Answer:
(i) This Company was set up in 1987 to generate electricity from atomic energy.
(ii) The objective of the company is to master and develop the technology to generate safe, cheap and environmentally profitable power and make the country self-sufficient.
In simple words: NPCIL was established in 1987 with the goal of generating safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly electricity from atomic energy, aiming to make India self-sufficient in nuclear power technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the establishment year of NPCIL and its twin objectives: electricity generation from atomic energy and achieving self-sufficiency in this technology.

Question 6. DRDO was established.
Answer:
(i) In 1958, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established under the Department of Defence of the Government of India.
(ii) The objective of this organisation was to make India self-sufficient with respect to means, equipment and weapons required for defence.
(iii) After 1983, this organisation developed several missiles under the leadership of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Dr Kalam has made a great contribution in the production of missiles.
(iv) Dr Kalam is known as the Father of India's Missile Programme. He is also referred to as the 'Missile Man' of India.
In simple words: DRDO was founded in 1958 to achieve self-sufficiency in defense technology; under Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's leadership, it developed many missiles, earning him the title 'Missile Man of India'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the establishment year (1958), the main objective of self-sufficiency in defense, and Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's significant role.

Read the Passage and Answer the Questions:

Space research: In 1961, Indian National Committee for Space Research (NCSR) launched India's first, research rocket from Thumba Equatorial Launch Centre in Thumba in the State of Kerala. In 1969, our indigenously built rocket Rohini-75 was successfully launched. The next stage was the successful launch, of the first Indian satellite Aryabhatta in 1975 with ' help from the Soviet Union. This success proved that Indian scientists can indigenously build and launch satellite. Indian scientists were confident that they, could acquire the technology for sending a message from the Earth Station and to assess the working of the satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) : After, the success of the basic programme in space research and rocket related project, Indian Space Research Organisation was established on 15th August 1969 in order to carry out further space research. ' The headquarters of ISRO are at Bengaluru. ISRO activated the space station at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh for launching our satellites in space. Bhaskar-1: India launched remote sensing,experimental satellite Bhaskar-1 from the Soviet Union in 1979 in order to observe various things on the surface of the earth by remote sensing technology, This remote sensing technology would be useful for India's development by regarding water bodies, mineral deposits and forecasting weather. The photographs taken with the help of this technology about the bowels of the earth, environment and forests were important. Another area in which the information from this satellite was useful was oceanography. In 1981, 'Bhaskar-2' was launched from Soviet Union.

Question 1. What does the passage deal with?
Answer: The passage deals with India's success in space research.
In simple words: The passage describes India's journey and achievements in space technology, from launching its first rocket to developing satellites and their applications.

🎯 Exam Tip: For passage-based questions, identify the main theme or central idea clearly and concisely.

Question 2. Complete the following
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the locations of key organizations and facilities. Presenting information clearly, especially in table format, can earn full marks.

Question 3. State the benefits of remote sensing technology.
Answer: Following are the benefits of Remote Sensing Technology:
• Useful for India's development by regarding water bodies mineral deposits and forecasting weather.
• Important information can be gathered about bowels of earth, environment and forests through the photograph.
• Useful information about Oceanography can be assessed.
In simple words: Remote sensing technology aids India's development by monitoring water resources, identifying mineral deposits, forecasting weather, and providing crucial data on the Earth's interior, environment, forests, and oceanography.

🎯 Exam Tip: List specific applications and benefits clearly. Memorize the diverse fields where remote sensing plays a vital role, such as resource management and disaster prediction.

Passage II Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) : In 1956, the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was established to search for the deposits of mineral oil and natural gas and to increase their production. After Digboi in Assam, mineral oil deposits were found in Ankleshwar, area in Gujarat. Later, mineral oil and natural gas deposits were found in the gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. In 1974, the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, started digging an oil well in 'Bombay High' area, with the help of Russian scientists by a drillship called 'Sagar Samrat'. From 1975, mineral oil and natural gas began to be extracted from there. Later, more than 8500 oil wells and 33 natural gas wells dug eventually in this area began to contribute, 38% of the total mineral oil production in the country and met 14% of the country's demand for crude oil. Railways and Technology : The technology adopted by railways has a big role in the history of modem India. In order to bring efficiency, accuracy and coordination in the reservation system in rail travel, computerised reservation system was started for the first time in Delhi in 1984. In the same year, the Metro was started in Kolkata. In this way India has been making progress in the fields of science and technology. New inventions have been made. India is an important 21st century nation, which has always used technology for establishing peace in the world. India is making all these advancements in order to be the foremost among nations in the 21st century. In the next chapter, we shall learn about the progress India, has made in the fields of commerce and trade.

Question 1. State the odd man out - and state the reason Digboi, Kohima, Ankleshwar, Bombay High
Answer: Kohima - Because the other three locations of Digboi, Ankleshwar and Bombay High have notable reserves of natural gas and mineral oil deposits.
In simple words: Kohima is the odd one out because Digboi, Ankleshwar, and Bombay High are all significant sites for oil and natural gas reserves in India, whereas Kohima is not known for such deposits.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying the odd one out, always provide a clear and specific reason based on the common characteristic shared by the other items.

Question 2. Complete the following - Konkan Railway chart:
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately recall the key facts about the Konkan Railway, including its establishment year, states covered, and notable engineering feats like the longest tunnel and tallest bridge.

Question 3. Do you think we can rely on our mineral oil deposits for time to come? Justify your answer.
Answer: Mineral Oil Deposits are fast depleting due to it's indiscriminate consumption by industries. Such natural resources of energy should be spared through fuel conservation schemes and greater use of inexhaustible sources of energy such as - Tidal, Solar or Wind energy. Since mineral oil deposits are not renewable source of energy, it is advisable not to rely on it for time to come or we may face energy crisis.
In simple words: No, we cannot solely rely on mineral oil deposits long-term because they are non-renewable and rapidly depleting due to high industrial consumption, making it crucial to conserve fuel and transition to renewable energy sources like tidal, solar, and wind power to avoid a future energy crisis.

🎯 Exam Tip: For opinion-based questions, state your stance clearly and support it with logical reasons and relevant examples of alternative energy sources.

Answer the Following Questions in Detail:

Question 1. Write a note on the Indian Atomic Energy Commission.
Answer:
(i) In India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to nurture a scientific temper and bring about the nation's progress. From this perspective, he set up the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 10th August 1948. Dr. Homi Bhabha was appointed as the first Chairman of the Commission. The objectives of the commission were to produce electricity from atomic energy, increase the yield of food grains and make them last longer, set up the technology for achieving this and develop nanotechnology.
(ii) In 1969, an atomic power station was set up at Tarapur. A Reactor Research Centre was set up at Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu to successfully use Thorium for generating atomic power. The role of reactors is important in developing atomic power.
(iii) Factories manufacturing the heavy water needed for the generation of atomic power were set up at Vadodara, Talcher, Tutikorin, Kota, etc. An institution called Heavy Water Projects was set up to carry out research on manufacturing heavy water within the country. It was later renamed 'Heavy Water Board'.
In simple words: The Indian Atomic Energy Commission, established in 1948 by Pandit Nehru with Dr. Homi Bhabha as chairman, aims to advance India through atomic energy for electricity, agricultural benefits, and nanotechnology, leading to the setup of power stations like Tarapur and research centers for heavy water production.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include the establishment date, founder, first chairman, and main objectives. Also, mention key milestones like the Tarapur power station and the Heavy Water Board.

Question 2. Write about ISD.
Answer:
(i) In 1972, Overseas Communication Service was established in Mumbai for the Management of International Telecommunication Service.
(ii) In 1976, the International Subscriber Dialled Telephone Service started to connect Mumbai and London directly on the phone.
(iii) Alongside the telephone service, services like telex, teleprinter and radio images started. In 1986, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) took a big leap in this field. Before that, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was a public sector company for giving telephone service in big cities.
(iv) In the 1990s, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited held the distinction of being the main internet service provider in India. The contribution of Sam Pitroda in this field is significant.
In simple words: ISD (International Subscriber Dialled) service began in 1976, allowing direct international phone calls, evolving from the Overseas Communication Service. VSNL and MTNL played crucial roles in expanding these services, with VSNL becoming a major internet provider in the 1990s, significantly aided by Sam Pitroda.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the key years (1972, 1976, 1986, 1990s), the role of organizations like Overseas Communication Service, VSNL, and MTNL, and Sam Pitroda's contribution.

Question 3. Write about Oil and Natural Gas Commission.
Answer:
(i) In 1956, the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was established to search for the deposits of mineral oil and natural gas and to increase their production.
(ii) After Digboi in Assam, mineral oil deposits were found in Ankleshwar area in Gujarat. Later, mineral oil and natural gas deposits were found in the gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat.
(iii) In 1974, the Oil and Natural Gas Commission started digging an oil well in 'Bombay High' area with the help of Russian scientists by a drillship called 'Sagar Samrat'.
(iv) From 1975, mineral oil and natural gas began to be extracted from there.
(v) Later, more than 8500 oil wells and 33 natural gas wells dug eventually in this area began to contribute 38% of the total mineral oil production in the country and met 14% of the country's demand for crude oil.
In simple words: Established in 1956, ONGC's mission is to find and produce oil and natural gas. Key discoveries include Digboi, Ankleshwar, and Bombay High, where oil extraction began in 1975, significantly contributing to India's energy production and demand.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the establishment year (1956), its core objective, and major discovery locations like Bombay High, noting its significant contribution to India's energy needs.

Observe the Picture and Write Relevant Information:

Question 1.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र भारत के शुरुआती रिमोट सेंसिंग उपग्रहों, भास्कर-1 और भास्कर-2 को दर्शाता है। ये उपग्रह पृथ्वी की सतह का अध्ययन करने और विभिन्न प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की पहचान करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किए गए थे।
Answer: Bhaskar 1 was a remote sensing experimental satellite launched by India. Remote Sensing Technology would be useful for India's development by regarding water bodies, mineral deposite and forecasting weather. The photographs taken with the help of this technology about the bowels of the earth environment and forest were important. Bhaskar -1 was launched in 1979 and Bhaskar 2 was launched in 1981 from Soviet Union.
In simple words: Bhaskar-1 (1979) and Bhaskar-2 (1981) were India's experimental remote sensing satellites, launched from the Soviet Union, used to gather crucial data on water bodies, mineral deposits, weather, environment, and forests for national development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the satellites, their launch years, and their primary function as remote sensing for resource management and environmental monitoring.

Question 2.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र भारतीय परमाणु ऊर्जा आयोग (Atomic Energy Commission) के प्रतीक चिह्न को दर्शाता है। प्रतीक में एक परमाणु संरचना और "Atomic Energy Commission, Government of India" शब्द शामिल हैं, जो भारत के परमाणु ऊर्जा कार्यक्रम को इंगित करता है।
Answer: Indian Atomic Energy Commission: India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to nurture a scientific temper and bring about the nation's progress. From this persepective, he set up the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 10th August 1948. Dr. Homi Bhabha was appointed as the first Chairman of the Commission. The objectives of the Commission were to produce electricity from atomic energy, increase the yield of food grains and make them last longer, set up the technology for achieving this and develop nanotechnology.
In simple words: The Indian Atomic Energy Commission, founded by Pandit Nehru in 1948 with Dr. Homi Bhabha as chairman, was established to foster scientific advancement, generate atomic electricity, enhance food production, and develop nanotechnology for India's progress.

🎯 Exam Tip: For logo-based questions, identify the organization, its establishment date, key founders, and primary objectives for a comprehensive answer.

Question 3.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र रक्षा अनुसंधान और विकास संगठन (Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO) के लोगो को दर्शाता है, जिसमें "DRDO" और "Ministry of Defence" लिखा है, जो भारत के रक्षा प्रौद्योगिकी विकास में इसकी भूमिका को इंगित करता है।
Answer: In 1958, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established under the Department of Defence of the government of India. The objective of this organisation was to make India self-sufficient with respect to means, equipment and weapons required for defence. After 1983, this organisation developed several missiles under the leadership of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Dr. Kalam has made a great contribution in the production of missiles. Dr. Kalam is known as the 'Father of India's missile programme'. He is also referred to as the 'Missile Man' of India.
In simple words: DRDO, established in 1958, is India's premier defense research body, aiming for self-sufficiency in defense equipment. Under Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's leadership post-1983, it significantly developed missile technology, earning him the title 'Missile Man of India'.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing an organization from its logo, state its full name, establishment year, main goal (self-sufficiency in defense), and any prominent figures associated with its achievements (like Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam).