Maharashtra Board Class 9 History Chapter 5 Education Solutions

Choose the Right Option and Rewrite the Sentence

Question 1. The Scientist who developed the Param – 8000 supercomputer _________.
(a) Dr Vijay Bhatkar
(b) Dr R. H. Dave
(c) P. Parthasarathy
Answer: (a) Dr Vijay Bhatkar
In simple words: Dr. Vijay Bhatkar led the team of Indian scientists to build India's very first supercomputer, named Param-8000, in 1991.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always write the complete sentence with the correct option filled in the blank to secure full marks in the exam.

Question 2. The magazine Jeevan Shikshan is published by _______.
(a) Balbharati
(b) University Education Commission
(c) MSCERT
(d) NCERT
Answer: (c) MSCERT
In simple words: MSCERT is the state board in Maharashtra responsible for training teachers and publishing educational magazines like Jeevan Shikshan.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that MSCERT focuses on state-level educational research and training, including publishing academic magazines for teachers.

Question 3. The educational institution called IIT is famous for educational in the area of _______.
(a) Agriculture
(b) Medicine
(c) Skilled managers
(d) Engineering
Answer: (d) Engineering
In simple words: IIT stands for Indian Institute of Technology, which is world-famous for teaching engineering and technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate "IIT" with "Technology" and "Engineering" to easily remember this answer.

2. Do As Directed.

Question 1. Complete the table below with details about individuals in the education field and their work.
Answer:

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names of these key educational pioneers and their specific roles, as matching tables are highly scoring and frequently asked.

Question 1. Complete the table by matching the individuals with their work.
Answer: This completed table correctly pairs each educational pioneer with their respective contribution to Indian education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the names of key educational reformers and their specific contributions to score full marks in matching questions.

Question 2. Obtain information about the National Council of Educational Research and Training, from the internet, and present it in the form of a timeline.
Answer: This timeline highlights the key milestones in India's educational development and policy formulation over the decades.

🎯 Exam Tip: When creating a timeline, always list the events in chronological order to make it easy to read and understand.

Explain the Following Statements Giving Reasons for Your Answer:

Question 1. The District Primary Education Programme was undertaken.
Answer:
(i) In 1994, the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started with the objective of universalisation of primary education. It was implemented in seven States including Maharashtra.
(ii) The plan envisaged 100% attendance in primary schools, arresting student drop-out, education for girls and for the physically handicapped. This comprehensive approach aimed to ensure that no child was left behind.
(iii) It included programmes such as research on and evaluation of primary education, alternative education, creating societal awareness, etc.
In simple words: The District Primary Education Programme was started in 1994 to make sure every child, especially girls and disabled children, could go to school and get a basic education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year 1994 and the key objectives like 100% attendance and girl child education to secure full marks.

Question 2. The NCERT was established.
Answer:
(i) National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) was established in Delhi on the 1st of September 1961.
(ii) Its main objective is to help the Central Government in matters of school education in the context of a comprehensive policy and in implementing educational schemes. The NCERT was given the responsibility of educational research and development, training, extension, educational programmes, restructuring of school curriculum and textbooks. This helped standardise the quality of education across the nation.
(iii) It has played a central role in designing school curricula and textbooks with the cooperation of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
In simple words: NCERT was set up in 1961 to help the government design good school books, train teachers, and make sure all schools across India follow a high-quality syllabus.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to write the exact date of establishment (1st September 1961) and its role in helping the Central Government with school education.

Question 3. The farmers were benefited by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
Answer:
(i) The Indian Agricultural Research Institute was given the status of a University in 1958 and work began in departments such as the development of the agriculture sector, research, well-equipped laboratories, soil science, agricultural sciences, economic botany and other departments. This institute played a key role in modernizing Indian farming practices.
(ii) Research also began on wheat, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and many other problems.
(iii) Its most significant achievement is the fundamental research it has conducted on the methods of taking multiple crops in a year, which has been of great benefit to farmers.
In simple words: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute helped farmers by doing research on different crops and soils. Their biggest success was finding ways for farmers to grow more than one crop a year on the same land.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the year 1958 and the concept of "multiple crops in a year" as these are key evaluation points for this answer.

Write Notes:

Question 1. Indira Gandhi National Open University
Answer:
(i) Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) was established with the objective that the stream of education should make its way into every average household of the country. It aimed to democratize higher education by providing access to all segments of society.
(ii) The United Nations had declared 1970 as the International Education Year. In the same year, a seminar was organised in New Delhi on the subject of Open University by the Government of India Departments of Education and Social Welfare, Information and Broadcasting, University Grants Commission along with UNESCO. The idea of establishing an open university evolved in this seminar.
In simple words: IGNOU was created to bring college education directly to the homes of common people. The idea came from an international seminar held in 1970, which was declared the International Education Year.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to write the full form of IGNOU and highlight the year 1970 as the International Education Year to secure full marks.

Question 2. Kothari Commission
Answer:
(i) In 1964 a Commission was appointed under the Chairmanship of Dr D. S. Kothari. Dr J. P. Naik made valuable contributions to the work of this Commission. This landmark commission aimed to overhaul the entire educational structure of post-independence India.
(ii) The Commission also recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary and university education. This system was implemented from 1972.
(iii) The Commission also suggested a uniform national system of education, the inclusion of the mother tongue, Hindi and English in education, as well as continuing education, adult education, education by correspondence and open universities to make education trickle down to the lowest rungs of society.
(iv) It also recommended increased provision in the government’s budget for expenditure on education of neglected sections like the scheduled castes and tribes. Maharashtra government adopted the 10+2+3 pattern in 1972 and conducted the first Std X Board exam in 1975.
In simple words: The Kothari Commission was set up to improve India's education system. It introduced the 10+2+3 school pattern and suggested teaching in regional languages to help everyone get an education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the key recommendation of the 10+2+3 pattern and the year of its implementation (1972) to score full marks.

Question 3. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Answer:
(i) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has conducted valuable research in the fields of nuclear science, energy, and medicine. It has played a pivotal role in making India self-reliant in nuclear technology.
In simple words: The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre does important research on nuclear energy and science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always expand the acronym BARC as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in your answers.

Question 4. Balbharati
Answer:
(i) The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research (Balbharati) was established in Pune on 27 January 1967. This institution plays a vital role in standardizing school education across the state.
(ii) Balbharati prepares textbooks for school children. Textbooks are made in eight languages, namely, Marathi, Hindi, English, Urdu, Kannad, Sindhi, Gujarati and Telugu. ‘Kishor’, a monthly magazine for children, is also published by Balbharati.
In simple words: Balbharati is a government body in Pune that makes school textbooks in eight different languages. They also publish a fun monthly magazine for kids called 'Kishor'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the establishment date (27 January 1967) and the location (Pune) as these are frequently asked in objective questions.

Answer the Following Questions in Detail

Question 1. Which programmes were included in the Operation Blackboard scheme?
Answer:
(i) The government made funds available to help improve the standard of the schools and to fulfil minimum educational needs such as at least two proper classrooms, toilets, one of the two teachers to be female, a blackboard, maps, laboratory apparatus, a small library, a playground, sports equipment, etc. This scheme helped the primary education system to gain some momentum. This comprehensive approach ensured that basic facilities were no longer a luxury for rural schools.
(ii) In 1994, this scheme was expanded and provision was made for one additional classroom and for appointing one more teacher in schools with an enrolment of more than 100 students, with priority given to girls’ schools, schools with a majority of scheduled caste and tribe students and schools in rural areas.
(iii) It was also made binding upon the State government to appoint female teachers to fifty per cent of the posts in schools.
In simple words: Operation Blackboard was a government plan to give primary schools basic things like classrooms, toilets, blackboards, and books. It also made sure more female teachers were hired and expanded to help crowded and rural schools.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the key provisions of the 1994 expansion, especially the focus on girls' schools and rural areas, to secure full marks.

Question 2. What role do agriculture schools/colleges play in the development of agriculture?
Answer:
(i) The Indian Agricultural Research Institute was given the status of a University in 1958 and began significant work in departments such as agricultural development, soil science, and botany. These institutions provide advanced training and scientific research to help modernize farming practices.
In simple words: Agricultural colleges and institutes help farmers by researching better ways to grow crops, study soil, and train experts to improve farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the role of research institutes and universities in introducing scientific methods to traditional farming.

Question 3. Describe with examples of the progress that India has made in the field of medicine.
Answer:
(i) The Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) was established for conducting research in the medical field. It was given the responsibility of cooperating with universities, medical colleges, government and non-government research institutes and giving them guidance and financial support for research activities.
(ii) Twenty-six centres were started in different parts of the country for research on various diseases. Their research has made it possible to control tuberculosis and leprosy.
(iii) The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) was established to give further impetus to advanced education and research in medicine.
(iv) It was given the responsibility of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in medicine. Colleges for undergraduate and postgraduate education in most branches of medicine, good research facilities and well-equipped hospitals are the significant features of this institute.
(v) The institute also provides medical treatment to the common people at nominal rates. It has established special colleges for training in nursing, and super-speciality centres for treatment of disorders of the heart, brain and eyes.
(vi) For further development of the medical field, the Medical Council of India was restructured in 1958 and was entrusted with the task of determining criteria for quality of medical education, its supervision and inspection. These advancements collectively laid a strong foundation for modern healthcare in India.
In simple words: India made great progress in medicine by setting up research centers like ICMR and advanced hospitals like AIIMS. These institutions helped train doctors, find cures for diseases like tuberculosis, and provide affordable treatment to citizens.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly mention key institutions like ICMR and AIIMS along with their specific roles and contributions to score full marks.

Question 4. Write a note on the curricular and co-curricular activities conducted in your school.
Answer:
(i) Languages – Our school motivates us to participate in theatres or plays organised on works of Shakespeare and Munshi Premchand. We also take part in elocution and poetry recitation competitions to enhance public speaking. Our school makes every child read the newspaper headlines from Marathi and English dailies in the auditorium turn wise. These activities help build immense confidence in students.
(ii) Maths and Science – Scientific experiments mentioned in our textbook are practically performed by each of us under the supervision of our teachers. On Sundays, our Math teachers take special classes on Vedic Maths. Our school has also organised trips to Nehru Planetarium and ‘Jantar Mantar’ to give us an understanding of the astronomical aspects of science. Every year our school conducts Homi Bhabha scholarship exam. A display of the best 25 science projects is done in the school hall.
(iii) Social Studies – Field studies are taken up to explain to us the topography of Indian landscapes. The school library holds a large number of book and documentaries over world history trips to museums and historical places.
In simple words: Our school organizes many activities like plays, poetry recitations, science experiments, planetarium trips, and field visits. These help us learn languages, math, science, and social studies in a fun and practical way.

🎯 Exam Tip: Structure your answer using clear headings for different subjects like Languages, Science, and Social Studies to make it easy for the examiner to read.

Class 9 History Chapter 5 Education Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the Correct Option from the Given Options and Rewrite the Statements:

Question 1. In 1995, the _____ scheme was started to provide proper nourishment for the students.
(a) free ration
(b) foodgrain subsidy
(c) mid-day meal
(d) medical-check up
Answer: (c) mid-day meal
In simple words: In 1995, the government started giving free lunch (mid-day meals) to school children so they could get healthy food and attend school regularly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year 1995 is specifically associated with the launch of the Mid-Day Meal scheme in India to boost nutrition and school attendance.

Question 2. _______ was the first education minister of Independent India.
(a) Vallabhbhai Patel
(b) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
(c) Sachchidanand Sinha
(d) J.B.Kriplani
Answer: (b) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
In simple words: Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad was the very first person to lead the education department of India after the country became free in 1947.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's birthday on November 11 is celebrated as National Education Day in India.

Question 3. _____ recommended increased provision in government’s budget for expenditure on education of neglected sections like the SC/ST.
(a) University Education Commission
(b) Mudaliar Commission
(c) National Council of Educational Research and Training
(d) Kothari Commission
Answer: (d) Kothari Commission
In simple words: The Kothari Commission suggested that the government should spend more money to help educate children from backward and neglected communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the Kothari Commission (1964-66) with major structural reforms and inclusive education policies in India.

Question 4. _______, a scientist with ISRO played an important role in providing satellite education.
(a) K. Kasturirangan
(b) Eknath Chitnis
(c) A. S. Kirankumar
(d) G. Madhavan Nair
Answer: (b) Eknath Chitnis
In simple words: Eknath Chitnis was a space scientist who helped use satellites to beam educational programs to classrooms across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the connection between ISRO, SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment), and Eknath Chitnis to easily recall this answer.

Question 5. In 1990 _____ started an audio-visual distance education programme through Akashwani and Doordarshan.
(a) ISRO
(b) NCERT
(c) IGNOU
(d) None of the options
Answer: (c) IGNOU
In simple words: IGNOU used radio (Akashwani) and television (Doordarshan) to teach students who were studying from home far away from colleges.

🎯 Exam Tip: IGNOU is India's pioneer open university, so any early distance education initiatives via mass media are highly likely to be linked to it.

Question 6. The National Institute for Research in Mathematical and Physical Sciences’ in ______ was established in 1962.
(a) Chandigarh
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer: (d) Tamil Nadu
In simple words: This institute, which focuses on advanced research in mathematics and physics, was started in the state of Tamil Nadu in 1962.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that this institute (now known as the Institute of Mathematical Sciences or IMSc) is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Question 7. India’s first IIT was setup at _______ at West Bengal in 1951.
(a) Kharagpur
(b) Midnapore
(c) Hooghly
(d) Howrah
Answer: (a) Kharagpur
In simple words: The very first Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) was started in Kharagpur, West Bengal, to provide high-quality engineering education.

🎯 Exam Tip: IIT Kharagpur was the pioneer of the IIT system in India, established just after independence in 1951.

Identify and Write the Wrong Pair in the Following Sets:

Question 1.
(1) TCS - obtained an American contract for software production.
(2) FTII - Systematic training in all aspects of film-making.
(3) C-DAC - developed Param - 8000
(4) IIM - imparting training in industrial design.
Answer: Wrong Pair: IIM - imparting training in industrial design. The National Institute of Design (NID) is actually the institute that imparts training in industrial design, whereas IIMs focus on management education.
In simple words: The incorrect pair is IIM because IIMs are famous for business and management studies, not industrial design.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, always write the correct pair/explanation alongside identifying the wrong pair to show the examiner you fully understand the concept.

Question 2.
(1) The Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer - Branch of Tata Memorial Centre

Question 2. Identify the wrong pair:
(2) AIIMS – advanced education and research in medicine.
(3) DPEP – Charts showing learning competencies upto Std.V
(4) National Policy on Education 1986 – Common core curriculum was framed for all states.
Answer: Wrong Pair : DPEP – Charts showing learning competencies upto Std.
In simple words: The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started to make primary education reach everyone, not just to make charts of learning levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the abbreviations and their main objectives to easily spot the incorrect match in history exams.

Question 3. Identify the wrong pair:
(1) National Institute of Design – Ahmedabad
(2) Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education – Pune
(3) The National Institute for Research in the Mathematical and Physical Science – Delhi
(4) Indian Institute of Technology – West Bengal
Answer: Wrong Pair: The National Institute for Research in the Mathematical and Physical Science – Delhi
In simple words: This institute is actually located in Chennai, not Delhi, making it the incorrect pair in this list.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the headquarters and locations of major national educational institutes as they are frequently asked in matching questions.

Question 4. Identify the wrong pair:
(1) J.P. Naik – Kothari Commission
(2) P. Parthasarthy – Committee on Open University
(3) Sayyad Rauf – Drafted common state wide curriculum
(4) Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan – Director of NCERT.
Answer: Wrong Pair : Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan – Director of NCERT.
In simple words: Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was a famous philosopher and India's second President, not the Director of NCERT.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key historical figures with their correct educational committees or roles to avoid confusion in objective questions.

Question 5. Identify the wrong pair:
(1) Dave Committee – minimum levels of learning.
(2) The Art Department – designing workbooks and hand books.
(3) Kosbad project – Education of Adivasis
(4) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Promote scientific research.
Answer: Wrong Pair : The Art Department – designing workbooks and hand books.
In simple words: Designing workbooks and handbooks is not the job of the Art Department, but rather of specialized academic boards.

🎯 Exam Tip: Read each option carefully and think about the primary function of the department or committee mentioned to identify the wrong pair.

Question 6. Identify the wrong pair:
(1) MSCERT – Jeevan Shikshan
(2) Balbharati – Kishor
(3) The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education – Countrywide classroom.
Answer: Wrong Pair: The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education – Countrywide classroom.
In simple words: The "Countrywide Classroom" program is an initiative of the UGC (University Grants Commission) and not the Maharashtra State Board.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that educational television programs like Countrywide Classroom are managed at the national level by the UGC.

Question 6. Identify the wrong pair:
(4) SITE – Satellite Education.
Answer: Wrong Pair : The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education – Countrywide classroom. The Countrywide classroom program was actually initiated by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
In simple words: The Maharashtra State Board is not connected to the Countrywide classroom project, which was started by the UGC.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that the Countrywide classroom was a television education project broadcast by the UGC, not the State Board.

Question 7. Identify the wrong pair:
(1) Tarabai Modak – Kuranshalas
(2) Anutai Wagh – Kosbad Projects
(3) Eknath Chitnis – Education Minister
(4) R. H. Dave – Competency based Primary Education Curriculum.
Answer: Wrong Pair: Eknath Chitnis – Education Minister. Eknath Chitnis was a renowned space scientist who played a key role in the SITE project, not an Education Minister.
In simple words: Eknath Chitnis was a scientist, not the Education Minister, making this the incorrect pair.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to historical figures and their specific contributions to avoid confusion in match-the-following questions.

Complete the Concept Maps:

Question 1. Objectives of Education:
Answer:
• Modernisation of Education
• Social and national Integration
• Nurture of social, moral, spiritual values
• Education and Productivity
• Securing and strengthening of democracy
In simple words: The main goals of education are to modernize learning, unite the nation, teach good values, boost productivity, and protect democracy.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing points for a concept map, list them clearly using bullet points to ensure you cover all key aspects of the diagram.

Question 2. Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homeopathy:
Answer:
• Ayurveda
• Yoga and Naturopathy
• Unani
• Siddha
• Homeopathy
In simple words: This council was established to research and develop traditional Indian medical systems like Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the five branches of traditional medicine under this council as they are frequently asked in objective questions.

Question 2. Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homeopathy
Answer: In 1969, the Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homeopathy was established to develop research in these fields. It was later replaced by three independent institutions:
• Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
• Central Council for Research in Homeopathy
• Central Council for Research in Yoga and Nature Cure This restructuring allowed for more specialized research and development in each specific branch of alternative medicine.
In simple words: In 1969, a single council was set up for Indian medicine and homeopathy, which was later split into three separate councils to focus on Unani, Homeopathy, and Yoga & Nature Cure individually.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year 1969 and list all three replacement councils accurately to secure full marks.

Question 3. Departments of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute:
Answer: The key departments and features of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) include:
• Agriculture sector and research
• Economic botany
• Agricultural sciences
• Wheat, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables
• Well equipped laboratories
• Soil Sciences These departments work together to modernize farming techniques and improve crop yields across the nation.
In simple words: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute has various departments that study different areas like soil, crops, botany, and research labs to help improve farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Presenting these departments in a neat bulleted list or a web diagram helps make your answer clear and easy to grade.

Question 4. Role of Dave Committee:
Answer: The role and contributions of the Dave Committee (under Chairman R. H. Dave) include:
• Determine minimum levels of learning.
• Charts showed sequence of learning of the competencies meant for each class.
• Developed charts of minimum levels of learning for language, mathematics and environmental studies. This systematic approach helped standardize primary education across different regions.
In simple words: The Dave Committee helped set the basic learning standards and created charts to show what students should learn in language, math, and environmental studies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the three key subjects—language, mathematics, and environmental studies—to score full marks on this topic.

Question 5. Features of the IIT
Answer: The main features of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) are:
• Established to promote higher education and research in engineering and technology.
• Granted the status of 'Institutes of National Importance' and academic autonomy.
• Offer world-class B.Tech, M.Tech, and doctoral research programs.
• Equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories, funding, and highly qualified faculty. These institutes have played a pivotal role in building India's technical workforce and global reputation.
In simple words: IITs are top-level engineering colleges in India that have special freedom to design their own courses and focus heavily on advanced research.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key terms like 'academic autonomy' and 'Institutes of National Importance' when describing the features of IITs.

Question 5. Features of IIT
Answer: The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are premier institutions established to foster world-class engineering education in India. The key features of IITs are:

• Established: 1951
• Aim: To advance education in Engineering
• Courses offered: B Tech and M Tech
• Locations: Kharagpur, Powai, Chennai, Kanpur, New Delhi, Guwahati, Roorkee

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the establishment year (1951) and the main courses offered to score full marks in features-based questions.

Question 6. IIMs in India
Answer: The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) are top-tier business schools located across various cities in India. The major locations of IIMs in India include:

• Ahmedabad
• Kolkata
• Bengaluru
• Lucknow
• Kozhikode
• Indore
• Shillong

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering at least four to five major cities where IIMs are located will help you write a complete answer easily.

Question 7. Concept map of basic responsibilities of NCERT
Answer: The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) plays a pivotal role in shaping the school education system in India. The basic responsibilities of NCERT are:

• Educational research and development
• Training
• Extension
• Educational programme
• Restructuring of School curriculums and textbooks

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on key terms like 'curriculum restructuring' and 'educational research' as these are core keywords examiners look for.

Write Short Notes:

Question 1. AIIMS
Answer:
(i) The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) was established to give further impetus to advanced education and research in medicine.
(ii) It was given the responsibility of undergraduate and post-graduate courses in medicine.
(iii) Colleges for undergraduate and postgraduate education in most branches of medicine, good research facilities and well-equipped hospitals are the significant features of this institute.
(iv) The institute also provides medical treatment to the common people at nominal rates. This ensures that quality healthcare is accessible to everyone regardless of their financial status.
(v) It has established special colleges for training in nursing, and super-speciality centres for treatment of disorders of the heart, brain and eyes.
(vi) For further development of the medical field, the Medical Council of India was restructured in 1958 and was entrusted with the task of determining criteria for quality of medical education, its supervision and inspection.
In simple words: AIIMS was set up to provide top-quality medical education, research, and affordable healthcare to everyone. It trains doctors and nurses while offering advanced treatments for serious illnesses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention key functions of AIIMS like medical research, training, and affordable treatment to score full marks.

Question 2. Achievements of CSIR
Answer:
(i) In the post-independence period in 1950, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was established with the objective to promote scientific research in the country and to take the benefits of the research to all the people.
(ii) The achievements of the CSIR include making the ink used for marking voters’ fingers during elections, medicines for malaria, elephantiasis and tuberculosis, water purification technology, reduction in the time required for bamboo production. These innovations directly helped improve the daily lives of citizens across India.
(iii) It also used DNA fingerprinting for the first time in India, conducted a genetic study of the Adivasis of the Andamans and proved that those tribes are 60,000 years old and developed the earthquake early warning system.
In simple words: CSIR is a scientific group in India that has made many useful things, like election ink, medicines for diseases, and clean water systems. They also did important research on DNA and created earthquake warning systems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to list specific achievements like voter ink, DNA fingerprinting, and malaria medicines as they are highly valued by examiners.

Question 3. NCERT
Answer:
(i) National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) was established in Delhi on the 1st of September 1961. This establishment marked a significant milestone in India's educational history.
(ii) Its main objective is to help the Central Government in matters of school education in the context of a comprehensive policy and in implementing educational schemes. The NCERT was given the responsibility of educational research and development, training, extension, educational programmes, restructuring of school curriculum and textbooks.
(iii) It has played a central role in designing school curricula and textbooks with the cooperation of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
(iv) It provides guidance and cooperation in the area of primary and secondary education to the state governments.
(v) It has been involved in designing workbooks and handbooks for teachers, in teacher training, in developing teaching-learning techniques and conducting talent search examinations at the national level.
In simple words: NCERT is a national organization set up in 1961 to improve school education in India. It helps the government make policies, designs textbooks, and trains teachers to make learning better for students.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention the exact establishment date (1st September 1961) and its primary role in designing school curricula to secure full marks.

Read the Passage and Answer the Questions Based on It

Passage I

National Council of Educational Research and Training. This body was established in Delhi on the 1st of September 1961. Its main objective is to help the Central Government in matters of school education in the context of a comprehensive policy and in implementing educational schemes. The NCERT was given the

responsibility of educational research and development, training, extension, educational programmes, restructuring of school curriculum and textbooks. It has played a central role in designing school curricula and textbooks with the cooperation of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It provides guidance and cooperation in the area of primary and secondary education to the state governments. It has been involved in designing workbooks and handbooks for teachers, in teacher training, in developing teaching-learning techniques and conducting talent search examinations at the national level.

SCERTs were established in all States on the lines of the NCERT. The Maharashtra State Council of Educational ‘Research and Training was established in Pune, This institute performs various functions such as , improving the standard of primary education, in service training of teachers, training in the areas of syllabii and evaluation, vocational guidance for students after Std X and Std XII exams and other , educational functions This institute is known as the , academic authority. It brings out a periodical called Jeevan Sikshan. ‘

Question 1. What was the main objective behind establishment of NCERT?
Answer: The main objective behind establishment of NCERT is to help the central government in matters of school education in the context of a comprehensive policy and in implementing educational schemes. This collaborative effort ensures uniform educational standards across the nation.
In simple words: NCERT was set up to guide and help the central government make good plans and rules for school education across India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both 'helping the central government' and 'implementing educational schemes' to secure full marks.

Question 2. SCERT was established only in Maharashtra State on the lines of the NCERT. Identify True or False.
Answer: False. SCERTs were actually established across all states in India to support regional educational needs.
In simple words: SCERTs were set up in all states of India, not just in Maharashtra, to help improve local school education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that SCERTs exist in all states, modeled after the national-level NCERT, so statements claiming they are exclusive to one state are false.

Question 3. State 4 research institutes in India.
Answer: Following are the 4 research institutes in India:
• Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.
• Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
• Indian Council of Medical Research.
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
These premier institutions play a vital role in advancing scientific knowledge and technological innovation in the country.
In simple words: These are four major government centers in India that do important research in science, medicine, agriculture, and atomic energy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Write the full and correct names of all four institutes clearly to avoid losing marks.

Passage II

National Policy on Education 1986: According to this policy, certain changes of a fundamental nature were brought about in primary, secondary and higher secondary education in keeping with the changing needs of society. Under this policy, a common core curriculum was framed for all States. The expectation is that, by this means, all students in India will get equal educational opportunity. There is scope in the national curriculum for individual States to bring in flexibility in accordance with their cultural, geographical and historical needs.
The ‘Primary Education Curriculum 1988’ was prepared on the basis of the plan of action designed at the national level for the effective implementation of the National Policy on Education 1986. The competency based primary Education curriculum 1995: Even as the Primary Education Curriculum, 1988 was being implemented, a Committee was formed at the national level with Dr. R. H. Dave as its Chairman, to determine minimum levels of learning. The Dave Committee developed charts of minimum levels of learning in language, mathematics and environmental studies up to Std V. The charts showed the sequence of learning of the competencies meant for each class.
Use of a satellite: In 1975, India met with success in its attempt to use a satellite for the purpose of education. Eknath Chitnis, a scientist with ISRO, played an important role in it.
SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) was undertaken for educational purposes under the leadership of the Space Applications Centre at Ahmedabad. The concept of satellite education came out of this experiment. America had helped India in this programme. The programme helped to make provisions for a good standard of education in rural areas.

Question 1. What was done to implement the National Policy on Education 1986?
Answer: For the effective implementation of National Policy on Education 1986, the Primary Education Curriculum 1988 was prepared on the basis of the action plan formulated at the National level. This curriculum aimed to standardize primary education across different states.
In simple words: To put the 1986 education policy into action, a special primary school study plan was created in 1988. This plan was based on a national strategy to help all children get a similar education.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both the "Primary Education Curriculum 1988" and the "action plan at the national level" to secure full marks.

Question 2. How did the Dave committee determine the minimum levels of learning?
Answer: The Dave Committee determined the minimum levels of learning by developing charts of minimum levels of learning in language, mathematics, and environmental studies up to Std V. These charts clearly showed the sequence of learning of the competencies meant for each class to ensure systematic progress.
In simple words: The Dave Committee made charts for subjects like language, math, and environmental studies up to class 5. These charts showed exactly what skills a student should learn step-by-step in each class.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to list the three subjects (language, mathematics, and environmental studies) and mention "up to Std V" for complete accuracy.

Question 3. Who is your favourite educationist? State his/ her educational ideas which impacted the society.
Answer:
(i) My favourite educationists are Rabindranath Tagore, Dr. Annie Besant and Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan. Their contributions have deeply shaped modern educational philosophy.
(ii) They all enlightened the society with their educational ideas and deeds. Dr. Annie Besant in particular was iconic.
(iii) Her ideas of education were imbibed with political freedom, women’s liberation and universal brotherhood. Her teachings of ‘Home Rule’ and ‘theosophy’ impacted our society during British Rule. She taught these ideas through political lectures to motivate the youth.
In simple words: My favourite educationists are thinkers like Dr. Annie Besant, who believed education should bring freedom and equality. She used her lectures to inspire young people and improve society.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about an educationist, clearly list their core values like freedom, equality, or social reform to score full marks.

Answer the Following Questions in Detail:

Question 1. What does the District Primary Education Programme envisage?
Answer:
(i) In 1994, the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started with the objective of universalisation of primary education. It was implemented in seven States including Maharashtra.
(ii) The plan envisaged 100% attendance in primary schools, arresting student drop-out, education for girls and for the physically handicapped. This comprehensive approach aimed to leave no child behind.
(iii) It included programmes such as research on and evaluation of primary education, alternative education, creating societal awareness, etc.
In simple words: The DPEP was a program started in 1994 to make sure every child gets primary education. It focused on keeping kids in school, helping girls and disabled children, and spreading awareness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention the year (1994) and the key goals like 100% attendance and reducing drop-out rates to get full marks.

Question 2. State the contribution of Tarabai Modak in educating adivasis.
Answer:
(i) Tarabai Modak did pioneering work in the field of adivasi education in Maharashtra, particularly in the Thane district. She dedicated her life to bringing learning to marginalized tribal communities.
(ii) She established the Kosbad Hill Project and started Balwadis (preschools) and creches to provide early childhood education to adivasi children.
(iii) She also introduced innovative 'Meadow Schools' (Kuranshalas) so that children could learn while grazing their cattle, making education flexible and accessible.
In simple words: Tarabai Modak helped educate tribal children by starting preschools and special "Meadow Schools." These schools allowed children to learn even while they were working or looking after cattle.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key terms like "Kosbad Hill Project" and "Meadow Schools (Kuranshalas)" are crucial keywords that examiners look for in this answer.

Question 2. Explain the contribution of Tarabai Modak in the field of education.
Answer:
(i) Tarabai Modak began work in the field of education in Bordi and Kosbad.
(ii) She started Anganwadis for Adivasi children.
(iii) She worked hard to bring in the Teaming by doing’ method, to start kuranshalas (meadow schools) and to spread vocational technical education. Her pioneering efforts laid the foundation for early childhood education in rural areas.
In simple words: Tarabai Modak worked to educate tribal children by starting Anganwadis and meadow schools where they could learn by doing practical activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight terms like "Anganwadis", "kuranshalas (meadow schools)", and "Teaming by doing" to score full marks.

Question 3. What purpose did the Kosbad Project serve?
Answer:
(i) Anutai Wagh established an institution at Kosbad for the progress of Adivasis in Thane district.
(ii) It is known as the Kosbad Project.
(iii) She started creches, nurseries, primary schools, adult education classes, balsevika training schools, etc. for the education of Adivasis. Anutai dedicated her life to the upliftment of tribal communities through these educational initiatives.
In simple words: The Kosbad Project was started by Anutai Wagh to help tribal people (Adivasis) get an education. She set up schools, nurseries, and training centers to support their growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the name of Anutai Wagh and list at least three types of educational institutions she started to secure full marks.

Question 4. What was proposed by the Mudaliar Commission?
Answer:
(i) In 1952-53, the Mudaliar Commission was appointed.
(ii) At that time, the pattern of education consisted of 11 + 4 years for the first degree or of 11 + 1 + 3 years.
(iii) The Commission studied secondary education, the nature of the curriculum, medium of instruction, teaching methodology and made certain recommendations.
(iv) This Commission proposed the concept of Higher Secondary Education. However, it was found difficult to implement it all over the country. This recommendation laid the groundwork for future structural reforms in Indian education.
In simple words: The Mudaliar Commission was set up to study high school education and suggested starting 'Higher Secondary Education' (junior college), though it was hard to implement everywhere at first.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state the year of appointment (1952-53) and the core proposal of "Higher Secondary Education" as key grading points.

Question 5. State the recommendation of Kothari Commission.
Answer:
(i) The Kothari Commission recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary and university education. This system was implemented from 1972.
(ii) The Commission also suggested a uniform national system of education, the inclusion of the mother tongue, Hindi and English in education, as well as work experience and social service.
In simple words: The Kothari Commission recommended the 10+2+3 school system we use today. It also suggested teaching in regional languages, Hindi, and English, and adding practical work experience to school.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention the "10+2+3 pattern" and the implementation year "1972" as these are highly crucial keywords for this answer.

Question 6. What do you know about the Education Board of your state?
Answer:
(i) The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education was established on the 1st of January 1966 at Pune. This board plays a vital role in shaping the academic curriculum for millions of students across the state.
(ii) This Board conducts the school leaving examinations of Std. X and Std. XII.
(iii) It also publishes a periodical called ‘Shikshan Sankraman’.
In simple words: The Education Board of Maharashtra was set up in 1966 in Pune. It is responsible for conducting the 10th and 12th board exams and publishing an educational journal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the establishment year (1966) and location (Pune) as these are frequently asked in objective questions.

Question 7. State the functions of MSCERT.
Answer:
(i) The Maharashtra State Council of Educational Research and Training was established in Pune. It acts as the academic authority for elementary education in the state.
(ii) This institute performs various functions such as improving the standard of primary education, in-service training of teachers, training in the areas of syllabi and evaluation, vocational guidance for students after Std X and Std XII exams and other educational functions.
In simple words: MSCERT is an educational institute in Pune that helps improve primary school education. It trains teachers, designs syllabus patterns, and guides students after their board exams.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, list at least three distinct functions of MSCERT, such as teacher training, syllabus design, and student guidance.

Question 8. How did the concept of satellite education evolve in India?
Answer:
(i) SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) was undertaken for educational purposes under the leadership of the Space Applications Centre at Ahmedabad. This pioneering project laid the foundation for modern distance learning in the country.
(ii) The concept of satellite education came out of this experiment. America had helped India in this programme.
(iii) The programme helped to make provisions for a good standard of education in rural areas.
In simple words: India started using satellites for education through an experiment called SITE, with help from America. This experiment made it possible to beam quality educational programs to remote rural schools.

🎯 Exam Tip: Make sure to mention the full form of SITE and the city Ahmedabad to secure maximum marks.

Question 9. Discuss the responsibilities of Indian Council for Medical Research.
Answer:
(i) Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) was established for conducting research in the medical field. This council plays a pivotal role in shaping health policies and medical standards in India.
(ii) It was given the responsibility of cooperating with universities, medical colleges, government and non-government research institutes and giving them guidance and financial support for research activities.
In simple words: The ICMR is a national body responsible for conducting, coordinating, and funding medical research across various colleges and institutes in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, clearly highlight the two main functions: conducting medical research and providing financial/academic support to other institutions.

Question 10. Which institute works for advanced research in cancer?
Answer: The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer is a branch of the Tata Memorial Centre. It functions as the national centre for treatment, research and education in relation to cancer. This institution is highly regarded globally for its pioneering work in oncology.
In simple words: The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) is the main national institute that does advanced research and treatment for cancer.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember to mention that this institute is a branch of the Tata Memorial Centre, as this is a key detail examiners look for.

Observe the Pictures/Personality and Write Relevant Information:

Question 1.
Answer:
(i) Kothari Commission recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary and university education. This structure helped standardize the educational framework across different states.
(ii) The objectives of Education were:

• Modernisation of Education.
• Social and national integration.
• Nurture of social, moral, spiritual values.
• Education and Productivity.
• Securing and strengthening of democracy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the 10+2+3 pattern and at least three objectives of education recommended by the Kothari Commission as they are frequently asked in exams.

• A uniform national system of education
• inclusion of mother tongue (along with Hindi and English)
• Continuing education
• Adult education
• Education by correspondence
• Open Universities.

Question 2. Write a short note on Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).
Answer:
(1) The open university was established with the objective that the stream of education should make its way into every average household of the country.
(2) In 1974, the government appointed a committee under the chairmanship of P. Parthasarthy and open university took shape on 20th September 1985 in accordance with its recommendations and suggestions. It was named after Prime Minister – Indira Gandhi.
(3) In 1990, IGNOU started an audio-visual distance education programme through Akashwani and Doordarshan.
(4) It provides facilities for education through 58 centres in the country and 41 centres in foreign countries. This initiative has made higher education highly accessible to diverse learners.
In simple words: IGNOU was set up in 1985 to bring college education to everyone's doorstep, especially those who cannot attend regular classes. It uses TV, radio, and many study centers in India and abroad to help students learn from home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the establishment year (1985), the committee chairman (P. Parthasarthy), and the use of audio-visual media to score full marks.

Question 3. Write a short note on Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
Answer:
(1) The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was established in India during the post-independence period to promote scientific research.
(2) It started research in fields like physics, chemistry, drugs, food technology, and metallurgy to help Indian industries grow.
(3) CSIR played a major role in reducing India's dependence on imports by developing indigenous technologies.
(4) It also helped in preparing the patent database of traditional Indian knowledge like turmeric and neem. This research has greatly strengthened India's scientific self-reliance.
In simple words: CSIR is a national organization that conducts scientific research to help Indian industries and develop local technologies so that India does not have to rely on other countries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight CSIR's role in promoting indigenous technology and protecting traditional Indian knowledge through patents.

Question. Write a short note on the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
Answer:
(1) CSIR was established with the objective to promote scientific research in the country and to take the benefits of the research to all the people.
(2) CSIR conducted research in fields like:
• Physics, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, food processing and mining
(3) The achievements of CSIR include:
• Making the ink used for marking voter’s fingers during elections
• Medicines for malaria, elephantiasis and tuberculosis
• water purifying technology
• DNA fingerprinting for the first time in India.
(4) CSIR has prepared a digital encylopoedia of Indian traditional knowledge and made it available in eight international languages. This initiative helps protect India's ancient heritage from patent piracy.
In simple words: CSIR is an Indian government group that does scientific research to help everyday people. They have made important things like voting ink, medicines, and clean water systems, and they also saved traditional Indian knowledge in a digital library.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about CSIR, make sure to list its key achievements like voter's ink and DNA fingerprinting, as these specific examples carry maximum marks.

12th Secretarial Practice Chapter 2 Exercise Sources Of Corporate Finance Practical Problems Solutions Maharashtra Board