Maharashtra Board Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Social Movements in India Solutions

1A. Complete the Following Statements by Choosing the Correct Alternative Given in the Brackets and Rewrite It.

 

Question 1. The Chipko Movement is for ____________
(a) women’s empowerment
(b) labour rights
(c) saving the environment
Answer: (c) saving the environment
In simple words: The Chipko Movement was a famous environmental conservation movement where villagers hugged trees to protect them from being cut down.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the word 'Chipko' (which means to hug) with hugging trees to easily remember its connection to environmental protection.

Question 2. The Bhartiya Lok Dal was started in the year ____________ (1954, 1964, 1974)
Answer: 1974
In simple words: The Bhartiya Lok Dal political party was established in the year 1974.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the establishment years of major political parties as they are frequently asked in fill-in-the-blanks.

 

1B. Correct the Incorrect Pair and Rewrite It.

 

Question 1.
(a) Women’s Movement – Gender equality
(b) International Decade of Women – From 1991-2001
(c) Towards Equality – Report on the Status of Women in India
(d) Feminist Movements – India after Independence
Answer: (b) International Decade of Women – 1975-1985
In simple words: The United Nations declared the years 1975 to 1985 as the International Decade of Women to focus on women's rights globally.

🎯 Exam Tip: When correcting pairs, write the entire correct pair clearly to ensure you get full marks.

 

1C. Identify the Appropriate Term From the Given Options in the Box and Rewrite It Against the Given Statement.

S. A. Dange, Sarala Devi, Medha Patkar

 

Question 1. Leader of Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Answer: Medha Patkar
In simple words: Medha Patkar is the famous social activist who led the movement to protect the Narmada river and its people.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate key social movements with their prominent leaders to easily answer match-the-following questions.

 

Question 2. Significant role in the Trade Union Movement.
Answer: S. A. Dange
In simple words: S. A. Dange was an important leader who played a major role in fighting for workers' rights in India's trade unions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that S. A. Dange was a key founder of early trade union organizations in India.

 

1D. Correct Underlined Words and Complete the Statement.

 

Question 1. The first Kisan Congress held in 1935 led to the establishment of the United Trade Union Congress.
Answer: All India Kisan Sabha
In simple words: The first meeting of farmers in 1935 led to the creation of the All India Kisan Sabha to fight for farmers' rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: Underline the corrected word in your final answer sheet so the examiner can easily spot it.

 

Question 2. The Women’s Indian Association was formed in Bombay.
Answer: The Women’s Indian Association was formed in Madras. This organization played a pioneering role in addressing women's rights and literacy in India.
In simple words: The Women's Indian Association was actually established in Madras (now Chennai), not in Bombay.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Madras was the key hub for the early activities of the Women's Indian Association.

Write Short Notes

 

Question 1. Farmers’ Movement
Answer: Early Agitations: the early part of British rule was marked by an exploitative revenue system and zamindari system. Many small cultivators lost their rights over their hereditary land and resources. The famines and natural calamities during this period increased Indebtedness and exploitation This led to massive discontent among farmer Several revolts like the Deccan riots against money lenders, the upsurge by Bengal tenants against Zamindari, the Punjab Kisan struggles against money lenders, etc, took place during this period, two peasant struggles led by the National Congress the Champaran Struggle in Bihar against Indigo planters and the Satyagraha movement of the peasants in against collection of land revenue in a situation of crop failure

The emergence of Kisan Sabhas: many Kisan Sabhas were organised in Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh to revolt against the initiative taken by the Congress party to support the interests of landlords. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, to oppose zamindari system Two struggles of the peasantry of the Bardoli district (Gujarat) broke out in succession which resulted in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (ALKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936. In Punjab, the farmers’ movement erupted under the leadership of Raja Mahendra Pratap. The Ghadar party played a very important role in mobilising farmers and peasants of Punjab together. In Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi led the struggle of poor farmers against the British government in Kheda. In the Southern belt, the struggle erupted. These widespread agitations laid the foundation for organized peasant movements across the nation.
In simple words: During British rule, farmers faced heavy taxes and lost their lands, leading to many local revolts. Over time, they formed organized groups called Kisan Sabhas to fight for their rights together across different states.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly divide your answer into 'Early Agitations' and 'Emergence of Kisan Sabhas' to make it structured and easy for the examiner to read.

 

Question 2. Characteristics of Social Movement
Answer: Social movement means when a group of people come together in an organized way, in order to bring change in society. Social Movements are different in nature, features, pace, and operations. These movements often arise when people feel their voices are not being heard through traditional channels. The important characteristics of Social Movements are:

Essentially collective in nature: Social movement is not an individual action. It involves collective action. A group collectively has to be part of the movement. A collective action that creates interest and awakening in a relatively large number of people.

Planned and deliberate action: Social movements have to be preplanned to be executed effectively. Movements are deliberate initiatives and not spontaneous or sudden in nature.
In simple words: A social movement is when a large group of people work together in a planned way to bring about a change in society. It is never done by just one person and requires careful planning to be successful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define what a social movement is before listing its characteristics, and highlight key terms like 'collective nature' and 'planned action' to score full marks.

Ideology and Objectives: A social movement is backed by an ideology. The ideology guides the course of the movement. There are set objectives and goals to achieve to bring about change in the social system.

Social Change: Social movements are oriented towards bringing about a change. It usually demands a change in the already established order or it resists change initiated by the authorities.

Leadership: Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. The organisation must include leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and how to carry them. Leaders are must for guidance and person who influences others to accomplish the mission.

Write Differences

 

Question 1. Pre-Independence and Post-Independence periods of the Women’s Movement in India.
Answer:

Pre-Independence period of women’s movement	Post-Independence period of women’s movement
(i) Pre-Independence period of the women’s movement overlapped with the Social Reform Movement in many ways.	(i) Post-Independence period of the women’s movement witnessed several issues like tribal unrest, economic crisis, which took away the singular focus of the women’s movement.
(ii) Pre-Independence movements challenged the customary practices which were discriminatory and revolted mainly against human rights violations in the form of Sati and ill-treatment of widows.	(ii) Post-Independence movements focused more on violence against women, sex stereotyping, and further legislative demands for equality of women.
(iii) Pre-Independence movements were led by social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar who fought for women's rights.	(iii) Post-Independence movements have mobilised masses in the form of autonomous women's groups and non-governmental organizations.

In simple words: Before independence, the women's movement focused on stopping bad customs like Sati and was led by male social reformers. After independence, women organized themselves to fight against modern issues like domestic violence, unequal pay, and gender stereotyping.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing differences, present your answer in a clear tabular format with matching points on both sides to secure full marks.

Pre-Independence Movement	Post-Independence Movement
Rammohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, Maharshi Karve, and so on.	women’s organisation, NGOs, SEWA, etc.
(iv) Pre-Independence movement needed the voice of others (social reformers) for the problems to be spoken.	(iv) Post-independence movement women are educated and aware and are ready to speak up for themselves.
(v) Pre-Independence movement lacked revolutionary social media.	(v) Social media plays a major role during the Post-Independence movement where these movements can reach across the globe and mobilised the youth on a large scale.
(vi) The Pre-Independence movement was more of a socio-religious movement.	(vi) The Post-Independence movement was more progressive in nature.

Explain the Following Concepts with Examples

 

Question 1. Social Movement
Answer: A social movement is a collective action to change or influence the existing social system by a group. Herbert Blumer has defined the social movement as “Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life.”

A social movement is defined as a collectively acting with some continuity to promote ore resist a change in the society or group of which it is a part. Some movements are directed to modify certain aspects of the existing social order whereas others may aim to change it completely. These collective efforts often gain momentum when individuals realize they share common grievances.

A social movement is an organised effort of a large group of people to achieve a particular goal typically a social or political or political one, this may be to carry out resistance or undo a social change.

It is a collective challenge to the authorities organised group of people to come together to establish a new order of life.
In simple words: A social movement is when a group of people join together to bring about a change in society or to stop a change they do not like. It is their collective effort to make the world a better place.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, clearly state the definition of a social movement, mention a sociologist's definition (like Herbert Blumer), and explain its core purpose of promoting or resisting change.

Examples

• Environmental movements like the Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan organised to protect and preserve our environment.
• Workers movement to protest against the exploit action done on workers like the minimisation of wages, poor working conditions, etc. by the industrialisation factory owners.
• Reform Movements – Arya Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Peasant Movements, Backward Castes Movement, etc.

 

Question 2. Environmental Movement
Answer: Gadgil and Guha have defined Environmental Movement as, “An organised social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of the natural resource, halting environmental degradation or bringing about environmental restoration.” The terms Green Movement, Conservation Movement are also used alternatively to refer to the Environmental Movement.

Environmental Movement, is centered around a genuine concern for the conservation and improvement of the habitat around us, more specifically the environment and civilization. These movements often highlight the deep connection between human survival and nature.

Environmental Movement as an organized social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of natural resources halting Environmental degradation or bringing about Environmental restoration.

Environmental Movement has utilized non-violent ways to fight on issues like sustainable management of natural resources, protection of the Environment many movements are centered on ecology, tribal rights, human rights, ecofeminism, etc.

Environmental Movements are highly organised, its scope is wide ranges from being local to the global level.

The environmental movement surrounds issues related to ecology, health, human rights, tribal rights eco-feminism etc.
In simple words: The environmental movement is a collective effort by people to protect nature from damage and ensure resources are used wisely. It uses peaceful methods to address issues like pollution, forest conservation, and the rights of local communities.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, make sure to write the definition given by Gadgil and Guha exactly as it is, highlighting keywords like 'sustainable use' and 'environmental restoration'.

Struggles Associated with Environmentalism

Harsh Sethi has presented five prominent categories of struggles associated with environmentalism, namely:

• Forest and forest resources
• Land use
• Water
• Anti-dam
• Against different types of pollution and marine resources

Examples of Environmental Movements

The Chipko Movement: The Chipko Movement took place in 1973 in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand where villagers and women in large numbers hugged the trees when the contractors reached the villages to cut the trees. This was to protest against deforestation and save the forest.

Narmada Bachao Andolan: When it was realised that the building of a dam would deprive local inhabitants of their livelihood and displace them, the need to mobilise and protest against such a venture was felt. In 1985, the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) emerged as one of the powerful resistance movements under the leadership of Medha Patkar.

5A. Complete the Concept Map.

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map based on the significant concerns of the 19th-century Indian Women's Movement:
• Central Node: Significant concerns of 19th century Indian Women's Movement
• Four surrounding empty nodes to be filled.
Answer:
The four major concerns of the 19th-century Indian Women's Movement were:

• Abolition of Sati
• Widow Remarriage
• Women's Education
• Child Marriage Prevention

These early reform efforts laid the foundational groundwork for modern gender equality struggles in India.
In simple words: In the 1800s, reformers focused on stopping harmful practices like Sati and child marriage, while working to help women get educated and allowing widows to remarry.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing concept maps, ensure all four boxes are filled with precise, textbook-aligned key terms to secure full marks.

Significant Concerns of 19th Century Indian Women's Movement

• Removal of Sati System
• Stop Female Infanticide
• Support Widow Remarriage
• Abolish Child Marriage

 

Give Your Personal Response

 

Question 1. Has the study of Environmental Education had any effect on your behaviour?
Answer: The study of environmental education has promoted pro-environmental behaviour which plays important role in solving the problem of the environment. It has increased concern about global and local environmental problems and issues.

Environmental education has created awareness about various environmental issues like how industrialisation and development have led to deforestation and after problems like various pollution, land sliding degradation that endangers our human life and society Above all it has made me release there is need to protect and preserve our environment. Learning about these ecological balances motivates us to make conscious choices every single day.

It has helped me to engage in environmental activism like taking shorter showers, reducing private transport, etc. It has taught us how to use the present and future resources optimally to avoid further depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, etc.

Field trips and cleanliness drive camp has taught us to keep our surrounding clean and preserve our natural resources for future. Environmental education has promoted a sense of community involvement in me and has helped me to understand how nature works.
In simple words: Studying environmental education has made me realize how human actions affect nature. It has encouraged me to adopt eco-friendly habits like saving water, reducing waste, and keeping my surroundings clean.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering personal response questions, connect theoretical knowledge with real-life actions you take, such as conserving water or planting trees, to show a practical understanding.

 

Question 2. Why is it important to raise social concerns through social movements?
Answer: Raising social concerns is vital for bringing positive transformations.
• In democratic societies, collective voice on various issues like rights, welfare, and well-being of people has brought changes in society.
• Social movements are collective actions of organised groups who have goals or a demand to change the existing system.
• For instance, during the women’s movement when various issues of consent like equal rights, education, women’s empowerment were raised they demanded a change in the existing system of authority.
• The result of their protest brought various changes. The Constitution of India and Indian law laid down measures for the protection of women’s rights, all these have improved the position of women in present times.
• So, when social concern is raised through social movement, it brings about changes in all aspects of society.
In simple words: Social movements help people join together to speak up against unfair things. When many people raise their voices together, it forces the government and society to make better laws and positive changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use real-world examples like the women's movement to illustrate how collective action leads to actual policy changes and constitutional protections.

7. Answer the Following Question in Detail (About 150-200 Words)

 

Question 1. ‘Social movements play an important role in bringing about changes in society. With reference to this statement, choose any two different social movements that you have studied and comment on:
(i) The Issues related to the movement, and
(ii) How the movement has brought about changes in Indian society.
Answer: A social movement is an organized effort by a significant number of people to change or resist change. It is a collective action where individuals work tirelessly for months, years, or decades together to change that has mobilised the social structure and social system of the society. These movements serve as powerful instruments of public expression and democratic participation.
The two movements that had a great impact in changing Indian society are:
(i) Women’s Movement
Women have suffered for countless centuries. The Women’s Movement is divided into three phases they are as follows:
The first phase covers the period of the 19th century where various social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule, Justice Govind Ranade and many reformers who challenge the unwanted customs like Sati, child marriage, and infanticide, paving the way for significant legal and social reforms.
In simple words: A social movement is when a large group of people works together over a long time to change unfair rules in society. For example, the women's movement in India fought against bad customs like child marriage to help women get equal rights and education.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering long-form questions, structure your response with clear subheadings or numbered points to make it easy for the examiner to read and award full marks.

Women's Movement and Workers' Movement in India

...widow remarriage, etc., their efforts and supports of British legislation various laws were enacted like Sati Prohibition Act (1829), The Widow Remarriage Act (1856), The Female Infanticide (Prevention) Act (1870) and so on.

The second phase of the movement gave a new look to the Women’s Movement, it leads to women participating in the liberation of women and freedom movement till the 20th century.

Feminists like Margaret Cousins formed the Women’s Indian Association, they came up with new ideas about education for women. Participation of women in various national movements like civil disobedience, satyagrahas, non-cooperation movement, etc., and the influence of Gandhian philosophy inspired women to speak up for themselves.

The third phase of the Women’s Movement shifted towards equality issues of patriarchy, violence against women, crime, dowry deaths, etc. In this phase, various women’s organisations, NGOs, etc. participated to fight for women’s rights and injustice done to them.

In the fourth phase, women from different walks of life joined their hands together in the mission of women’s empowerment in India. To summarise, women’s movements in India have certain ideologies and objectives like women’s liberation, right to education, struggle for equal rights, prevention of violence against women, and their empowerment. These have changed the position of women in India to a great extent.

 

(ii) Workers' Movement in India

Industrialization not only boomed the Indian economy but brought two classes in society i.e., the industrialist and the working class.

Modern Industry thrives on profit, which brought exploitation of workers. This occurred in terms of extraction of work, minimization of wages, long hours of work, delays in promotion, reduced wages, and poor working conditions.

These issues led to the formation of the Worker’s Movement in India.

History of the Indian Workers' Movement

The first phase of protest was a group of workers without planning and organization. In 1875 Shapurji Bengalee revolted against bad conditions of labour, his efforts resulted in the enactment of the First Factories Act 1881.

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande known as the father of the Indian workers’ movement set up the first workers’ organization in India i.e., The Bombay Mill hands association 1884, highlighted the problems of workers and passed resolutions to improve the conditions.

The second phase saw the formation of the Trade Union. Strikes became a Powerful Weapon in hands of labour, several strikes were seen from 1918 to 1920.

The Industrial disputes forced to organized Trade Union in India i.e., the establishment of AITUC- All India Trade Union Congress 1926, under the chairmanship of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bombay Textile Labour Union by N. M. Joshi first union to gets its recognition under Act in 1926.

Trade unions diversified on different ideologies, in order to bring in different coordination’s the National Trade Union Federation (NTUF) was established. Still, there were differences of opinion, in 1947s the Indian National UNION Congress (INUC) was established to safeguard and promote the rights of workers. Various trade unions emerged when Congress came into power, like the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), United Trade Union Congress (UTUC), and so on.

There were strikes and disputes between management and factory workers meantime came the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947, which used mechanisms like conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication, to resolve the conflicts between management and workers.

The workers’ movement lost its momentum after the 1970s. Textile industries went on strikes, the Great Bombay Textile Strike 1982, under the leadership of Datta Samant. The demands of the workers were a hike in wages, bonuses, scrapping of the Bombay Industrial act of 1947. The strike lasted for a long time and resulted in a negative impact on the industrial relations between labour, industry, and the government.

p>Further in recent times, the Ministry of Labour gave recognition to central trade union organizations like AITUC, INTUC, AND SEWA.

To sum up, the worker’s movement, began with philanthropists working for the betterment of workers, later on, workers themselves became leaders who started fighting for the workers’ rights, the role of government to solve disputes with globalization the role of the government has altered.

 

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 70)

 

Question. Small group discussion: Form groups of 5-7 students. Identify various forms of social injustice that you have observed in your village/town/locality. Make a list of the same. Find out names of various organisations that work to remove such injustices or which create awareness about the injustices. (For example, the problems faced by disabled persons, or migrants.)
Answer: List of social injustice found in Indian society.
The caste system, poverty, child labor, child marriage, low status of women, gender inequality at work, dowry system, the problem faced by women, the problem faced by slum children, migrants, disabled, etc.

(i) Social injustice seen among slum children’s
Form of social injustice we see in our nearby slum area such as lack of proper sanitation, safe drinking water, shortage of space, lack of quality education in municipal schools, high proportion of girls are dropouts to support their family, they work as domestic maids. Though there are legal measures to protect human rights we see child labour is on rampant in slums.

Smile Foundation, beginning in the corridors of education, it has adopted a lifecycle approach with intensive programmes which addresses the needs of less privileged children, their families and the larger community.

Asha for education projects deal with educational issues from pre-primary schooling to professional education in locations from urban slums to isolated rural areas. These organizations play a crucial role in bridging the gap between government policies and grassroots implementation.
In simple words: Social injustice includes problems like poverty, child labor, and lack of education for poor children. Organizations like Smile Foundation and Asha for Education work to help these children get better opportunities and schooling.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing social injustices, categorize them clearly and provide real-world examples of NGOs working to solve them to score maximum marks.

 

Question (ii) The problem faced by migrants
Answer: Migrants are more vulnerable to discrimination and exploitation as many of them are poor, illiterate, and live in slums and hazardous locations prone to disaster and natural calamities. There is a lack of urban policies and programmes catering to the needs and settlements of migrants. The National Domestic Workers’ Movement is one such initiative that actively works to protect the rights of these vulnerable migrant workers.
In simple words: Migrants often face unfair treatment and live in unsafe areas because they lack money and proper support. Programs like the National Domestic Workers' Movement help protect their rights.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing migrant issues, highlight key challenges like lack of urban policies, poverty, and vulnerability to exploitation to secure full marks.

 

Question (iii) Challenges faced by disability
Answer: Disabled face problem of loss of independence, transportation, accessibility issue, loss of independence, education, employment etc. Organizations like the Narayan Seva Sansthan, established in 1985, work as non-profit charitable organizations based in Udaipur, Rajasthan, providing philanthropic services in the field of treatment and rehabilitation of polio-affected people without discrimination of religion, region, caste, or gender.
In simple words: People with disabilities face many daily challenges like getting around, finding jobs, and getting an education. Groups like Narayan Seva Sansthan help them get treatment and support so they can live better lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention specific challenges like accessibility and employment, and use real-world examples like Narayan Seva Sansthan to make your answer stand out.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 72)

 

Question. Find out about women’s groups/NGOs in your locality (e.g. anganwadi women teachers, lesbian women, Dalit women’s groups, Muslim women’s organisations). Visit their organisation to find out about the work that they do. You may interview the group members or their volunteers, to find out about the nature of their work or outreach programmes, problems they face etc. Present your findings in class. Initiate a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Self Employed Women’s Association: SEWA is a trade union registered in 1972. It is an organisation of poor, self-employed women workers. These are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organised sector. They are the unprotected labour force of our country. Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers of the unorganised sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganised sector. However, their work is not counted and hence remains invisible. Supporting these women is crucial for achieving economic equality.
(ii) National Federation of Dalit Women (NFDW): All India Dalit Women Forum and Maharashtra Dalit Mahila Sangasthan etc., address the issues of women empowerment from socially marginalized communities.
In simple words: Women's organizations like SEWA and NFDW help self-employed and marginalized women get fair treatment, support, and recognition for their hard work. They aim to empower women who are often ignored by society.

🎯 Exam Tip: For activity-based questions, clearly list the names of the organizations (like SEWA and NFDW) and briefly explain their target groups and core objectives.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 75)

 

Question. Form groups of 6 students. Identify a workers’ movement in your locality or region. Make a PPT of 12 slides. The content should provide information on how they were established, the significant persons associated with the movement, their major output or successes, the challenges they faced. Make your presentation in class. All group members should discuss a minimum of 2-3 points. The presentation may be followed by a Q&A session.
Answer: The National Domestic Workers’ Movement [Registered as National Domestic Workers’ Welfare Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act 1950, Regd. No. E-17253-(Mumbai)] has been at the forefront of championing the rights of domestic workers, children in domestic work and migrant domestic workers, since 1985. It was founded by Dr. (Sr.) Jeanne Devos. NDWM encourages empowerment of domestic workers through solidarity, participation and leadership training. Together we work for the labour rights of domestic workers, seeking dignity and justice. This movement has successfully brought national attention to the plight of informal laborers.

The challenges faced by them are:
• The stigmatisation of domestic workers and their work.
• Total absence of Rights and Legal protection.
• Absence of training, support and bargaining power.

The objectives of the movement are:
• Dignity for domestic work and domestic workers.
• Rights and Legal Protection.
• Support and empowerment.
In simple words: The National Domestic Workers' Movement helps domestic helpers get fair treatment, respect, and legal rights. They work to stop unfair treatment and help workers stand up for themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: When presenting on social movements, highlight key challenges and objectives clearly to show a complete understanding of their impact.

 

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 77)

 

Question. Collect newspaper and journal reports on farmer suicides in the past year. Display this information on your class bulletin board.
Answer: Articles on farmer’s suicide for reference. Students should actively gather recent clippings from local newspapers to understand the socio-economic factors behind these tragic events.
In simple words: Find news articles about farmers who are struggling and share them on your classroom board to raise awareness.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use reliable news sources like national dailies or agricultural journals to collect authentic data for your bulletin board display.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 80)

 

Question.
(A) Have you heard of Greta Thunberg? Discuss the effect of her activism.
(B) View the film ‘Lakir ke is Taraf’ by Shilpa Ballal. Then have a class discussion.
Answer:
(A) Swedish climate youth activist Greta Thunberg, has received worldwide recognition for her efforts to fight climate change. With the simple message “School strike for climate” handwritten on poster board, she began skipping school on Fridays and protesting outside the Swedish Parliament. Thanks to social media, her actions have spread and influenced millions of young people all over the world to organise and protest. Her dedication has inspired global climate strikes and empowered youth voices everywhere.
(B) ‘Lakir ke is taraf’ a documentary made by Shilpa Ballal, highlights some of the concerns surrounding the Sardar Sarovar Project that led to the beginning of the Narmada Bachao Andolan in 1985. It is 85 minute documentary which enables viewers to understand the situation through the lens of the disadvantaged villagers, who were compelled to leave their ancestral property and witness the submergence of their homes, land and cattle.
In simple words: Greta Thunberg is a young activist who started a global movement for climate action by protesting outside her parliament. The film 'Lakir ke is taraf' shows how a major dam project forced villagers to leave their homes and lands.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing real-world personalities or documentaries, mention specific details like the cause they support and the impact of their work to score full marks.

 

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 81)

 

Question.
(i) Identify any 5 conservation/environmental initiatives (e.g. Go Green, Save the Forests, Save Aarey, Eco-friendly Ganpati)
(ii) Make group presentations in class about their aims, objectives, and activities.
(iii) This may be followed by a class discussion or home assignment.
Answer:
(i) Here are 5 conservation/environmental initiatives:
1. Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: A mass movement launched by the Prime Minister of India to clean up streets, roads, and infrastructure across the country.
2. Project Tiger: A wildlife conservation movement aimed at preserving the natural habitats of tigers and ensuring a viable population in India.
3. Save Aarey Movement: A citizen-led campaign to protect the Aarey forest area in Mumbai from deforestation and urban development.
4. Namami Gange Programme: An integrated conservation mission to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the national river Ganga.
5. Say No to Plastic Campaign: An initiative to reduce plastic pollution by encouraging people to use eco-friendly alternatives like cloth bags.
(ii) Group presentations can be prepared focusing on how these initiatives aim to protect biodiversity, reduce pollution, and promote sustainable living.
(iii) Class discussions can highlight the role of individual citizens in supporting these national and local environmental campaigns. These initiatives play a crucial role in raising public awareness about ecological balance.
In simple words: Environmental initiatives like Swachh Bharat and Project Tiger help protect our nature and wildlife. Working together on these projects helps us keep our surroundings clean and safe.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always list the exact number of initiatives requested in the question and write a brief line explaining the main goal of each.

 

Question. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
(ii) Namami Gange Programme
(iii) Project Tiger
Answer:
(i) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, develops the responsibility among Indian citizens to keep our surroundings clean and to achieve Mahatma Gandhiji’s aim to clean India.
(ii) Namami Gange Programme: Narendra Modi took over as the Prime Minister of India in 2014. In June that year, recognizing the cultural and environmental importance of the river Ganga, the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ was approved by the Union Government.
(iii) Project Tiger: This is a tiger conservation programme launched in April 1973 by the Government of India during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s tenure. The project aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats, protecting them from extinction, and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage.
In simple words: These are important national initiatives in India. Swachh Bharat encourages everyone to keep the country clean, Namami Gange works to protect and clean the holy Ganga river, and Project Tiger helps save Bengal tigers from dying out.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing short notes on government schemes, always mention the year of launch and the main objective of the programme to secure full marks.