Maharashtra Board Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India Solutions

1A. Complete the Following Statements by Choosing the Correct Alternative Given in the Brackets and Rewrite It.

 

Question 1. The use of computers to streamline job applications is called __________
(a) industrialization
(b) globalisation
(c) digitalization
Answer: (c) digitalization
In simple words: Digitalization is the process of using computer technology to make tasks, like applying for jobs, much faster and more efficient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to key terms like 'computers' and 'streamline' in the question, which directly point to digital technology or digitalization.

Question 2. An urban way of life is characterized by __________ (cohesiveness, uniformity, impersonality)
Answer: impersonality
In simple words: Life in big cities is often less personal, meaning people don't know everyone around them closely.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that urban areas have large populations, which naturally leads to more formal and impersonal relationships.

 

1B. Correct the Incorrect Pair and Rewrite It.

 

Question 1.
(a) Copying western culture – Modernisation
(b) Growth of cities – Urbanisation
(c) Increase in production – Industrialisation
(d) Radical transformative use of technology – Digitalisation
Answer: (a) Copying western culture – Westernisation
In simple words: Copying Western lifestyle, clothing, and values is called Westernisation, not Modernisation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read all pairs to identify the one that is conceptually mismatched before rewriting it.

 

1C. Identify the Appropriate Term from the Given Options in the Box and Rewrite It Against the Given Statement.

Urbanism, Industrialisation, Digitalisation

 

Question 1. The FYJC On-line Admission process in metropolitan cities.
Answer: Digitalisation
In simple words: Moving admission processes online using computers and the internet is an example of digitalisation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for keywords like "online", "internet", or "computerized" to easily identify digitalisation.

 

Question 2. Mechanisation of the process of production.
Answer: Industrialisation
In simple words: Using machines instead of manual labor to produce goods on a large scale is called industrialisation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mechanisation and factories are core features of industrialisation, so connect these terms.

 

1D. Correct the Underlined Words and Complete the Statement.

 

Question 1. The Industrial Revolution took place in the sixteenth century.
Answer: The Industrial Revolution took place in the 17th and 18th centuries.
In simple words: The shift to machine manufacturing actually started and spread during the 1700s and 1800s (17th and 18th centuries), not the 1500s.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always rewrite the entire corrected sentence and underline the corrected part to make it clear for the examiner.

Question 2. The LPG Policy was started by Smt. Indira Gandhi.
Answer: The LPG Policy was started by Dr. Manmohan Singh. This policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation was introduced in 1991 to boost India's economic growth.
In simple words: The LPG policy, which opened up India's economy to the world, was actually launched by Dr. Manmohan Singh when he was the Finance Minister.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always remember the year 1991 and the name of Dr. Manmohan Singh when discussing the origin of India's LPG policy.

 

Write Short Notes

 

Question 1. Negative effects of digitalisation
Answer:
• Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature for various purposes. It has a negative impact on small-scale industries because large industries have greatly adapted to the changing scenario but small ones are finding it difficult to accept and get used to digitalisation. This digital divide often leaves smaller local businesses struggling to compete.
• Impact on marketing and consumer behaviour. Questions relating to individual privacy in the web world arises.
• Excess and uncontrolled use of digital media results in addiction, cyberbullying, anxiety, depression, etc.
• It affects not only social and physical but also mental health is hampered due to excessive and uncontrolled use of digitalisation.
In simple words: Digitalisation can harm small businesses that cannot afford new technology. It also leads to privacy issues, internet addiction, and mental health problems like anxiety.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key terms like 'digital divide', 'privacy concerns', and 'mental health impacts' to secure maximum marks.

 

Question 2. Consequences of Industrialisation
Answer:
• Industrialisation means the process of starting and encouraging heavy industries in society.
• Due to industrialisation, a modern class system has emerged in India.
• A spurt in the growth of factories and industries.
• The development of industries led to the mechanisation of workplaces. This shift significantly reduced manual labor while increasing production speed.
• The emergence of division of labour and specialisation
• The emergence of automation and mechanisation led to capital intensive.
• The process of industrial growth led to the large-scale emergence of factories.
In simple words: Industrialisation led to the growth of factories, machine-based work, and a new class system. It also introduced specialized jobs and automation, making production faster but capital-heavy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the social consequences, such as the emergence of the class system and division of labor, as these are highly valued by examiners.

Write Differences

 

Question 1. Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Answer: These two processes are closely linked but represent distinct social and economic changes.

Industrialisation	Urbanisation
(i) Meaning: It means the use of unbiotic power such as electricity and steam for the mass production of goods.	(i) Meaning: Urbanisation consists of an inward flow of a large number of people from scattered rural areas to urban communities.
(ii) Origin: Industrialization started in England due to the impact of the industrial revolution.	(ii) Origin: Urbanization is the consequence of industrialization.
(iii) Nature: Industrialisation reflects mechanisation of workplaces and spurt in the growth of factories and industries.	(iii) Nature: Urbanisation reflects the migration of people from all over the country continuously, in search of work.
(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the revolutionary changes occurred in the production system i.e. use of heavy machinery and automation.	(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the civil administration like law and city police for the urban area.
(v) Impact: Due to industrialisation impact of scientific and technical knowledge has been increasing. So, people are accepting rationalism and secularism.	(v) Impact: Due to urbanisation, the traditional belief system has been changed and become more secular in their outlooks, new educational fields are created in cities.
(vi) Effect: Industrialisation has led to the breakdown of joint families and the shrinking size of families.	(vi) Effect: Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”.

In simple words: Industrialisation is the shift to using machines and factories for mass production, whereas urbanisation is the movement of people from rural areas to live and work in cities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing differences, present them in a neat tabular format with clear points of comparison like meaning, origin, and impact to secure full marks.

 

Question 2. Modernisation and Globalisation
Answer: The following table provides a detailed comparative analysis of modernisation and globalisation across various parameters.

Modernisation	Globalisation
(i) Meaning: “Modernisation is the current term of an old process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies.”	(i) Meaning: Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.”
(ii) Characteristics: Modernisation reflects a rational outlook and scientific temperament and discarding traditional ways as these hinder the progress of the society.	(ii) Characteristics: Globalisation reflects the new economic policy means LPG policy which opens the door for the Indian economy and India became part of a wider global economy.
(iii) Manifestations: The adoption of the progressive ideas of the developed countries such as industrialisation and computerisation are its manifestations.	(iii) Manifestations: It leads to the transfer of resources, goods, and capital across the country.
(iv) Impact: Modernisation in every walk of life has contributed to the material progress of society and the well-being of individuals.	(iv) Impact: Globalisation has promoted industrialisation, expanded market, increase export as well as export area. Globalisation has created various new opportunities of employment.

In simple words: Modernisation is about adopting modern, scientific, and rational ways of thinking and living. Globalisation is about connecting different countries of the world through trade, technology, and shared policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When distinguishing between modernisation and globalisation, use a tabular format with clear parameters like meaning, characteristics, and impact to secure maximum marks.

 

Explain the Following Concepts with Examples

 

Question 1. Digitalisation
Answer: Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature for various purposes. This process has transformed traditional paper-based workflows into highly efficient electronic systems.
In simple words: Digitalisation means converting information into a digital format so that computers can process and store it easily. It helps us do our work faster and more accurately.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define digitalisation clearly and provide everyday examples like online banking or digital classrooms to make your answer more impactful.

 

Question 2. Urbanisation
Answer: Urbanisation is a process of migration of rural population to urban areas. In this process, people also adopt the urban lifestyle, which means “urbanism as a way of life”. It results in the decline of the joint family and the emergence of the nuclear family secondary type relations, which are often more calculative, independent, and rational, with less impact of traditions, family, religion, and customs. This shift often leads to greater individual freedom and personal growth. Urbanisation led to a heterogeneous gathering of people has led to the breakdown of several traditional barriers, where one’s contribution becomes more valued. This leads to overpopulated, mega metro cities. Example: Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur.
In simple words: Urbanisation is when people move from villages to cities for work and better lives, adopting a city lifestyle. This changes family structures from joint to nuclear and helps break down old social barriers, though it makes cities very crowded.

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining urbanisation, make sure to mention both the physical movement of people and the change in their lifestyle (urbanism), along with real-world examples like Mumbai or Pune.

 

5A. Complete the Concept Map.

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map:
Negative effects of Urbanisation
Answer:
The negative effects of Urbanisation are:
• Over population
• Increased social problems
• Break down of joint family
• Individualism
In simple words: Urbanisation leads to crowded cities, more social issues, the splitting of joint families, and people focusing more on themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize these four key negative impacts of urbanisation as they are frequently asked in diagram-based questions.

 

5B. State Whether the Following Statements Are True or False with Reasons

 

Question 1. The clothes one wears are indicative of an individual’s level of modernization.
Answer: This statement is False. Modernity is defined by one's thoughts and values rather than outward appearance.
Reasons:
• Being modern doesn’t mean one should be loaded with devices, gadgets, and clothes.
• Modernisation means rationalism, scientific outlook and willingness to receive new ideas, examine alternatives, find new pathways, to explore creative ways to solve problems.
• Persons who claim to be modern are willing to examine daily events, literature, culture, art, customs, beliefs from a critical point of view and be able to explain the constructive and destructive aspects of a phenomenon.
• Being ‘modern’ cannot be limited to only using modern devices or gadgets or fashionable clothes.
In simple words: Being modern is about having a scientific and open-minded way of thinking, not about wearing fashionable clothes or using expensive gadgets.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining why this statement is false, clearly distinguish between external appearance (clothes/gadgets) and internal values (rationalism/scientific outlook).

Question 2. Urbanisation can have negative effects on our social relationships.
Answer: This statement is True.
• Urbanisation means the migration of rural people to urban areas, that results in family discords and breaking up of joint families.
• Due to urbanisation materialistic approach is increased and reduces the emotional ties and develops secondary relationships among people. This shift often replaces close-knit community support with more superficial, transactional interactions.
• They develop a certain way of life which is typical of the urban mindset: distant, secondary-type relations, calculative, independent, rational, less impact of traditions, family, religion, customs etc.
• The urban environment and way of life are more materialist, radical, commercial, individualist, and non-conforming. Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”.
In simple words: Urbanisation often leads to weaker family and social bonds because people become more focused on money and individual lives. This can make people feel lonely even when they are surrounded by many others in a city.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the social impacts of urbanisation, use key terms like "secondary relationships", "materialistic approach", and "lonely in a crowd" to secure maximum marks.

6. Give Your Personal Response

 

Question 1. Shagufta Ranawat and her joint family have been living in Nagpur city for almost three generations. Their grandchildren are uninclined to want to settle down in their grandparent’s village. Give two possible reasons for the grandchildren’s view.
Answer:
1st View: As Shagufta Ranawat and her family from last three generations living in Nagpur city. Nagpur is one of the mega metro cities of India which is loaded with full of infrastructural facilities as well as employment opportunities, gender equality even through materialistic approach it has a rational and scientific outlook. So, grandchildren don’t want to leave Nagpur city and settle down in the village. Additionally, the grandchildren have grown up accustomed to the vibrant social and cultural life of a major city, making rural life seem isolated to them.
2nd View: Grandchildren know that now grandparents are age-old and advanced medical facilities will not be easily available during emergencies. So for precautionary measure of grandparent’s health, living in Nagpur city which is a well-developed hub is good for them.
In simple words: The grandchildren prefer staying in Nagpur because it offers better jobs, modern facilities, and a scientific lifestyle. Moreover, living in a city ensures quick access to advanced medical care for their elderly grandparents.

🎯 Exam Tip: For personal response questions, structure your answer clearly with distinct points or views to make it easy for the examiner to read.

 

Question 2. Some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes, for example, in banking or online purchasing. Why do you think this is the case?
Answer: Many people feel insecure about digitalisation because of the rising cases of online fraud, phishing, and cybercrimes. Additionally, a lack of digital literacy and technical knowledge makes them fear that a single wrong click could lead to a major financial loss. The absence of physical, face-to-face interactions in digital transactions also reduces their sense of trust and security.
In simple words: People worry about online banking and shopping because they fear hackers and scams. Since they cannot see the person they are transacting with, they feel safer using traditional cash methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use examples like "cyber fraud" or "lack of digital literacy" to support your explanation of why people feel insecure about technology.

7. Answer the Following Question in Detail (About 150-200 Words)

 

Question 1. “The World Wide Web is a source of information and misinformation”. Discuss this statement with regard to the impact of the internet on:
(i) Parents
(ii) Children
(iii) School
Answer:
(i) Impact of the Internet on Parents:

• Parents know that the internet is a window opening to the whole world and as a tool to get information.
• Parents are aware of the positive and negative effects of internet use.
• Parents know that the internet is useful for attaining information.
• They mainly consider it as an effective means of communication due to instant messaging services that can communicate to any part of the world.
• It improves business, interactions, transactions saving vital time.
• Banking, shopping online has made life less complicated for parents.

(ii) Impact of the Internet on Children:

• Maximum children are busy playing games online.
• Increased use of the internet among children is making them feel lonely and depressed.
• More time spent online means children spent less time with family and friends or working on hobbies.
• Internet allows children to participate actively in a self-learning environment. This self-paced learning can boost their confidence and academic performance.

In simple words: The internet has both good and bad sides. For parents, it makes communication, shopping, and banking much easier, while for children, it offers great learning tools but can also lead to loneliness and too much screen time if not managed well.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing impacts, structure your answer clearly with separate subheadings for parents and children, and highlight both positive and negative aspects for each group.

(iii) Impact of the Internet on School:

• The internet has not only increased the amount of learning possibilities in the classroom but it has created infinite amounts of learning opportunities for students and teachers.
• Use of internet in the school improves the quality of education in many ways.
• Teachers can use online materials to prepare lessons.
• The Internet plays a very vital role in education.

 

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 59)

 

Question. Identify any four cities and study data about their industrial growth. Presents your findings to your class and follows them with a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Industrial growth in Mumbai:
• Mumbai is the economic capital of India.
• In earlier days cotton textile industry dominated Mumbai’s economy, but now Mumbai’s economic base is diversified.
• Textiles industries still remain important, but the city’s industries include petrochemicals, automobile manufacturing, metals, electronics, engineering, food processing, and a wide range of light manufacturing.

(ii) Industrial growth in Pune:
• From a small university town to IT hub, Pune has changed its face over the years.
• Numerous automobile manufacturers and ancillary companies have today invested heavily in Pune.
e.g. TATA motors, Cummins, etc.

(iii) Industrial growth in Nagpur:
• One of the largest industrial estates approximately 6000 Hectares of Asia is located at Butibori near Nagpur.
• About 47% of Maharashtra State’s power is generated around Nagpur.
In simple words: This activity looks at how different cities in Maharashtra have developed their industries, showing how Mumbai moved from textiles to diverse manufacturing, Pune became an IT and car-making hub, and Nagpur grew with large industrial zones and power plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: To score full marks, clearly categorize your points by city and mention specific industries like IT, automobiles, or textiles associated with each region.

 

Question. (iv) Industrial growth in Kolkata:
Answer: The industrial growth rate of West Bengal is 1.1% higher than the national average. Most of this growth and development is concentrated around the capital city of Kolkata. Kolkata is home to many industrial units, and its major sectors include steel, mining, minerals, and cement. This rapid industrialization has played a crucial role in boosting the state's overall economic development.
In simple words: Kolkata and its surrounding areas have a very high rate of industrial growth, focusing on major sectors like steel, mining, and cement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight key statistics like the 1.1% higher growth rate and name specific industries like steel and mining to secure full marks.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 60)

 

Question. Get 4 volunteers from your class to share their experiences (physical environment, economic life, customs, food, religious practices etc.) in a rural village or city, in 5-7 minutes each. They may make a PPT with visuals to support their presentations. Follow up with a class discussion.
Answer: The table below compares the experiences of four volunteers from different rural villages and cities, highlighting their physical environment, economic life, customs, and food habits. This comparison clearly illustrates the stark differences between rural and urban lifestyles in India.

	Volunteer – 1 Village – Khed, Junnar Taluka	Volunteer – 2 Village – Ghodegaon, Manchar Taluka	Volunteer – 3 City – Pune	Volunteer – 4 City – Mumbai
Physical Environment	Clean, pure, and healthy air	Clean, pure and healthy air	Pollution and overcrowded	Pollution and shortage of land
Economic Life	Agrarian (Poor)	Agrarian and domestic business	Industry and factory oriented (Rich)	Industrialisation (Rich)
Customs	Traditional and superstition bound	Tradition and superstition bound	The rational and scientific perspective	Follow the customs rationally
Food	Jawar, wheat, rice (Homemade)	Staple food	Materialistic approach	Materialistic view

In simple words: This table shows that villages have cleaner air but are poorer and more traditional, while cities have more industries and wealth but suffer from pollution and crowding.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing rural and urban lives, focus on contrasting elements like clean air vs. pollution and traditional vs. scientific mindsets to make your answer clear and structured.

Concept Map / Diagram Nodes:

• Religious practices
• Follow judiciously and blindly
• Follow blindly
• Modern/critical thinking
• Modern/critical thinking

 

Question. Conduct a 2-minute extempore speech competition in class on the topic: “Modernisation may be perceived as a challenge in a traditional society.” (Activity 3, Textbook Page No. 62)
Answer: The following pointers will help you prepare a speech. Modernisation is a multi-faceted process that reshapes how we think and live.
• It is a process of social transformation.
• The developing countries imitate the western model of development. Thereby the traditional society becomes a technologically modern society.
• It develops new attitudes, new values and social relationships.
• It has paved a way for developing a scientific temperament.
• It encompasses social, economic, political, religious, and intellectual changes.
• Modernisation is a current term of an old process of social change.
In simple words: Modernisation changes how a society works by introducing new technology, scientific thinking, and updated social values. While it helps us grow, it can sometimes challenge older, traditional ways of living.

🎯 Exam Tip: When preparing an extempore speech, structure your thoughts into clear bullet points covering social, economic, and scientific aspects to make your delivery impactful.

 

Question. Given below is a way of finding out about people’s lives. It is called narrative research. It is all about hearing people’s stories. Few volunteers from your class may speak to 1-2 small shops in the area and find out about their business. When did it start? Who started it? Are there changes in their sales? Are there changes in people’s behaviour? Are there any problems faced by the sellers? If so, what are they? Write about their stories in about 200-300 words. Share with your class. See if you can see a pattern of experience or behaviour. (Activity 4, Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer: The below example will provide you with pointers for your own narrative research. Conducting interviews with local shopkeepers helps us understand real-world economic challenges firsthand.
• Shop Name – Pooja (General Stores)
• Owner Name – Mr. XYZ
• Area – Badlapur (West), Thane
In simple words: Narrative research means listening to people's personal stories to understand their lives and businesses. By interviewing local shop owners, we can learn about their daily challenges and how their businesses have changed over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: For narrative research questions, always start with basic details like the shop name, owner, and location before describing their business journey and challenges.

• When did it start – 1990
• Who started it – Mr. XYZ’s Father
• Are there changes in their sales? – Yes, up and downs in profit margins.
• Are there changes in people’s behavior – Yes, due to last 3 decades won the trust of the people
• Are there any problems faced by the sellers – Yes
• What are they – Loss of profit margins recession, natural calamity like a flood.

 

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 65)

 

Question. Identify any three Higher Secondary School teachers in your locality or school. Collect information about (a) the subject they teach, (b) their qualifications (e) number of years of teaching experience, (d) whether they have computers in their school/college, (e) whether they use computers and if yes, for what purpose? Report your findings in class.
Answer: The following table presents the detailed profiles and computer usage patterns of three local higher secondary school teachers.

Questions	Teacher – 1 (Ms. L)	Teacher – 2 (Ms. M)	Teacher – 3 (Mr. X)
The subject they teach	English	History	Marathi
Qualification	M.A, B.Ed., M.Phil. (Eng.)	M.A., B.Ed. (History)	M.A., B.Ed. (Mar.)
Teaching experience	5 Years	10 Years	9 Years
Whether they have computers in school/college	Yes	Yes	Yes
Whether they use computers and if yes, for what?	Yes, for preparation of notes, questions papers, research work, and references.	Yes, for making notes.	Yes, for making notes.

In simple words: This table shows information collected from three different high school teachers about their subjects, qualifications, experience, and how they use computers for their teaching work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Presenting survey data in a clear tabular format helps you present information systematically and score full marks in activity-based questions.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 65)

 

Question. 'Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian society.' Form two teams of four students each, and conduct a class debate. The teacher may prepare a blackboard summary of the learning points. It can be followed by an open discussion of observations made by students.
Answer:
(i) Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian Society: (Debate 1st side)
• It’s a universal process.
• Transformation of the national economy into global economy.
• The growing economic interdependence of the countries of the world.
• Integration of the world economy, free trade.

(ii) Globalisation has a negative effect on Indian Society: (Debate 2nd side)
• The role of the state, the public sector has been curtailed by privatisation.
• An increasing number of young immigrations of the young technocrats to the developed countries, leaving behind the aging parents.
• There is an increase in the family discords and break up of more and more families and marriages.
• The small-scale industries face stiff competition from the large-scale industries and their multinational counterparts. This dual nature of globalisation highlights both opportunities and challenges for India.
In simple words: Globalisation connects India to the rest of the world, bringing better technology and trade, but it also creates tough competition for local businesses and can impact traditional family structures.

🎯 Exam Tip: When debating or writing about globalisation, always present a balanced view covering both economic growth (positive) and cultural/local industry impacts (negative).

 

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 67)

 

Question. Hold a class discussion at the end of each process of change, to discuss the positive and negative impact of each process. Develop a flow chart or concept map for each process of social change.
Answer: Here is a concept map outline for the processes of social change (Industrialisation, Urbanisation, and Globalisation):

1. Industrialisation
• Positive Impacts: Economic growth, job creation, technological advancement, infrastructural development.
• Negative Impacts: Environmental pollution, exploitation of labor, migration leading to slums, decline of traditional cottage industries.

2. Urbanisation
• Positive Impacts: Better educational and healthcare facilities, modern lifestyle, multicultural integration, improved standard of living.
• Negative Impacts: Overcrowding, high cost of living, rise in crime rates, pressure on civic amenities like water and sanitation.

3. Globalisation
• Positive Impacts: Access to global markets, cultural exchange, technological integration, increased foreign investment.
• Negative Impacts: Loss of local cultural identity, threat to domestic small-scale industries, widening economic inequality.
In simple words: Social changes like industrialisation, urbanisation, and globalisation bring modern facilities and economic growth, but they also cause challenges like pollution, overcrowding, and loss of local traditions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use clear bullet points to distinguish between positive and negative impacts of social processes to make your answers highly readable and structured.

Question 1. Complete the concept map showing the negative effects of Urbanisation.
Answer: The negative effects of urbanisation include several social and demographic challenges that impact community life. These are:

• Over population
• Break down of joint family
• Individualism
• Increased social problems

In simple words: When too many people move to cities, it leads to overcrowding and changes how families live. People often become more self-centered, and various social issues can increase.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize these four key negative impacts of urbanisation as they are frequently asked in short-answer questions and concept maps.

 

Question 2. Complete the concept map showing the positive effects of Urbanisation.
Answer: Urbanisation also brings about progressive changes and development in society. The positive effects of urbanisation are:

• Heterogeneity
• Improved status of women
• Strong civil administration
• Higher education

In simple words: Living in cities brings different kinds of people together and offers better schools and colleges. It also helps women get more opportunities and ensures better management of public services.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use terms like 'heterogeneity' and 'civil administration' to show a strong grasp of sociological concepts and secure full marks.

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map for the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: The key aspects of the Industrial Revolution include:

• Employment opportunities
• England (as the place of origin)
• Alienation of the worker
• Mechanisation

The shift to machine-based manufacturing fundamentally altered the relationship between workers and their labor.
In simple words: The Industrial Revolution started in England and brought about mechanisation and new jobs, but it also made workers feel disconnected from the products they made.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that England was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, which is a key point to mention in any related answer.

 

Question 2. Complete the concept map showing the Impact of Industrialisation.
Answer: The impacts of industrialisation on society are:

• Decline in Baluta System
• Change in Social Institutions
• Emergence of Class System
• Materialism

These changes collectively transformed traditional rural societies into modern urban ones.
In simple words: Industrialisation changed society by breaking down old traditional systems like the Baluta system, creating new social classes, and making people focus more on money and possessions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list all four impacts—decline in Baluta system, changes in social institutions, emergence of class system, and materialism—to secure full marks.

 

Question 3. Complete the concept map showing the Impact of Modernisation.
Answer: The impacts of modernisation include:

• Money oriented economy
• Rationalism
• Critical thinking
• Technological advancement

Modernisation encourages scientific inquiry and shifts societal values towards logic and efficiency.
In simple words: Modernisation leads to an economy based on money, encourages logical and critical thinking, and brings advanced technology into our daily lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on keywords like 'rationalism' and 'technological advancement' as they are central to the concept of modernisation.

 

Question 4. Complete the concept map showing the Positive effects of Globalisation.
Answer: The positive effects of globalisation are:

• Economic growth
• Technological sharing
• Cultural exchange
• Job opportunities

Globalisation fosters international cooperation and allows countries to share resources and knowledge more effectively.
In simple words: Globalisation helps countries share technology, grow their economies, learn about different cultures, and create new jobs worldwide.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about globalisation, highlight how it connects different countries through trade, technology, and culture.

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map showing the Positive effects of Globalisation.
Answer:
The positive effects of Globalisation include:

• Free Trade
• Foreign Direct Investments
• Post-Industrialism
• Global Economy

These factors work together to integrate local markets into a single, interconnected global marketplace.
In simple words: Globalisation helps countries trade easily with each other, share investments, and build a stronger global economy together.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always present concept maps using clear, neat bullet points or boxes to make your answers easy for the examiner to read.

 

Question 2. Complete the concept map showing the Negative effects of Globalisation.
Answer:
The negative effects of Globalisation include:

• Family discords
• Plunder
• Unemployment
• Monopoly

These negative consequences show how rapid global economic changes can sometimes harm local communities and traditional lifestyles.
In simple words: Globalisation can lead to problems like job losses, unfair control by giant companies, and stress within families.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize these four specific negative impacts as they are standard textbook terms often tested in objective questions.

 

Question 3. Complete the concept map showing the Impact of Digitalisation.
Answer:
The impacts of Digitalisation include:

• E-governance
• E-commerce
• Digital Divide
• Global Connectivity

Digitalisation has completely reshaped modern society by changing how we shop, communicate, and access public services.
In simple words: Digitalisation means using the internet and computers to connect globally, shop online, and access government services easily.

🎯 Exam Tip: Including both positive aspects like E-governance and challenges like the Digital Divide shows a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

 

Question 1. Complete the concept map showing the impact of digitalisation.
Answer: The impact of digitalisation is characterized by the following key features:
- Computerisation
- Technology driven
- Spurred creativity
- Speed and accuracy
These elements collectively transform how modern societies function and communicate.
In simple words: Digitalisation means using computers and technology to make work faster, more accurate, and more creative. It changes how we live and work every day.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing digitalisation, make sure to highlight how it increases speed and accuracy in daily tasks.

 

Question 2. Complete the concept map for the processes of social change.
Answer: The four major processes of social change are:
- Industrialisation
- Urbanisation
- Globalisation
- Digitalisation
These interconnected processes work together to reshape cultural norms and societal structures over time.
In simple words: Social change happens through big shifts like industries growing, people moving to cities, countries connecting globally, and the rise of digital technology.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize these four processes as they are fundamental to understanding modern sociological transformations.

 

Question 3. Complete the concept map for the New Economic Policy.
Answer: The New Economic Policy consists of the following key features:
- Started in 1991
- Globalisation
- Liberalisation
- Privatisation
This policy marked a significant shift towards a market-oriented economy in India.
In simple words: In 1991, India introduced new economic rules called LPG (Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation) to open up its economy to the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the year 1991 and the acronym LPG to easily recall the core pillars of the New Economic Policy.