Maharashtra Board Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Solutions

Complete The Chain

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Matheran	(1) Tea	(1) Communication
(2) GPS	(2) the Atlantic Ocean	(2) Tertiary Activity
(3) Sri Lanka	(3) Satellite	(3) Export
(4) Panama Canal	(4) Tourism	(4) the Pacific Ocean

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Matheran	(1) Tourism	(1) Tertiary Activity
(2) GPS	(2) Satellite	(2) Communication
(3) Sri Lanka	(3) Tea	(3) Export
(4) Panama Canal	(4) Atlantic Ocean	(4) Pacific Ocean

In simple words: This table matches elements from column A to their corresponding B and C elements, representing geographical locations or technologies with related services, products, or locations. For example, Matheran is associated with Tourism and is a Tertiary Activity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the relationships between geographical features, economic activities, and technologies is crucial for full marks in such matching questions.

 

Choose The Correct Option

Question 1.Tertiary activities include
(a) Use of natural resources
(b) Finished product
(c) Raw material
(d) Transportation
Answer: (d) Transportation
In simple words: Tertiary activities primarily involve providing services rather than directly producing raw materials or finished goods, and transportation is a prime example of a service.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that tertiary activities are service-based, contrasting with primary (raw materials) and secondary (manufacturing) activities.

 

Question 2.Natural ports
(a) Kochi
(b) JNPT
(c) Delhi International Terminal
(d) Nagpur Cargo Hub (MIHAN)
Answer: (a) Kochi
In simple words: Kochi is known for its natural harbor, making it a natural port, unlike JNPT which is an artificial port, and the other options which are air or inland cargo hubs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between natural geographical features and man-made infrastructure when identifying types of ports or terminals.

 

Question 3.Trans-Australian Railway connects
(a) Perth - Sydney
(b) Perth - Vladivostok
(c) Sydney - Vancouver
(d) Vancouver - Vladivostok
Answer: (b) Perth - Vladivostok
In simple words: The Trans-Australian Railway specifically connects Perth and Vladivostok, facilitating transport across the continent and linking to international routes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing key continental railways and their endpoints is important for geographical knowledge questions.

 

Give Geographical Reasons

Question 1.Tertiary activities include both services and exchapge.
Answer:

• Transportation, communication, trade and commerce are the main tertiary activities.
• Road, rail and airways are the important modes of transportation, which help in exchange of goods and services. Therefore, it is a service activity.
• Transportation provides facilities for the movement of goods from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity produced in primary and secondary activities.
• Credit facilities, banking facilities, marketing are also tertiary activities, they provide services to people.
• Postal services, shopkeepers, vegetable sellers, fruit sellers, etc., are also included in service activities.

In simple words: Tertiary activities are essentially service-based, facilitating the exchange of goods and information, and making primary and secondary products available to consumers through various service sectors like transport, banking, and retail.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining tertiary activities, always emphasize the 'service' and 'exchange' aspects, linking them to economic functions that support other sectors.

 

Question 2.The proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.
Answer:

• Air transport is an important enabler to achieve economic growth and development.
• In the global world, there is exchange of goods between countries. Therefore, there is more use of air transport to carry perishable, valuable and light goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas.
• It facilitates integration into global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional and international scale.
• Nowadays tourism is the fastest growing industry; air transport is more used for international tourism.
• Therefore, the proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.

In simple words: Air transport is growing due to its speed, efficiency for valuable or perishable goods, its role in global economic integration, and the rise of international tourism, making it crucial for modern trade and travel.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on speed, global connectivity, and the nature of goods/passengers (perishable, valuable, tourists) when discussing the growth of air transportation.

 

Question 3.Geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.
Answer:

• The geographical diversity is the set of physical, human and cultural elements differentiated from each other that converge in the relatively small geographic space that is part of the same zone, region or country.
• If you take into consideration natural regions of the world, each region is different from another.
• The natural resource available in one country will be different from the ones available in different regions.
• There is variation in climate, soil, minerals, forest, relief, water supply etc.
• Depending upon the availability of geographical factors, there is specialisation of certain economic activities in certain areas and there is trade from surplus areas to scarcity areas. For example, in one region, plenty of oil is available while in another region no oil reserves are available.
• This variation in distribution of oil will be responsible for the development of trade between oil rich and oil poor countries.
• Thus, geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.

In simple words: Trade happens because different regions have diverse geographical features, leading to variations in natural resources, climate, and specialized economic activities. This creates surpluses in some areas and deficits in others, driving the exchange of goods and services globally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the concepts of 'specialization' and 'surplus to scarcity' when explaining how geographical diversity drives trade.

 

Write Short Notes On

Question 1.Importance of satellite as means of communication.
Answer:

• A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via. transponder.
• Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet and military applications.
• The information about physical and human factors is obtained from satellite communication.
• Satellite communication is used in remote islands, in some countries and continents where landline telecommunication is rare or not available.
• As television becomes the main market, its demand for satellite communication becomes very important.
• Satellites are also used for internet communication, military communications, etc.
• Thus, importance of satellite as means of communication is increasing.

In simple words: Satellites are crucial for global communication, enabling television, phone, internet, and military applications, especially in remote areas where traditional infrastructure is lacking, thereby increasing its importance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the global reach, versatility, and ability to overcome geographical barriers as key points for the importance of satellite communication.

 

Question 2.Role of transportation in trade.
Answer:

• Transport support trade and industry in carrying raw material to the place of production and distribution of finished products for consumption.
• Transport means to make goods available to consumers.
• Transport makes possible movement of goods from one place to another with great ease and speed.
• Trade means exchange of goods and services. In trade there is movement of goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas. The movement of goods is possible only because of transport.
• In other words, without the help of transport development of trade is not possible.
• Thus, transport plays an important role in economic development and globalisation of trade.

In simple words: Transportation is fundamental to trade, enabling the efficient movement of raw materials and finished goods from production sites to consumers, thereby facilitating exchange, economic growth, and global trade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect transportation directly to market access, supply chain efficiency, and the broader concepts of economic development and globalization.

 

Question 3.Tourism and GDP.
Answer:

• Tourism is vital for the success of many economies around the world.
• Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs and develops the infrastructures of the country.
• It also creates jobs in agriculture, communication, health and educational sectors.
• The government that depends on tourism, invests a lot in the infrastructure of the country. They construct new roads and highways, develop parks, improve public places, and set up airports, etc.
• With augmenting facilities, more and more tourists are attracted in such countries, thus, there is boosting of the GDP.

In simple words: Tourism significantly contributes to a nation's GDP by generating revenue, creating jobs across various sectors, and prompting government investment in infrastructure, which in turn attracts more tourists and further boosts economic growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the direct economic impacts (revenue, jobs) and indirect benefits (infrastructure development) when explaining tourism's link to GDP.

 

Differentiate Between

Question 1.Secondary Economic Activities and Tertiary Economic Activities
Answer:

Secondary Economic Activities	Tertiary Economic Activities
(i) Secondary activities are concerned with activities adding value to already existing products from primary activities.	(i) Tertiary activities are concerned with providing services rather than providing material goods.
(ii) Development of secondary activities depends upon the production of resources in primary activities.	(ii) Development of tertiary activities depends upon the development of secondary activities.
(iii) Manufacturing and construction are important secondary activities.	(iii) Trade, transport communication, banking, insurance, etc., are tertiary activities.
(iv) Secondary activities produce goods and commodities.	(iv) Tertiary activities help reach these goods and commodities to the consumers.
(v) Secondary activities may be away from the market and settlement.	(v) Tertiary activities are always near the market and settlement.

In simple words: Secondary activities transform raw materials into finished goods (e.g., manufacturing), while tertiary activities provide services (e.g., transportation, banking) that facilitate the distribution and consumption of those goods and other services.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between 'producing goods' for secondary activities and 'providing services' for tertiary activities, as this is the fundamental difference.

 

Question 2.Quaternary Activities and Quinary Activities
Answer:

Quaternary Activities	Quinary Activities
(i) Quaternary activities refer to those activities where the task is to think, research and develop ideas.	(i) Quinary activities involve work related to administration.
(ii) Confined to research, training and education.	(ii) Confined to the highest-level decision taking and policy making.
(iii) Software developers, statisticians, hospital staff, teachers, financial planners tax consultants, people working in theatres, etc., comes under quaternary activities.	(iii) Senior business executives, government officials, scientists, judges, etc., comes under quinary activities.

In simple words: Quaternary activities focus on knowledge-based services like research, education, and information processing, while quinary activities involve high-level decision-making, policy formulation, and administrative roles, often referred to as 'gold-collar' professions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that quaternary involves information and intellectual services, whereas quinary represents top-level decision-making and policy influence.

 

Question 3.Waterways and Airways
Answer:

Waterways	Airways
(i) Development of water transport needs courted area with broken coastlines.	(i) Development of airways needs favourable climate, advance technology and plain land for airports.
(ii) This is the cheapest mode of transport.	(ii) This is an expensive mode of transport.
(iii) Heavy and bulky goods are transported, e.g., minerals, oil, coal, machinery, etc.	(iii) Light, perishable and expensive goods are transported, e.g., electronic goods, gold, silver, fish, dairy products, etc.
(iv) Slow mode of transportation.	(iv) Fast mode of transportation.
(v) More used for goods transport than passengers' transport	(v) More used for passengers' transport than for goods transport.

In simple words: Waterways are generally cheaper and slower, ideal for heavy, bulky goods and require coastal access, whereas airways are faster and more expensive, suited for light, perishable, or valuable items and require specific climate and flat land for infrastructure.

🎯 Exam Tip: When comparing transport modes, focus on cost, speed, cargo type suitability, and geographical requirements for infrastructure development.

 

Answer In Detail

Question 1.Explain the factors affecting trade between two countries.
Answer:Trade refers to transfer of goods or services from one person to another or from one country to another. Factors which affect the trade are natural resources, climate, population, culture, economic cost, specialization, etc.

Natural resources: Distribution of natural resources is uneven. The natural resources available in one country differs from another. Because of this uneven distribution of resource, there is trade between resources surplus and resource deficit.

Climate: Climate mainly affects the plants and animals in a region. In the areas of different climate, there are different types of plants and animals. Example, in the tropical countries like Sri Lanka whose major export is tea or Malaysia and Indonesia, whose major export is rubber. This occurs naturally because of favourable climate for growing tea and rubber plants in these countries.

Population: Population size, distribution and density are different in different countries. This leads to difference in production and consumption and hence trade occurs.

Standard of living can also determine the demand for various goods and services. The country with less population depends more on trade because fewer human resources is engaged in production of goods.

Culture: Some countries are known for their specific art and craft, based on their culture, specific production of goods which have worldwide market, for e.g., Kashmiri shawls or Iranian carpets.

Economic Cost : Cost of production is the major factor in the process of production. It is cheaper to import certain goods than producing it in the country itself. For example, it is cheaper to import tea from India and Sri Lanka than producing it in England.

Specialisation : Due extremely favourable factors of production, some countries have specialisation for certain goods and they have name and fame in the world market, so they develop export trade. For example, watches of Switzerland or electronic goods of Japan or tender beef of Argentina.

Government Policy: Government policy about export or import affects trade. For example, Government may increase import duties of some goods, to encourage people to buy domestic goods. Thus, import trade of those goods goes down.In simple words: Trade between countries is influenced by factors like uneven natural resource distribution, varying climates supporting different products, diverse population sizes impacting production and consumption, unique cultural products, comparative economic costs, national specialization, and governmental trade policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining trade factors, provide a brief example for each point to demonstrate understanding of its impact on international exchange.

 

Question 2.Development of transportation is dependent on geographical factors. Explain.
Answer:

• Various geographical factors affect the development of transport.
• Relief, climate and location are the three most important factors that affect the development of transportation.
• It is easier to build roadways and railways in plain areas.
• Dense forests, hilly and mountainous regions affect the construction of roads and railways, in Africa and South America.
• Coastal location with broken coast lines is favourable for development of ports and harbours.
• For the development of airways; favourable climate and plain region for construction of airports are essential.
• Foggy and smoggy weather and high peaks will be obstacles for the development of air transport.

In simple words: Transportation development is heavily influenced by geography: plain terrain facilitates roads and railways, while dense forests, mountains, and unfavorable climates (like fog) hinder construction and operation; coastal areas are vital for ports, and flat land with good weather is crucial for airports.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on how different geographical features (plains, mountains, coasts, climate) either enable or obstruct the development of specific transport modes.

 

Question 3.Why is transportation system important in the development of any nation?
Answer:

• Transportation plays important role in rapid economic growth of a nation.
• The introduction of railways has been historically the most important and powerful single factor in the process of economic development of industrial nations of the world like USA, France, Germany, Japan, etc.
• The significance of transportation in economic activity is found in its effects on both human wants and satisfaction of wants through production and distribution of goods.
• Transportation increases the quality and variety of consumer goods, thereby stimulating the demand and development of trade and economy of the nation.
• Transport provides various employment opportunities and boosts up the economy of the country. For example, many people got employment in construction work of Metro rail track.

In simple words: A robust transportation system is crucial for national development as it drives economic growth, facilitates efficient production and distribution of goods, stimulates trade, diversifies consumer choices, and creates significant employment opportunities across various sectors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the interconnectedness of transportation with economic growth, employment, and the overall quality of life and trade within a nation.

 

Question 4.Tertiary activities are expanding day-by-day. Explain the statement.
Answer:

• Tertiary activities act as the link between primary and secondary activities.
• These activities are mostly in the form of services.
• Tertiary activities include transport and communication, trade, loading and unloading of goods, banking, insurance, marketing, export, etc.
• Providing public services like hospital, education, research and development, administration, etc., are also included in tertiary activities.
• With increasing industrialisation population growth and trade, number of people working in banking, insurance, tax consultants, software developers, teachers, etc., went on expanding day by day.

In simple words: Tertiary activities are growing because they bridge primary and secondary sectors, provide essential services (like transport, banking, and healthcare), and expand with industrialization, population growth, and trade, leading to an increasing demand for specialized professionals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the expansion of tertiary activities to increasing industrialization, population, and global trade, as these factors directly drive the demand for services.

 

7. On An Outline Map Of The World, Show The Following With The Help Of Suitable Index

(1) A canal bringing radical changes in sea transport.
(2) Railway connecting two continents.
(3) An international airport in India.
(4) An important port in India.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह विश्व का एक मानचित्र है जो भूमध्य रेखा और अक्षांश 23°30′ N को दर्शाता है। इसमें विभिन्न स्थानों को संख्याओं से चिह्नित किया गया है और एक सूची (इंडेक्स) दी गई है: (1) स्वेज नहर, (2) ट्रांस-साइबेरियन रेलवे, (3) दिल्ली, और (4) मुंबई। मानचित्र इन तत्वों के वैश्विक वितरण को प्रदर्शित करता है।In simple words: The answer refers to a world map (which is provided visually in the original document, not textually here) that shows key global transportation routes and points like the Suez Canal, Trans-Siberian Railway, Delhi, and Mumbai, demonstrating their geographical placement.

🎯 Exam Tip: For map-based questions, accurately locating the specified features and using a clear index are vital for full marks, even if the map itself isn't reproduced.

 

8. Read The Given Passage And Answer The Following Questions

Careful planning and implementation is necessary for economic development of any country. In the tourism sector the need for planned development is of great importance. It involves many industries working together in a complex way and needs special attention. Planning basically tries to allot limited resources between various competitors with a view to maximize output, income and employment and to make sure different sectors have fair growth. Tourism planning is a process through which the set goals can be achieved and the various choices linked to tourism development can be addressed. It is a long term and constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourist.

Communities are the basic elements of tourism. It mainly depends upon the level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of planning their involvement is essential. The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment, socio-culture and economy of the host community at any destination. These impacts produce both negative as well as positive impacts. Planning is necessary to reduce the negative impact and boost the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination.

Question 1.Why does the tourism sector need planning?
Answer:Plan development in the tourist sector is of great importance, since it involves many industries working together in a complex way and hence special attention.

Planning will help to allot limited resources between various competitors with view to maximise output, income and-employment.In simple words: The tourism sector requires planning because it's a complex industry involving many interconnected sectors, and planning ensures optimal allocation of limited resources to maximize output, income, and employment, leading to balanced growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions about planning, emphasize resource allocation, multi-industry involvement, and the goals of maximizing benefits while minimizing negative impacts.

 

Question 2.What is the importance of communities in planning?
Answer:

• In the process of planning communities are basic elements of tourism.
• It mainly depends upon level of acceptance shown by local communities.
• In the process of planning their involvement is necessary and therefore, community planning is necessary.

In simple words: Local communities are fundamental to tourism planning because their acceptance and involvement are crucial for the sustainable development of any destination, ensuring that tourism benefits residents and respects local culture and environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight local acceptance and active involvement as key reasons for community importance in sustainable tourism planning.

 

Question 3.Explain any two benefits of planning.
Answer:Planning reduces the negative impact and boosts the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination.In simple words: Planning helps minimize the adverse effects of tourism on a destination while maximizing its positive contributions, thereby fostering sustainable development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the dual benefits of mitigation (reducing negative impacts) and enhancement (boosting positive impacts) for sustainable development.

 

Question 4.What factors affect the economy of the host community?
Answer:The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment socio-culture and economy and economy of host community at any destination.In simple words: The economy of a host community is affected by tourism development through its impacts on the environment, socio-cultural aspects, and direct economic factors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the three main areas of impact – environment, socio-culture, and economy – when discussing how tourism affects host communities.

 

Question 5.Why planning is a long-term task?
Answer:Planning is a long-term task because planning is a constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourists.In simple words: Planning is a long-term endeavor because it involves continuous preparation, upgrading, and improvement to ensure a destination remains attractive and functional for tourists over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the 'constant' and 'continuous' nature of planning, reflecting the ongoing need for adaptation and improvement in tourism destinations.

 

Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities Intext Questions And Answers

Think About It.

Read the following comprehension and answer the questions that follow:

There are three friends from different back-grounds. They decided to become entrepreneurs after graduating from the same college. Rohit is a farmer's son. He pursued his bachelor degree in the Arts faculty. He was thinking of continuing his father's profession but at a different level. He wanted to grow export-quality agricultural products in his two acres of farmland.

Sejal is the daughter of a businessman. They produce and sell bakery products on a wholesale basis. She has passed her degree in Science. She wants to become an entrepreneur in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) products. Asif is a son of a small hotel owner. He has passed his graduation in Event Management. He wants to start his own company of Event Management.

After graduating with good grades, they decided to help each other and begin their careers. Rohit, Sejal and Asif tried to find out information about haw to start their businesses. They tried to get maximum information regarding their businesses. They wanted to plan, organise and then establish their start-ups. During this period, they found information regarding their businesses.

Rohit found out that he will have to do major changes in his farmland to grow export-quality products like lily, orchid flowers and fruits like kiwis, dragon fruits, etc. He will have to maintain moisture and temperature in the air. He will also need to use special fertilizers to maintain the soil's pH value.

He also came to know that he has to take help of the Agricultural officer from the same Taluka. More importantly, he has to take out a licence to establish a business. He also got to know that he will need an account which can be used for foreign transactions. He also got information from where, he would get saplings for the export-quality products. He came to know that, these flowers are in great demand in Gulf countries and they give high returns too. As these countries are within the reach of an hour or two by air, the flowers can remain fresh and retain their quality.

He also decided to visit few vendors from these countries to directly setup his business.

Sejal realised that toothpaste is a product which is required daily by the people. Since her background was from Science, she decided to derive an advanced formula which will be good for dental health. She also took help from a cousin brother from the Pharmaceutical industry.

She came to know that she needed the following things to set up the industrial unit:

• Machinery and labour force to work in the plant.
• Land for setting up the plant.
• NOC from competent authorities before taking the product to the market.
• Other licenses like NOC from fire service department.
• Industries that will give tubes to fill ready toothpaste and cartons to wrap the product.
• Appoint an advertising agency to promote the product.

She was reluctant for this start-up since it required land and a large capital investment. But she felt relieved that due to the Government's Start-up schemes, she can get subsidised loan. Her father helped her solve her land problem. He had a small piece of land near her town which was sufficient for this purpose. He arranged for other basic amenities like water, electricity, etc. which are required for an industry. He leased out that plot to Sejal.

Asif realised that he mainly needed services and labour for his start-up, which he can arrange by hiring them from various agencies like caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound systems, etc. He also understood how to take permission from various competent authorities to arrange various events. He realised that it will be good if he opens up an office to start his business in the market. To advertise his start up, he got a brochure designed and printed visiting cards for marketing his services.

After planning for a year, all the friends started their entrepreneurship in their respective businesses. As their businesses have been established as per their likings; they are enjoying their work. Their businesses are now their passions.

 

Question 1. What do you understand by the term competent authorities?
Answer: A competent authority is a person or organization that has the legally delegated or invested authority, capacity or power to perform a designated function.
In simple words: A competent authority is an official body or person legally empowered to make decisions or perform specific tasks. They hold the necessary power and responsibility to execute a designated function.

🎯 Exam Tip: Defining key terms precisely is crucial. Always state the legal or official aspect when defining terms like 'competent authorities'.

 

Question 2. In which types of economic activities are the children in the story engaged?
Answer: Children in the story are engaged in the following economic activities:
• Rohit - primary activity
• Sejal - tertiary activity
• Asif - tertiary activity
In simple words: Rohit is involved in primary activities (farming), while Sejal and Asif are engaged in tertiary activities (producing bakery items and event management, respectively), which are service-based.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly categorizing each character's activity based on the primary, secondary, and tertiary sector definitions is important for accuracy.

 

Question 3. While being occupied in their type of economic activity, which other activities they interact with?
Answer: Rohit, Sejal and Asif interacted with the following activities for the development of their activities. Agriculture officer, vendors, pharmacist, competent authorities, service department, advertising agency, caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound system provider, brochure designer, etc.
In simple words: All three friends interacted with various service providers and officials, such as agriculture officers, vendors, pharmacists, advertising agencies, and event service providers, to support and develop their respective businesses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Listing specific examples of interactions from the passage demonstrates a thorough understanding of interconnected economic activities.

 

Question 4. Classify all the economic activities you come across in the passage.
Answer: All economic activities we came across are basically tertiary economic activities. However, we can divide these tertiary economic activities in two groups
(i) Quaternary economic activities : Advertising agency, caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound system provider and brochure designer, etc.
(ii) Quinary economic activities : Agriculture officer, pharmacists, competent authority, fire service department, etc.
In simple words: The passage highlights various tertiary activities, which can be further categorized into quaternary activities like advertising and event services, and quinary activities involving high-level decision-makers like agriculture officers and competent authorities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between quaternary and quinary activities within the tertiary sector shows a deeper understanding of economic classifications.

 

Question 1. Do tertiary activities involve only services?
Answer: Yes, tertiary activities involve only services to businessmen and people.
In simple words: Yes, tertiary activities are fundamentally service-oriented, providing assistance and support rather than physical goods, to both businesses and individuals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that tertiary activities are defined by their service nature, distinct from primary (raw materials) and secondary (manufacturing) activities.

 

Question 2. Can there be products in tertiary activities?
Answer: There cannot be products in tertiary activities; they only provide services for distribution of primary and secondary products to consumers.
In simple words: Tertiary activities do not produce physical products themselves; instead, they facilitate the distribution and provision of services related to products from primary and secondary sectors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish clearly between goods (products) and services; tertiary activities exclusively deal with services.

 

Question 3. Given below are the countries which are least dependent on tourism. Locate these countries on a map. Explain the geographical factors which are responsible for non-development of tourism in these countries.

Country	Contribution of Tourism to GDP (%)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.66
Papua New Guinea	0.66
Uzbekistan	0.93
Moldova	0.96
Gabon	1.02

Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह विश्व का एक राजनीतिक मानचित्र है जिसमें 23°30′ N के अक्षांश को दर्शाया गया है। मानचित्र पर पाँच विभिन्न देश चिह्नित हैं, जो एक विशेष रंग और प्रतीक के साथ बॉक्स में सूचीबद्ध हैं: (1) DR कांगो, (2) पापुआ न्यू गिनी, (3) उज्बेकिस्तान, (4) मोल्दोवा और (5) गैबॉन। यह मानचित्र इन देशों की भौगोलिक स्थिति को विश्व के संदर्भ में दर्शाता है। Tourism is not developed in these countries because of unfavourable physical factors such as climate, relief, location, dense forest, etc.
In Gabon, Papua New Guinea and in Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is equatorial type of climate, dense forest growth, wet land areas, so there are problems in development of transport facilities and infrastructure. Most of the areas in the country are inaccessible.
The countries of Moldova and Uzbekistan are landlocked countries, there is extreme climate, rainfall is very limited. Due to extreme climate tourists are not interested to visit these countries.
In simple words: Countries like DR Congo, Papua New Guinea, and Gabon have low tourism due to equatorial climate, dense forests, wet lands, and poor infrastructure, making them inaccessible. Moldova and Uzbekistan, being landlocked with extreme climates and limited rainfall, also deter tourists.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining geographical factors, provide specific examples of how climate, terrain, and accessibility negatively impact tourism development in the listed countries.

 

Question 4. Are maps a means of communication?
Answer: Yes, maps are means of communication because they provide a lot of information.
In simple words: Yes, maps serve as a form of communication by visually conveying extensive geographical and thematic information in a concise format.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that maps are powerful tools for communicating spatial information, including political boundaries, physical features, and demographic data.

 

Question 1. Classify the following economic activities in the following two categories:
1. Activities dependent on geographical factors.
2. Activities not dependent on geographical factors.

Tertiary activities dependent on geographical factors	Tertiary activities not dependent on geographical factors
Trade and commerce
(1) Wholesale and retail trade	(1) Retail trade rural
(2) Urban wholesale and rural wholesale	(i) Periodic markets
	(ii) Stores, street peddling
	(iii) Public distribution system
	(2) Retail trade urban
	(i) Chain stores
	(ii) Shops, malls
	(iii) Public distribution system
Transportation
(1) Rail network	(1) Pipeline
(2) Road network
(3) Waterways
(4) Airways
Commerce
(1) Tele communication	(1) Postal services
(2) Satellite system	(2) Audio-visual
	(3) Internet
Other services
(1) Tourism	(1) Banking, insurance, real estate
	(2) personal and professional services

Answer: (The table above provides the classification as requested by the question.)
In simple words: Tertiary activities can be classified based on their dependence on geographical factors. Some, like most forms of transportation and wholesale trade, are influenced by geography, while others, such as banking, internet services, and some retail, are less geographically constrained.

🎯 Exam Tip: When categorizing activities, consider how directly physical landscape, climate, or location affect their establishment and operation versus activities that can largely operate irrespective of immediate geography.

 

Question 2. Make a list of things you use in your daily life.
(i) Divide the activities through which they have been obtained into primary, secondary and tertiary. For example, salt is obtained from primary activity.
(ii) Does your list contain any products which have been derived by using either of the activities?
Answer:

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities	Tertiary Activities
Rice	Idli	Newspaper
Wheat	Bread	TV program
Potato	Potato chips	Internet
Tomato	Tomato ketchup	Landline
Sugarcane	Jaggery	Banking services
Chili	Chili powder	Mobile services
Onion	Mixer	Hospitals
Pulses	Washing machine	Theatres
	Fans

(ii) All above products are received from primary, secondary and tertiary activities.
In simple words: Our daily lives involve goods and services from all economic sectors: primary (raw materials like rice), secondary (manufactured goods like idli), and tertiary (services like banking or entertainment). Each item on the list can be traced back to one or more of these economic activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: For such classification questions, ensure you have a clear understanding of what constitutes primary (extraction), secondary (manufacturing/processing), and tertiary (services) activities, and provide diverse examples for each.

 

Question 3. Can intelligence or physical efforts be imported or exported?
Answer: Yes, intelligence or physical efforts can be imported or exported in the form of intelligent people or skilled people. For example, Saudi Arabia invited many engineers to construct the roads, bridges, flyovers, etc., in their country, therefore there was development of infrastructure in their country.
In simple words: Yes, intelligence and physical efforts are exported or imported through human capital, such as skilled engineers or professionals, who contribute their expertise to another country's development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the concept of 'human capital' or 'skilled labor' when answering questions about importing/exporting intelligence or physical effort.

 

Question 4.
(i) What are the lists of items mentioned in timeline related to?
(ii) Which means you are aware of?
(iii) Which means do you actually use?
(iv) Which of these are now outdated?
(v) What could be reasons for them getting outdated?
(vi) Can you add more to the list?

Man started living in groups									Present day
Coloured smoke	Horseman/ Camelman	Messenger	Telegram	Telephone	Radio	Pager	Mobile
		Postman	Fax	Radio ham	T.V.	Email	Satellite Phones

Timeline - Means of communication
Answer:
(i) In the list means of communication are mentioned.
(ii) We are aware of a postman, telegram, telephone, fax, radio, pager, email, mobile, satellite phones.
(iii) We use telephone, radio, mobile, email, satellite phones.
(iv) Coloured smoke, messenger, horsemen/camel man are outdated means of communication
(v) Coloured smoke, messenger, horsemen/camel man are outdated means of communication because of limited speed. They can be operated in limited area and difficult to use as against modern communication system.
(vi) The Internet banking, email, WhatsApp, NEFT, RTGS, etc., are the other means of communication.
In simple words: This timeline illustrates the evolution of communication methods, from ancient signals like colored smoke to modern digital tools like mobile phones and internet services. Older methods became outdated due to their limited speed and range compared to faster, more efficient technologies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing timelines, identify the key changes over time and the underlying reasons for those changes, especially technological advancements influencing efficiency and reach.

 

Question 5. Which practicals of geography for Class 11 and Class 12 have you carried out with the help of satellites?
Answer: Topographical maps of survey of India.
In simple words: In geography practicals, satellites are used to study and create topographical maps, which show detailed surface features of an area.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link satellite technology directly to its practical applications in geography, such as mapping and remote sensing.

 

Make Friends With Maps!

 

Question 1. Which means of transportation are shown in the map?
Answer: Waterways, airways and railways are shown in the map.
In simple words: The map displays three primary modes of transportation: waterways (canals, sea routes), airways (air routes), and railways (train lines).

🎯 Exam Tip: Accurately identifying all types of transportation indicated on the map is essential for a complete answer.

 

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक विश्व का मानचित्र है जो प्रमुख परिवहन मार्गों को दर्शाता है, जिसमें जलमार्ग, हवाई मार्ग और रेलवे शामिल हैं। मानचित्र विभिन्न महासागरों, महाद्वीपों, शहरों और उनके बीच परिवहन नेटवर्क को प्रदर्शित करता है। एक सूचकांक नहरों, समुद्री बंदरगाहों, हवाई अड्डों, रेलवे टर्मिनलों, जलमार्गों, और हवाई मार्गों के प्रतीकों की व्याख्या करता है, जो वैश्विक कनेक्टिविटी का एक व्यापक दृश्य प्रस्तुत करता है।

 

Question 2. Between which continents do you see an overall higher flow of transportation?
Answer: High flow of transportation is seen between North America and Europe.
In simple words: There is a noticeably higher volume of transportation, encompassing various modes, observed between the continents of North America and Europe.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing transport flow on a map, look for the densest clusters of routes and connections between major economic regions.

 

Question 3. Which canals can you see in their waterways? What can be the purpose?
Answer: We see two canals in waterways: Suez Canal and Panama Canal.
The purpose of construction of Suez Canal is to avoid the long route along Cape of Good Hope in Africa. This canal reduced the distance of travel by thousands of kilometres between Europe and Asia.
The purpose of construction of Panama Canal is to avoid the long distance route between Eastern coastline and Western coastline of North America. This canal provided a short cut to connect two coastlines.
In simple words: The Suez Canal shortens voyages between Europe and Asia by bypassing Africa, while the Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, significantly reducing travel time and distance for maritime trade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that major canals are constructed to overcome geographical barriers, drastically reduce travel distances, and boost global trade efficiency.

 

Question 4. Which two major cities in India are connected internationally through airways?
Answer: The two major cities in India connected internationally through airways are Delhi and Mumbai.
In simple words: Delhi and Mumbai are India's primary international air hubs, facilitating global connectivity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify key international gateways within a country, which are typically its largest cities or economic centers.

 

Question 5. Which two continents show lesser use of air routes?
Answer: Africa and South America show lesser use of air routes.
In simple words: Africa and South America exhibit comparatively lower volumes of air traffic and fewer established air routes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Look for areas with fewer connecting lines or less dense networks on an air route map to identify regions with lower air transport use.

 

Question 6. Which two continents show lesser use of rail routes? Why?
Answer: The continents of Africa and South America have lesser use of rail route because in both the continents physical factors like climate and relief are not favourable for development of rail route. Due to the mountains, hills, dense forest and desert in these areas, the construction and maintenance of the railway line is difficult and expensive.
In simple words: Africa and South America have fewer rail routes primarily because challenging geographical features like mountains, dense forests, and deserts make railway construction and maintenance difficult and costly.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate the physical geography of continents to the feasibility and cost of developing extensive transportation infrastructure like railways.

 

Question 7. Which rail route connects two continents?
Answer: The Trans-Siberian Railway connects two continents i.e., Asia and Europe.
In simple words: The Trans-Siberian Railway is a significant rail link that bridges Asia and Europe, facilitating continental travel and trade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specific examples of major transcontinental infrastructure, like the Trans-Siberian Railway, are important for illustrating global connectivity.

 

Question 8. Why do you see a concentration of transportation routes in the southern part of Australia as opposed to northern parts in all the continents?
Answer: Compared to the northern part of Australia, southern part is having levelled land, equable climate, urbanisation and industrialisation. Therefore, concentration of transport routes is more in the southern part of Australia.
In simple words: Southern Australia has a higher concentration of transportation routes due to its flat terrain, moderate climate, and greater urbanization and industrialization, which are more conducive to infrastructure development than the often harsh and less populated northern regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining infrastructure distribution, always consider the interplay of physical geography, climate, population density, and economic development.

 

Question 9. Which continents do not have continuous internal rail routes? Why?
Answer: South America and Africa do not have continuous internal rail routes because some areas in these continents are densely forested and extensive areas are covered by deserts and mountains.
In simple words: South America and Africa lack continuous internal rail routes because their landscapes are dominated by geographical barriers like dense forests, vast deserts, and rugged mountains, which hinder extensive railway development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reinforce the role of major physical barriers in limiting integrated transportation networks across continents.

 

Try This

 

Question 1. Consider the following conditions a, b, and c and answer the questions that follow
(a) There are two countries 'A' and 'B'. 'A' produces 500 tonnes of wheat by employing 200 labourers. 'B' produces 1,000 tonnes of wheat by employing 300 labourers.
(b) Country 'C' produces 300 kg of tea and 'D' produces 500 kg of coffee. 'C' does not produce coffee and 'D' does not produce tea.
(c) Country 'E' has expertise in water engineering and agriculture. Country 'F' has expertise in metro-making.
(i) Will the trade take place between A and B in condition (a)?
Answer: No, trade of wheat will not take place in between A and B because both are producing wheat.
In simple words: Initially, trade in wheat won't occur between A and B if both produce it and meet their own needs, or if the cost efficiencies don't create a clear benefit for trade.

🎯 Exam Tip: Trade typically occurs when countries have a comparative advantage or a deficit in a particular good, not simply if both produce it.

 

Question 2. Will trade take place between C and D in condition (b)?
Answer: Yes, trade will take place between C and D in condition (b) because C country produces tea and D country produces coffee. Since they produce different products - tea and coffee, they will exchange their products through trade.
In simple words: Yes, trade will occur between countries C (tea producer) and D (coffee producer) because they specialize in different products, leading to mutual exchange for goods they don't produce.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that specialization in different products is a strong driver for international trade, as countries seek goods they cannot produce domestically.

 

Question 3. If trade occurs between A and B in condition (a), what does it tell you about the conditions of countries in term of their economy?
Answer: Firstly, both countries are producing wheat and therefore, if their production of wheat is sufficient for their population, trade will not take place.
Secondly, per capita production of wheat in country A is less than country B. As a result, the cost of production of wheat in country A is more than B country.
Under the above conditions if country B is ready to export wheat to country A, country A will get wheat from B at the lower cost than the production cost in their country and trade in wheat will take place and both countries will be economically benefited and can improve their economy.
In simple words: If trade in wheat occurs between A and B despite both producing it, it implies that one country (A) has a higher production cost or lower efficiency compared to the other (B). Country A would benefit by importing wheat from B at a lower cost, demonstrating the principle of comparative advantage and economic benefit for both.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on economic efficiency and comparative advantage. Trade between producers of the same good usually indicates differences in production costs or demand-supply gaps.

 

Question 4. If trade occurs between C and D in (b), what does it tell you about the climate of the countries?
Answer: Country C produces tea and country D produces coffee. So country C can export tea to country D and country D can export coffee to country C and trade will take place between C and D depending upon market for tea and coffee in respective countries.
As far as climate is concerned in both countries there must be tropical climate because cultivation of tea as well as coffee needs same type of climate conditions. Since both crops requires same climate, both can produce tea and coffee too and avoid trade or one can specialize in tea cultivation and another in coffee cultivation and develop trade.
In simple words: Both countries C and D likely possess tropical climates, as both tea and coffee thrive in such conditions. Trade occurs due to specialization, where one might focus on tea and the other on coffee, even if both climates could potentially support both crops.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect agricultural specialization directly to favorable climatic conditions. Even if both climates are similar, economic factors like specialization can drive trade.

 

Question 5. Considering that trade occurs between two countries in condition (c), what does it tell you about the human resources of the countries?
Answer: Country E has developed technology in water engineering and agriculture. While F has developed technology in construction of the metro. This shows that both countries are technologically advanced and hence their human resources are very rich.
In simple words: The trade between E (water engineering/agriculture expertise) and F (metro construction expertise) indicates that both countries have highly skilled and technologically advanced human resources, specializing in different high-value sectors.

🎯 Exam Tip: Expertise in specialized technological fields directly implies a well-educated and skilled human resource base within that country.

 

Question 6. Make a list of factors which affect the trade between any two countries.
Answer: The various factors which affect the trade area are as follows:
• Difference in natural resources
• Climate
• Population
• Culture
• Economic cost
• Specialisation
• Government policy
In simple words: Trade between countries is influenced by differences in natural resources, climate, population size, cultural preferences, economic production costs, specialized industries, and government trade policies.

🎯 Exam Tip: A comprehensive list covering both physical (natural resources, climate) and human/economic (population, culture, cost, specialization, policy) factors will score well.

 

Question 7. The graph shows trade carried from 1980 to 2010 through sea transport. Interpret the graph in your own words.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक क्षैतिज बार ग्राफ है जो 1980 से 2010 तक विभिन्न समुद्रों (अटलांटिक महासागर, प्रशांत महासागर, हिंद महासागर, भूमध्य सागर) के माध्यम से समुद्री परिवहन द्वारा किए गए व्यापार में प्रतिशत योगदान को दर्शाता है। प्रत्येक बार विभिन्न समुद्री मार्गों के योगदान को प्रदर्शित करने के लिए चार अलग-अलग पैटर्न वाले खंडों में विभाजित है, जिससे समय के साथ व्यापार के रुझानों और समुद्री मार्गों के बदलते महत्व की तुलना की जा सके।
Answer: Between 1980 and 2010 transportation in the Atlantic Ocean declined by almost 50%, whereas sea transport in the Pacific Ocean has increased considerably. There is slight growth in the sea transport in Indian Ocean. There is no change in sea transport in Mediterranean Sea during the same period.
In simple words: From 1980 to 2010, Atlantic Ocean sea transport significantly decreased by nearly 50%, while Pacific Ocean transport grew substantially. The Indian Ocean saw minor growth, and the Mediterranean Sea's transport volume remained constant.

🎯 Exam Tip: When interpreting graphs, identify the main trends (increase, decrease, stability) for each category and quantify the changes where possible (e.g., "almost 50% decline").

 

Question 8. See the following two tables and answer the questions given below:
What do the tables shows?
Are the countries in the table same?
Locate them on the world map.
Can you tell, why contribution of tourism is high in these countries in terms of GDP and employment?
Write a concluding paragraph on factors affecting tourism as an occupation in a country.

TABLE 1: Direct Contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP of some regions (%)
Maldives	38.92
British Virgin Islands	32.96
Macao	28.01
Aruba	27.64
Seychelles	25.73

TABLE 2: People engaged in tourism in some regions (%)
Aruba	29.91
St. Lucia	27.29
The Bahamas	26.49
Macao	26.48
Seychelles	25.35

Answer:
(i) Table 1 shows direct contribution of travel and tourism to GDP of some regions in (%) . Table 2 shows people engaged in tourism in some regions in (%) in .
(ii) Countries shown in the table are island countries.
In simple words: Table 1 illustrates tourism's direct GDP contribution, while Table 2 shows tourism employment percentages. Both tables feature island nations, highlighting their significant economic reliance on the travel sector.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state what each table represents and draw a preliminary conclusion about the type of countries listed (e.g., island nations).

 

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह विश्व का एक राजनीतिक मानचित्र है जिसमें 23°30′ N अक्षांश को दर्शाया गया है। मानचित्र पर पाँच द्वीप देश चिह्नित हैं, जो एक बॉक्स में उनकी संख्याओं और नामों के साथ सूचीबद्ध हैं: (1) अरूबा, (2) सेंट लूसिया, (3) द बहामास, (4) मकाऊ, और (5) सेशेल्स। यह मानचित्र इन देशों की भौगोलिक स्थिति को विश्व के संदर्भ में दर्शाता है।

(iv) These are island countries having beautiful beaches and scenery. They provide coastal water sports as well as sea adventure sports facilities to tourists. Naturally large numbers of tourists are attracted and therefore, the contribution of tourists in these countries in terms of GDP and employment is very high.
(v) Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing economic activities in the world. Beautiful natural scenery attracts a large number of tourists. Waterfalls, glaciers, beautiful beaches attract large number of tourists.
Apart from good climate and beautiful scenery, the development of tourism also depends upon the availability of certain amenities for tourists. The tourist centres must be easily accessible. Air transports have revolutionized travel. Roads and railways are other modes of transportation which make tourist places accessible.
Places of tourist interest must provide good accommodation facilities. Five star hotels, ordinary hotels, guest houses, holiday camps, etc., are essential for the overnight stay of tourists.
In simple words: These island nations thrive on tourism due to attractive beaches, scenery, and water sports, leading to high GDP and employment from the sector. Globally, tourism's growth relies on natural beauty, good climate, accessibility via various transport modes, and quality accommodation facilities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing factors affecting tourism, include both natural attractions (beaches, scenery, climate) and infrastructural/service provisions (accessibility, transport, accommodation).

 

Question 9. In Fig. 6.6, five hypothetical countries and some information about their conditions are given. Study them carefully and answer the following questions:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक काल्पनिक मानचित्र है जिसमें पाँच देश - 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D' और 'E' - दर्शाए गए हैं, जो एक समुद्री क्षेत्र से घिरे हैं। मानचित्र पर विभिन्न प्राकृतिक संसाधन और आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ (जैसे जंगल, चावल, बंदरगाह, कॉफी, चाय, बागवानी, मछली, फल) प्रतीकों के माध्यम से इंगित की गई हैं। एक सूचकांक इन प्रतीकों के अर्थ स्पष्ट करता है, साथ ही नदियों और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं को भी दर्शाता है। यह देशों के बीच संभावित व्यापार और आर्थिक संबंधों को समझने में मदद करता है।
(i) Considering the natural resources available in these countries, which activities will flourish here?
(ii) Between which countries will export-import of goods occur?
(iii) Which tertiary activities will take place here?
(iv) Considering the location of E country, how will it carry out trade with other countries?
(v) Write in your own words the effect of geographical factors on human economic activities in these countries.
Answer:
(i) Agriculture, fishing, trade, lumbering activities will flourish.
(ii) The export-import trade will occur between all countries because all countries have developed different economic activities and have specialisation of different products. They can exchange the goods.
(iii) Transportation, trade, wholesaling, retailing, banking, financial institutes, etc., will develop.
(iv) 'E' country is an island country, therefore it can carry trade with other countries by water transport.
(v) Due to availability of natural resources all primary activities are developed in these countries.
• Due to fertile soil, and water supply by river, agriculture is developed. Rice, tea, coffee and fruit crops are grown in most of the countries.
• Due to coastal location, trade & fishing activities are developed in all countries.
• In 'D' and 'E' countries, due to forest growth lumbering can be developed.
• For transport of primary goods and to carry export-import, tertiary activities like transportation, wholesaling, retailing, banking, etc., will develop.
In simple words: The hypothetical countries, rich in natural resources, will see flourishing agriculture, fishing, lumbering, and trade. Export-import will occur among all due to varied specializations. Tertiary activities like transport, banking, and retail will develop. Island country 'E' will use water transport for trade. Overall, geographical factors such as fertile soil, rivers, coastal locations, and forests directly influence the development of diverse primary and tertiary economic activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: Systematically analyze the map's legend and features to identify resources and locations. Then, infer the logical economic activities and trade patterns based on geographical advantages and specialization.

Find Out

Question 1. Find out, what are these places famous for (Textbook Page No. 61)
(i) Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara, Ladghar, Milan, Marina beach, Istanbul.
(ii) What is the main economic activity carried here?
(iii) Is there any relationship between their location (geographical) and their economic activities?
Answer:
(i) All places mentioned are places of tourist interest. Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara are hill stations, Ladghar and Marina are beaches, Milan is world famous fashion centre and Istanbul is a major city and cultural centre in Turkey.
(ii) Main economic activity is tourism at all places.
(iii) Yes, there is relationship between their location and their economic activities. For e.g., Marina and Ladghar are beaches, Coorg and Saputara are hill stations.
In simple words: This question asks about famous tourist places and their economic activities, highlighting that their geographical location directly influences the type of tourism and economic benefits.

🎯 Exam Tip: When answering questions about geographical locations and economic activities, ensure you connect the physical features to the specific industries or services that thrive there.

 

Give It A Try

Question 1. Draw a suitable graph for the information given in table 6.1. and write a paragraph interpreting the data. (Textbook Page No. 63)

Countries	Primary 2018	Secondary 2018	Tertiary 2018
Denmark	1.0	34.0	65.0
India	14.0	30.0	56.0
Kenya	34.0	23.3	42.7
New Zealand	7.0	27.4	65.6
Russia Federation	3.0	43.0	54.0
Tajikistan	21.0	37.2	41.8
Tanzania	29.0	33.1	37.9
Uganda	24.0	28.4	47.6
United Kingdom	1.0	28.5	70.5
U.S.A	1.0	21.6	77.4

MaharashtraBoardSolutions.in
Answer:

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह बार ग्राफ 2018 में विभिन्न देशों की राष्ट्रीय आय में प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक और तृतीयक क्षेत्रों के योगदान को दर्शाता है। प्रत्येक देश के लिए, तीन अलग-अलग रंगीन बार-सेगमेंट प्राथमिक (सबसे नीचे), माध्यमिक (बीच में), और तृतीयक (सबसे ऊपर) क्षेत्रों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हुए कुल 100% तक जुड़ते हैं, जो राष्ट्रीय आय में उनके सापेक्ष हिस्से को दर्शाते हैं।
Interpretation of the data and graph.
The data and graph shows contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in the national income in the year 2018.
We can divide these ten countries, on the basis of persons engaged in primary activities, as less than 5% workers engaged in primary activity and more than 50% workers engaged in tertiary activities.
There are four countries - Denmark, Russia, United Kingdom and USA, where less than 5% workers are engaged in primary activities and there are six countries - Denmark, Russia, United Kingdom, USA and India, where more than 50% workers are engaged in tertiary activities.
In all ten countries, number of workers engaged in secondary activities are in the range of 20% to 30%, except Russia where 43% workers are engaged in secondary activities.
From the above discussion we can draw the conclusion that Kenya, Uganda, Tajikistan, Tanzania are developing countries and Denmark, Russia, USA, United Kingdom, New Zealand are the developed countries.
In simple words: The data and graph illustrate how different countries rely on primary, secondary, and tertiary economic sectors for their national income. Developed countries typically have a smaller primary sector and a larger tertiary sector, while developing countries show a higher reliance on primary activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When interpreting economic data like this, focus on identifying patterns and drawing conclusions about development levels based on the sector contributions. Pay attention to outliers and explain the reasons behind such variations.