Maharashtra Board Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Region And Regional Development Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Geography Class 12 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
Satpuda	Yavatmal	Thar	Marathwada
Deccan	Amravati	Sahara	Khandesh
Alps	Solapur	Himalaya	Vidarbha
Rockies	Greater Mumbai	Gobi	Konkan

Answer: D
In simple words: This question asks to identify the correct geographical grouping from the given options. Option D correctly groups different types of regions (plateaus, mountains, deserts, coastal areas) with examples that fit their respective categories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding different geographical regions and their characteristic examples is crucial for classification questions. Focus on the main features that define each region type.

Question 2.

A	B	C	D
Plain	Pressure	Tropical forest	Fishing
Lake	Rivers	Thorny forest	Lumbering
Mountain	Temperature	Mangrove forest	Agriculture
Plateau	Humidity	Deciduous forest	Bakery

Answer: C
In simple words: The question requires matching geographical features with related characteristics. Option C correctly links Mountain with Mangrove forest, aligning different ecological zones or natural elements appropriately.

🎯 Exam Tip: When dealing with matching or grouping questions, systematically evaluate each option. Look for clear associations between geographical features and their related attributes or ecosystems to find the correct pair.

2. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Functional region and Formal region
Answer:

Functional region	Formal region
(i) Specific to one area.	(i) Often physical in nature.
(ii) Areas organised around a node or focus one point like university, airport, etc.	(ii) Has specific boundaries that set them apart.
(iii) This region has no common characteristics but functions are more important, functions bind regions together.	(iii) This region has some common characteristics such as common economic activity or common language.
(iv) Often a metropolitan area that consists of major city and lot of smaller towns.	(iv) Homogeneous areas or habitats inhabited by social groups, societies or nation.
(v) The region is tied to a central point by transportation system or economic or functional associations.	(v) Organised and represented by small systems or part systems.
(vi) It functions and works together to form a part of an economic and social system.	(vi) Has clear-cut political boundaries.
(vii) Defined by a set of activities.	(vii) Defined by common political units where all people are subject to same law and government.

In simple words: Functional regions are defined by their interconnectedness and a central node, focusing on activities or interactions rather than shared characteristics. Formal regions, conversely, are defined by shared, uniform characteristics, which can be physical, cultural, or economic, and often have clear boundaries.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiating between functional and formal regions is a core concept. Remember that 'function' implies activity and interaction around a central point, while 'formal' implies uniformity and shared characteristics within defined boundaries.

Question 2.
Physical and Political region
Answer:

Physical region	Political region
(i) Physical region is an area of land divided by natural borders.	(i) Political region tends to be based on political units such as sovereign states like administrative region, province, states, township, etc.
(ii) For example, interior plains of USA with borders of Appalachian Mountains in the east and Rocky Mountains in the west.	(ii) For example, USA, State of Maharashtra, etc.
(iii) Physical regions are natural regions.	(iii) Political regions are man-made regions.
(iv) Physical regions are almost unchanged regions.	(iv) Political regions are not permanent regions.

In simple words: Physical regions are areas defined by natural features like mountains or rivers, while political regions are human-defined areas with administrative or governmental boundaries. Physical regions are generally stable, whereas political regions can change over time.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the origin of the boundaries: natural for physical regions and human-imposed for political regions. Providing clear examples for each type strengthens your answer.

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Factors affecting regional development.
Answer:
The physical factors like relief, climate, location, population and land use of the region affects the regional development.
Regional development occurs near areas with favourable location, plain relief, sufficient rainfall, developed agriculture, transportation, industries and trade. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods. USA has developed industries and trade.
There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
Location of the region is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of ports and thus development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to development of trade.
On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
The economic development in any region depends upon the quantity and quality of its people.
Where more suitable land is available, different economic activities are developed. For example, cities use land for various purposes such as industries, education, entertainment, transport, commerce, etc. Therefore, cities have economic development.
Hence, physical factors are said to affect the economic development of the region.
In simple words: Regional development is influenced by physical factors such as relief, climate, and location, as well as human factors like population and land use. Favorable conditions like plain relief and good location foster growth, while challenging terrains or climates hinder it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing short notes on factors affecting regional development, categorize your points (e.g., physical, human, economic) and provide specific geographical examples to illustrate each factor's impact.

Question 2.
Measures to reduce regional imbalance.
Answer:

• The following measures along with numerous policies are considered by the government to reduce regional imbalance.
• The underdeveloped regions are identified and its economic, physical and social reasons for the non-development are studied.
• Regions which require monetary support in a particular sector or field are funded through sector-wise investments to improve the conditions.
• Subsidies are given to certain sectors. Investment is made for improvements of roads, schools, agriculture, irrigation, industries, housing, medical and health facilities, etc.
• Special attention is given to areas facing problems such as frequent droughts, deserts or hilly and tribal-dominated areas.
• The very important strategy to reduce regional imbalances is decentralisation of industries.

In simple words: To reduce regional imbalance, governments implement policies that involve identifying underdeveloped areas, studying the reasons for their backwardness, providing targeted financial support, investing in infrastructure and services, and promoting industrial decentralization to spread economic opportunities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing measures to reduce regional imbalance, focus on both diagnostic steps (identifying reasons) and intervention strategies (funding, infrastructure, decentralization). Using bullet points helps organize the comprehensive approach required.

4. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Regional development is dependent on physical setting.
Answer:

• The physical factors like relief, climate and location of the region affect the regional development.
• Regional development occurs where agriculture, agro-based industries and trade is developed in areas where there is plain relief and sufficient rainfall. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods.
• Plain relief and sufficient rainfall encourage development of transportation and industries.
• There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
• Location of the country is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to the development of trade.
• On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
• Thus, there is relationship between regional development and physical factors and therefore, we can say the regional development depends on physical factors.

In simple words: Regional development heavily relies on its physical setting; favorable relief, climate, and coastal access facilitate agriculture, industry, and trade, leading to economic growth. Conversely, challenging physical conditions like mountains, extreme cold, or landlocked locations hinder development.

🎯 Exam Tip: For geographical reasons, establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship between physical factors and development. Provide diverse examples (e.g., coastal vs. landlocked, plains vs. mountains, different climates) to strengthen your arguments.

Question 2.
Factors like literacy, poverty affect the regional development.
Answer:

• Literacy and poverty are the important factors affecting the regional development.
• High literacy rate determines the quality of human population. This increases the availability of employment opportunities and development of resources, which contributes to the economic growth and regional development.
• Due to high literacy rate, the population growth is controlled and resources are shared among less people in the country.
• However, poverty decreases the purchasing powers resulting in a decline in the demand for goods, which reduces the production and drops the economic development and GDP of a country.
• Hence, poverty and literacy affect regional development.

In simple words: Literacy and poverty significantly impact regional development; high literacy boosts human capital, innovation, and controlled population growth, fostering economic progress. Conversely, high poverty reduces purchasing power and demand, leading to sluggish economic development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining the impact of literacy and poverty, link them directly to economic indicators like employment, resource utilization, population control, purchasing power, and GDP. Emphasize the positive cycle of literacy and the negative cycle of poverty.

Question 3.
Development is not seen in the Himalayan region.
Answer:

• Relief and climate are the most important factors affecting the development of any region.
• The Himalayan region has high mountains with a steep slope. The climate is cold and the mountains are covered with snow. There is heavy soil erosion and hardly plain land, so agriculture is not developed.
• In this mountainous region, it is difficult and expensive to develop transportation facilities. Hence, there is poor development of industries.
• Since all above factors are neither suitable for agricultural, industrial or trade development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

In simple words: The Himalayan region experiences limited development due to its challenging physical geography, including steep slopes, cold climate, snow cover, and lack of plain land, which hinder agriculture, transportation, and industrial growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining lack of development in a specific region, directly connect the unique geographical features of that region (e.g., Himalayas) to the specific challenges they pose for various economic activities like agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What is a region?
Answer:

• A region is an area of a country or any part of the world having common features. Thus, there is a difference between two regions on the basis of its features.
• The common features may be physical (relief, climate, soil, natural vegetation, etc.), socio-cultural factors (language, religion, etc.), man-made like political features (administrative or political boundaries).
• Regions may be small or large. The large regions include sub-regions. For example, the plateau region of India has various sub-regions such as Chota Nagpur plateau, Malwa plateau, Marwar plateau, Deccan plateau, etc.

The main characteristics of regions are :

• Regions have its geographical location mentioned in latitudes and longitude.
• Every region has a specific boundary, the area of another region starts beyond that boundary.
• The extent of a region depends upon the homogeneity of a region.
• There are sub-regions in one region and therefore regions can be arranged into different orders on the basis of same features.

There are two types of regions - formal and functional regions.
1. A formal region is also known as uniform region or homogeneous region. It is an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. It can be common physical characteristic such as relief or climate of the region. It can be socio-cultural or economic activity such as common language. For example, rice producing regions.
2. In some formal regions, there are boundaries. Thus, district, state or country may be formal region. For example, USA and Canada are the examples of formal regions.
3. In functional regions characteristics are not important but functions are more important.
4. In one functional region, there may be many political or physical regions but due to one common function it is said to be functional. For example, Mumbai metropolitan or Pune metropolitan regions.
5. Functional regions act as a focal point that connects surrounding areas by transportation and communication. For example, Mumbai metropolitan city is well connected with its surrounding areas through transportation.
In simple words: A region is a distinct area characterized by shared common features, which can be physical, socio-cultural, or political. These regions can vary in scale and are broadly classified into formal regions (defined by homogeneity) and functional regions (defined by interconnected activities around a central node).

🎯 Exam Tip: When defining 'region', ensure you cover both its common characteristics and its typical classification into formal and functional types. Providing examples for both types helps clarify the concepts effectively.

Question 2.
On what factors are the regions differentiated? Give examples.
Answer:
A region is an area of a country or any part of the world with same common features. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of physical or man-made or socio-cultural factors.
For example, Chota Nagpur plateau region has plateau relief. Himalayan mountain region has mountainous relief. The desert region of Rajasthan has shortage of rainfall and very high temperature. Northern plain region has plain relief, fertile soil and moderate climate.
The region may be differentiated on the basis of man-made factors like political factors such as administrative boundaries or political boundaries. For example, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are two different regions because they have different political boundaries and government bodies.
The region may be differentiated on the basis of socio-cultural factors such as language, religion or ethnicity. For example, in Mumbai there is an area, where people speaking Gujarati language live in one region. The Middle East countries form one region where people of Muslim religion stay together.
Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of various factors.
In simple words: Regions are differentiated by their unique combinations of physical factors (like relief, climate, soil), man-made factors (such as political boundaries), and socio-cultural factors (including language, religion, or ethnicity). Examples include plateaus, deserts, states, and linguistic belts.

🎯 Exam Tip: To answer this question effectively, categorize the differentiation factors into physical, man-made (political), and socio-cultural, providing a specific and clear example for each category to illustrate how regions vary.

Question 3.
Per capita income is not the real indicator of regional development. Explain.
Answer:

• The per capita income is the income of per person in the country or region. It is the ratio between the country's national income and total population.
• Per capital income is an index of development because more the per capita income, higher the standard of living of people. But it is not always true.
• The per capita income gives an idea about the average income of people in the country but it does not explain how income is distributed among the people. Some people may be rich and some may be below the poverty line.
• The per capita income is related to only economic aspect of the country but it does not take into account literacy rate, health, sex ratio, age structure, life expectancy etc.
• Sometimes rise in per capita income is due to increase in prices of commodities.
• If the population is low the per capita income will be high, but the regional development will be slow, because such regions have shortage of skilled labour supply for further development. Therefore, we can say that the per capita income is not the real indication of regional development.

In simple words: Per capita income, while indicating average income, isn't a true measure of regional development because it doesn't reflect income distribution, societal factors like health or education, or the quality of life. A high per capita income can mask inequality or resource scarcity.

🎯 Exam Tip: When arguing why per capita income isn't the sole indicator, highlight its limitations: it's an average, doesn't show distribution, ignores social indicators, and can be misleading in low-population or high-inflation scenarios. Emphasize a multi-dimensional view of development.

6. Find the correlation between land under permanent crops and GDP given in the table 7.5 using Spearman's Rank Correlation. Write the conclusion in your own words.

Question. Find the correlation between land under permanent crops and GDP given in the table 7.5 using Spearman's Rank Correlation. Write the conclusion in your own words.
Answer:

Region	Arable land (%)	Land under permanent crops (%)	Land under permanent meadows and pastures (%)	Land under Forests (%)	Other land (%)	GDP in billion dollars (2017)
A	11.8	0.3	46.0	2.1	39.9	76.48
B	4.0	0.04	44.0	20.1	32.1	1364.83
C	52.0	16.0	4.1	9.7	17.9	837.58
D	27.4	0.8	15.3	22.4	32.6	567.48
E	6.5	1.0	16.7	57.0	19.2	3456.35
F	57.8	0.6	5.5	14.3	21.8	312.84
G	2.8	1.0	0.0	0.1	95.6	1391.25
H	33.6	1.8	16.8	31.0	16.4	3061.14
I	50.1	4.1	3.1	21.8	20.8	11325.66
J	13.7	13.0	5.7	48.5	19.0	3737.48
K	11.0	0.8	2.6	66.0	19.7	5747.49
L	2.5	0.5	37.5	37.7	21.8	206.22

	X	R1	Y	R2	R1-R2	(R1-R2)2
A	0.3	11	76.48	12	-1	1
B	0.04	12	1364.83	7	5	25
C	16.0	1.0	837.58	8	-7	49
D	0.8	7.5	567.48	9	-1.5	2.25
E	1.0	5.5	3456.35	4	1.5	2.25
F	0.6	9.0	312.84	10	-1	1
G	1.0	5.5	1391.25	6	-0.5	0.25
H	1.8	4.0	3061.14	5	-1	1
I	4.1	3.0	11325.66	1	2	4
J	13.0	2.0	3737.48	3	-1	1
K	0.8	7.5	5747.49	2	5.5	30.25
L	0.5	10	206.22	11	-1	1
						Σ=118

\( X_1 \) = Land under permanent crops
\( Y_1 \) = GDP
\( R_1 \) = Rank – 1, \( R_2 \) = Rank – 2, n = 12 (No. of pairs)
Rank correlation R = \( 1 - \frac{6 \Sigma (R_1-R_2)^2}{n(n^2-1)} \)
\( \implies = 1 - \frac{6 \times 118}{12(144-1)} \)
\( \implies = 1 - \frac{708}{12(143)} \)
\( \implies = 1 - \frac{708}{1716} \)
\( \implies = 1 - 0.412 \)
\( \implies = 0.588 \)
\( \implies = 0.59 \)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख स्पीयरमैन के रैंक सहसंबंध गुणांक के मूल्य को एक संख्या रेखा पर दर्शाता है। यह दर्शाता है कि -1 (पूर्ण नकारात्मक सहसंबंध) और +1 (पूर्ण सकारात्मक सहसंबंध) के बीच 0 (कोई सहसंबंध नहीं) के बिंदु के साथ सहसंबंध कितना मजबूत और किस दिशा में है। हमारा उत्तर 0.59 है, जो शून्य से दाईं ओर है, जो भूमि उपयोग और जीडीपी के बीच एक मध्यम सकारात्मक सहसंबंध का संकेत देता है।
The answer of correction between (1) Land under permanent crops (2) GDP is 0.59 or +0.59 which means there is a positive correlation between these two variables.
It is not perfect positive correlation (+1.0). It is slightly less than this i.e. (+0.59).
It means when the amount of land under permanent crops is more, GDP is also more and when the amount of land under permanent crops is less, GDP is also less.
This is because the production of crops contributes to the growth of GDP.
The answer 0.59 suggests that this is not true for all countries as there are other factors, activities, products which are responsible for the growth of GDP other than the production of crops.
In simple words: Using Spearman's Rank Correlation, we found a positive correlation of +0.59 between land under permanent crops and GDP. This indicates that generally, as the area under permanent crops increases, GDP also tends to increase, although this relationship isn't universally perfect and other factors also contribute to GDP growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: When calculating Spearman's Rank Correlation, ensure meticulous ranking of both variables, accurate calculation of differences (D), and their squares. Interpret the final 'R' value correctly, noting its strength and direction (positive/negative) and always state the conclusion clearly in context.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Region And Regional Development Intext Questions And Answers

Try this

Question 1.
Given below are some geographical areas. Complete the table thinking about similarities between them and their types. Answer the questions that follow:
(i) While completing the above table how did you decide the common factor between these areas?

(ii) How did you differentiate one area from another?
(iii) Is the common factor the only basis of differentiation?
(iv) Make a list of characteristics which can be the basis of different area.
Answer:

	Common factors / characteristics	Types (political / physical)
Ganga river basin, Amazon river basin, Mississippi river basin, Nile river basin	River	Physical
The Himalayan region, The Alps, The Western Ghats, The Rockies, The Caucasus	Mountain	Physical
Marathwada, Vidarbha, Khandesh, Konkan, Western Maharashtra	Administrative	Political
The Thar Desert, The Arabian Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Sahar Desert	Desert	Physical
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Manipur	Administrative States	Political
Pune, Bhopal, New York, Manchester, Munich, Shanghai	Cities	Political
Parbhani, Nagpur, Palghar, Kolhapur, Solapur	Administrative Districts	Political
Hindi-speaking belt, Bengali-speaking belt, Marathi-speaking belt, Kannada-speaking belt, Urdu-speaking belt	Language	Political (Linguistic)
Delhi University, Punjab University, Mumbai University, Banasthali University Campus	Education	Social

(i) We decide on the basis of the function of each geographical area.
(ii) We differentiate one area from another on the basis of the type of physical, socio- cultural and political nature of the geographical areas.
(iii) Yes, the common factor is the only basis of differentiation.
(iv) Common basis is physical characteristics like river, desert, mountains, climate, soil, natural vegetation etc., and political characteristics like states, districts and cities and cultural characteristics like language, education, etc.
In simple words: Geographical areas are classified based on common factors like physical features (rivers, mountains), administrative divisions (states, cities), and socio-cultural aspects (language, education). Differentiation relies on these inherent characteristics, defining each area's type.

🎯 Exam Tip: For classifying geographical areas, first identify the dominant common characteristic (e.g., river, desert, administrative unit, language). Then, categorize the region's type as physical, political, or social based on this characteristic. Ensure your differentiation criteria are comprehensive.

Question 2.
Here is the list of regions. Classify them into formal and functional regions.
Ujani Dam catchment area, area served by Pune Municipal Transport (PMT), area served by Citi Cable Service, Uttar Pradesh, District Kolhapur, Taluka Haveli, rice producing region of Konkan, Black cotton soil region of India, areas served by local trains of Mumbai, area served by a Primary Health Centre
Answer:

Formal Regions	Functional Regions
(i) Uttar Pradesh	Ujani Dam catchment area
(ii) District Kolhapur	Area served by Pune Municipal Transport (PMT)
(iii) Taluka Haveli	Area served by Citi Cable Service
(iv) Rice producing region of Konkan	Area served by local trains of Mumbai
(v) Black cotton soil region of India	Area served by a Primary Health Centre

In simple words: Formal regions are defined by uniform characteristics like state boundaries (Uttar Pradesh) or natural features (rice-producing region). Functional regions are defined by their operations and services, connected to a central node, such as areas served by a dam, public transport, or a health center.

🎯 Exam Tip: To classify regions, remember: Formal regions are uniform and defined by shared characteristics (e.g., climate, administrative borders, soil type). Functional regions are nodal, defined by interactions and services around a central point (e.g., transport networks, service areas, catchment areas).

Question 3.
In the following table, regions are given. At the same time, some geographical factors and effects are also given. Complete the table 7.3 accordingly, with the help of solved examples.
Answer:

Region	Geographical factors	Effects on the region
Nile River basin	Deep and fertile soil, Sufficient water supply by river, Gently sloping land	Agricultural Development, Development of Industries, Hydro-electricity project, Irrigation etc.
Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Northern part of Russia	Coniferous forest areas.	Lumbering, Paper and pulp Industry, Furniture manufacturing industry, Saw mills, Deforestation, Landslides Flooding
Japan	Island location, Low mineral resources, Narrow geographical extent	Fishing, Development of trade, Industrial development, Hydel power projects
Indonesia	Malaysia Fertile volcanic soil, Beautiful scenery	Agricultural development, Trade, Tourism

In simple words: This table illustrates how specific geographical factors like fertile soil and water in the Nile basin lead to agricultural and industrial development, while coniferous forests in northern countries support lumbering. Island nations like Japan leverage their location for trade and fishing, and volcanic soils in Indonesia foster agriculture and tourism.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing such tables, establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship between the geographical factors (e.g., climate, terrain, resources) and their resulting effects on regional development (e.g., specific industries, economic activities, environmental impacts). Ensure logical consistency.

Question 4.
Look at the land use of the following regions in Table 7.5 and answer the questions that follow:
(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Which region has the highest land use under agriculture?
(iii) Which region has the highest GDP?
(iv) Which country (region) has more land use under forest?
(v) Which region has the highest land use under category 'other land'? What's its GDP?
(vi) Write your conclusion in few sentences.
Answer:
(i) The table shows land use in different regions.
(ii) The region C has the highest land use under agriculture.
(iii) The region I has the highest GDP.
(iv) The country (region) K has more land use under forest.
(v) The region G has the highest land use under category 'other land'. Its GDP is 1391.5 billion dollars.
(vi) The region I is having highest GDP in which there is 50% arable land, it means agriculture must be major activity.
The region A is having lowest GDP where land under permanent meadows and pastures is highest. It means there is limited development of agricultural activities.
It is surprising, region F where arable land is highest in percentage even then GDP is comparatively low, because the land under permanent crop is very less.
In region K, GDP is 5747.49 and land under forest is 66%. It must be because the development of lumbering activities and forest-based industries is greater.
The region G has the highest area under other land use (95.6%) and GDP 1391.25. This region must have developed activities other than agriculture and forestry.
In simple words: The table analyzes land use patterns and GDP across regions. Region I has the highest GDP, suggesting a strong agricultural base with high arable land. Region K has significant forest land, pointing to forest-based industries, while Region G's high 'other land' percentage and moderate GDP indicate diverse non-agricultural economic activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing tables, systematically address each sub-question by directly extracting data. For the conclusion, synthesize patterns and anomalies, linking land use types (agriculture, forest, other) to economic outcomes (GDP) and inferring dominant economic activities in each region.

Use Your Brain Power!

 

Question 1.Can you tell what the identifying characteristic in the following regions?
(i) Pune Metropolitan Region
(ii) Nagpur hub
(iii) Dal Lake in Srinagar
(iv) Alleppey tourism centre
Answer:
(i) Pune Metropolitan Region - Functional region - Administration
(ii) Nagpur hub - Functional region - Industrial complex
(iii) Dal Lake in Srinagar - Functional region - Tourism
(iv) Alleppey tourism centre - Functional region - Tourism
In simple words: Identifying characteristics help classify regions based on their primary function or administrative structure, differentiating between areas focused on governance, industry, or tourism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on linking specific regional examples to their primary functional or administrative classification, as this demonstrates understanding of regional types.

 

Question 2.
(i) Identify your formal region.
(ii) Can you identify and demarcate your own functional region?
(iii) Which one is larger?
Answer:
(i) Maharashtra State
(ii) Yes, I can identify my functional region as government milk centre or D-mart departmental store.
(iii) Area served by D-mart departmental store is larger than the government milk centre.
In simple words: A formal region is a defined geographical area (like a state), while a functional region is an area defined by its service or activity around a central point (like a store or milk center). The size varies based on the extent of the service provided.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between formal (homogeneous, defined boundaries) and functional (nodal, defined by interactions) regions, and be prepared to provide personal examples.

Can You Tell?

 

Question 1.Read the table and answer the questions that follow.

Region	Per Capita Income (Rs.)	Population Below Poverty Line (%)	Urbanization (%)	Net irrigated area to Total sown area (%)	Per capita consumption of electricity per
A	15466	14	45	64	557
B	10432	32	31	42	332
C	5000	48	16	28	145

(i) In which region do you think there are more resources available?
(ii) In which region do you think people are richer?
(iii) In which region do you think people may be happier? Why?
(iv) Do you think the given indicators or factors are enough to decide the standard of living of the people in the region?
(v) In which region would you like to stay? Why?
Answer:
(i) I think in region A more resources are available.
(ii) I think in region A people are richer.
(iii) People may be happier in region A because of higher per capita income, less population below poverty line, more urbanisation, more net sown area under irrigation.
(iv) I do not think the given indicator or factors are enough to decide the standard of living because other important factors like literacy rate, enrolment ratio - dropout ratio, sex ratio, crime rate etc., are not taken into consideration
(v) I will like to stay in region A because in this region per capita income is high, population below poverty line is low, percentage of urbanisation is highest, net sown and irrigated area is highest.
In simple words: Region A, with its high per capita income, low poverty, and high urbanization, suggests greater resource availability and a higher standard of living, making it potentially more desirable. However, a complete assessment of happiness and well-being requires considering social factors beyond economic indicators.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing tables, pay attention to all given indicators and consider how they collectively point to development levels. Also, remember to critique the completeness of the data if asked about overall well-being.

 

Question 2.
(i) Looking at the five stages of demographic transition theory, countries in which stage do you think, will be called developed?
(ii) Having looked at the various shapes of pyramids, which pyramid will represent a developed country?
(iii) After having answered both the questions above, what can you comment upon the role of population in regional development?
Answer:
(i) Countries in stage 4 and 5 will be called developed for e.g., USA, Sweden, Finland.
(ii) The pyramid (C) will represent a developed country.
(iii) The role of population in the regional development of any country is very important as man is a human resource. Quality of human resources is very important, which depends upon birth rate, death rate, expectancy of life, literacy ratio, male female ratio, mortality rate, etc.
A country having to qualitatively better population will help in the regional development of that country. For example, qualitatively population of the USA is better than population of India and hence, in USA there is better regional development than India.
In simple words: Developed countries are typically in the later stages of demographic transition (Stages 4 and 5) with population pyramids reflecting low birth and death rates. A high-quality, educated, and healthy population is crucial for sustained regional development, as seen in countries like the USA compared to India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Relate demographic transition stages and population pyramid shapes directly to development levels, emphasizing the importance of human resource quality (literacy, health, etc.) for regional progress.

Think About It

 

Question 1.
(i) Does development mean maximum utilisation of resources?
(ii) Does development consider environment as an indicator?
(iii) Can a region be called developed if it has sparse population or no population?
Answer:
(i) Development does not mean maximum utilisation of resources. Development of a region is the function of its resources and its population. There are many factors which affect the development of a region. For the holistic development of regions, skilled human resources and optimum utilisation of natural resources is necessary.
(ii) We must consider the environment as an indicator of development. Development at the cost of the environment is not real development. Since we ignore the environment while developing economy in the past 50 years, we are now suffering by many environment problems like global warming, etc.
(iii) Population is one of the most important factors in development. If there is sparse population or no population, then there will be shortage of man-power and resources will remain unutilized and therefore, quantity and quality of human resources is very important in the process of development.
In simple words: Development isn't just about resource use; it must integrate environmental sustainability and a skilled population. Exploiting resources without considering ecological impact or lacking human capital for their optimum use does not lead to true, holistic regional development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing development, always consider the three pillars: economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Emphasize that quality of human resources is as vital as natural resources.

Give It Try

 

Question 1.Draw a conclusion on the basis of the data given in table 7.4. Use Spearman's Rank Correlation, find the correlation between the two variables. What can you comment about the development in this region?

Region	Percentage of malnourished children about to enter school Year 2016	Government expenditure on education (% of total budget) Year 2016
A	29.3	4.70
B	19.2	4.17
C	3.4	7.10
D	12.8	5.40
E	31.7	4.09
F	27.0	4.45
G	3.1	3.82
H	5.9	5.95

Answer:

	X1	R1	Y1	R2	(R1-R2)	(R1-R2)2
A	29.3	2	4.70	4	-2	4
B	19.2	4	4.17	6	-2	4
C	3.4	7	7.10	1	6	36
D	12.8	5	5.40	3	2	4
E	31.7	1	4.09	7	-6	36
F	27.0	3	4.45	5	-2	4
G	3.1	8	3.82	8	0	0
H	5.9	6	5.95	2	4	16
						Σ=104

X₁ = Percentage of malnourished children about to enter school.
Y₁ = Government expenditure on education (% of total budget)
R₁ = Rank - 1, R₂ = Rank - 2, n = 8
Rank correlation R = \( 1 - \frac{6 \Sigma (R_1 - R_2)^2}{n(n^2 - 1)} \)
\( = 1 - \frac{6 \times 104}{8(64 - 1)} \)
\( = 1 - \frac{624}{8(63)} \)
\( = 1 - \frac{624}{504} \)
\( = 1 - 1.24 \)
\( = -0.24 \)
The correlation between the percentage of malnourished children about to enter school and government expenditure on education is -0.24.
This value is very near to zero, which means no correlation. Hence, it is very slightly a negative correlation.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक संख्या रेखा है जो सहसंबंध गुणांक को दर्शाती है। यह -1 (पूर्ण नकारात्मक सहसंबंध) से 0 (कोई सहसंबंध नहीं) से +1 (पूर्ण सकारात्मक सहसंबंध) तक मानों का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है। हमारा परिकलित मान 0.24, 0 और +1 के बीच स्थित है, जो बहुत हल्का सकारात्मक सहसंबंध दर्शाता है, लेकिन दिए गए पाठ में इसे -0.24 के रूप में परिकलित किया गया है, जो 0 के बहुत करीब एक मामूली नकारात्मक सहसंबंध है।
It means where the percentage of malnourished children about to enter school is more, the government expenditure on education is less e.g., in E region percentage of children is 31.7% but the expenditure is 4.09% and in C region percentage of children is only 3.4% but the expenditure is 7.10% (highest).
Considering the fact, we cannot consider this as well developed. There is no logical sequence in distribution of government expenditure on education. It is necessary that government authorities should take into consideration actual status of the region, need of the region before releasing grant to that region. This will surely help in proper allocation of the funds and overall development of the region.
In simple words: The Spearman's Rank Correlation of -0.24 indicates a very weak to negligible negative correlation between child malnutrition and education expenditure. This suggests that higher government spending on education doesn't consistently lead to lower malnutrition in these regions, highlighting an inefficient allocation of funds that isn't aligned with the actual needs for development.

🎯 Exam Tip: When performing correlation analysis, interpret the calculated value (R) carefully. A weak negative correlation (like -0.24) indicates that the two variables don't move together in a strong predictable way, which has significant implications for policy recommendations.

 

Question 2.Go through the fig. 7.2 and write two sentences on each factor. Tell how they will help in reducing regional imbalance. Also add some more to the list, if necessary.
Answer:No country, in the world is having uniform regional development and thus, there is regional imbalance in development. Hence, a country must have a regional imbalance reduction strategy. Regional imbalance can be reverted through provision of public/services to backward areas by providing drinking water, education facilities and electricity to all. It can also be reverted by making provision of infrastructure stimulus by allotment of special funds, development of special skills, good governance, support to infrastructural project and policy review and reform.
In simple words: Regional imbalance, a common issue, requires a multi-faceted strategy including providing basic services like water, education, and electricity to underdeveloped areas. Additionally, targeted investments in infrastructure, skill development, and good governance, coupled with policy reforms, are essential for fostering equitable development across all regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When addressing regional imbalance, think comprehensively about both basic needs (social infrastructure) and economic drivers (physical infrastructure, skills) that can stimulate growth and bridge development gaps.

 

Question 1.Look at the following data and answer the questions that follow:

Regions	Contribution of Primary Sector to GDP (%) 2018	Contribution of Secondary Sector to GDP (%) 2018	Contribution of Tertiary Sector to GDP (%) 2018	Human Development Index (HDI) 2018
A	1	34	65	0.93
B	2	32	66	0.85
C	2	37	61	0.71
D	6	33.2	60.8	0.81
E	14	30	56	0.65

(i) In which region is contribution of primary activities the least?
(ii) In which region is the contribution of primary activities the most?
(iii) In which region the contribution of tertiary activities is the most?
(iv) Which region has the highest HDI?
(v) Can you draw a conclusion on basis of the answers from Q (i) to Q (iv)?
Answer:
(i) In region A, the contribution of primary activities is the least.
(ii) In region E, the contribution of primary activities is the most.
(iii) In region B, the contribution of tertiary activities is the most.
(iv) In region A, there is highest HDI.
(v) We can conclude by saying that Human Development Index is high in countries where contribution of secondary and tertiary sector to GDP is high compared to the contribution of primary sector to GDP.
Region A, B, C and D have more than 30% contribution of secondary sector to GDP and more than 60% contribution of tertiary sector to GDP, it means these regions are developed regions.
The contribution of primary sector to GDP in region E is more but the contribution from secondary and tertiary sector is less compared to other regions, so region E is in the developing stage.
In simple words: Regions with higher Human Development Index (HDI) values, such as A and B, typically show a smaller contribution from the primary sector and a larger contribution from the secondary and tertiary sectors to their GDP, indicating a more developed economy. Conversely, a higher primary sector contribution, as seen in region E, suggests a developing economy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that economic development often correlates with a shift from primary to secondary and then to tertiary sector dominance in GDP contribution, reflected in higher HDI values.

Class 12 Geography Solutions Digest

• Population Part 2 Geography Class 12 Question Answer
• Human Settlements and Land Use Geography Class 12 Question Answer
• Primary Economic Activities Geography Class 12 Question Answer
• Secondary Economic Activities Geography Class 12 Question Answer
• Tertiary Economic Activities Geography Class 12 Question Answer
• Region and Regional Development Geography Class 12 Question Answer
• Geography: Nature and Scope Geography Class 12 Question Answer