Maharashtra Board Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Primary Economic Solutions

Exercise 13(A)

 

Question 1. The gathering of various products from the forests for livelihood is mainly carried in
(a) Temperate coniferous forests.
(b) Temperate deciduous forests.
(c) Tropical deciduous forests.
(d) Equatorial evergreen forests.
Answer: (d) Equatorial evergreen forests.
In simple words: The collection of forest products for sustenance is predominantly carried out in Equatorial evergreen forests due to their rich biodiversity and continuous availability of resources. These forests offer a wide variety of plants and animals for livelihood.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Equatorial evergreen forests are characterized by high biodiversity and year-round growth, making them primary regions for gathering activities. Focus on the ecological reasons behind primary economic activities.

 

Question 2. Ideal location for fishing
(a) rugged coasts, shallow seas, hot climate, growth of planktons.
(b) shallow seas, confluence of warm and cold ocean currents, growth of planktons, cold climate.
(c) continental shelf, growth of planktons, good fishing skills, cold climate.
(d) continental shelf, rugged coasts, growth of planktons, cold climate.
Answer: (b) shallow seas, confluence of warm and cold ocean currents, growth of planktons, cold climate.
In simple words: The best places for fishing have shallow waters, where warm and cold ocean currents meet. This mixing of currents brings up nutrients, which helps plankton, the main food for fish, grow abundantly, especially in cooler climates that preserve fish naturally.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key factors for abundant fishing grounds include the presence of shallow continental shelves, meeting points of warm and cold ocean currents (which promote plankton growth), and cooler climates for natural preservation of fish catches.

 

Question 3. Primary economic activities not related directly to latitudinal locations
(a) lumbering
(b) fishing
(c) mining
(d) agriculture
Answer: (c) mining
In simple words: Mining is primarily dependent on the geological structure and presence of mineral deposits beneath the Earth's surface, rather than directly on latitude or climatic zones. Unlike activities like agriculture or lumbering, its location is determined by rock formations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that while many primary activities are influenced by climate zones (latitudinal locations), mining is unique as its distribution is dictated by geological processes and mineral availability, making it less latitude-dependent.

 

Question 4. Characteristics of extensive commercial agriculture
(a) monoculture, use of water, tropical, cereal production.
(b) monoculture, use of machinery, tropical cereal production.
(c) monoculture, use of manual labour, equator, Thailand, horticulture.
(d) monoculture, use of scientific know how, sub-tropical, production of pulses.
Answer: (b) monoculture, use of machinery, tropical cereal production.
In simple words: Extensive commercial agriculture typically involves growing a single crop (monoculture) over large areas, heavily relying on machinery for efficiency and often focusing on cereal production in tropical regions. It aims for high yields and large-scale output.

🎯 Exam Tip: For extensive commercial agriculture, remember large landholdings, monoculture, significant use of machinery, and a focus on cash crops or cereals for market rather than subsistence. These characteristics distinguish it from intensive farming.

 

Complete The Chain.

 

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Intensive subsistence agriculture	(1) Dogger bank	(1) Small size of farm
(2) Pampas grassland region	(2) Off shore oil and gas production	(2) Unfavourable Climate
(3) Fishing	(3) Rice	(3) Bombay high
(4) Gathering	(4) Dense forest	(4) NE Atlantic Ocean
(5) Mining	(5) Commercial animal husbandry	(5) South America

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Intensive subsistence agriculture	(1) Rice	(1) Small size of farm
(2) Pampas grassland region	(2) Commercial animal husbandry	(2) South America
(3) Fishing	(3) Dogger bank	(3) NE Atlantic Ocean
(4) Gathering	(4) Dense forest	(4) Unfavourable Climate
(5) Mining	(5) Off shore oil and gas production	(5) Bombay high

In simple words: This chain connects economic activities with their geographical locations and specific characteristics. For example, intensive subsistence agriculture is linked to rice farming and small farm sizes, while fishing is associated with Dogger Bank and the NE Atlantic Ocean.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing chains, focus on identifying the direct and most logical connections between the economic activity, its common location, and its defining characteristic. This requires knowledge of geographical distribution of resources and activities.

 

3. Write Short Notes On.

 

Question 1. Plantation agriculture
Answer:
• Plantation agriculture is an extensive type of agriculture having large farm size on which one crop is cultivated. This is known as monoculture.
• Care has been taken to maintain the quality of the crop using scientific methods. This type of agriculture is modern as well as capital intensive agriculture.
• Since most of the work is done by human labour this type of agriculture is also referred to as labour intensive agriculture.
• The plantation crops once grown provides production for 10 to 15 years.
• Tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, cashew nut, spices, etc., are the most important crops. For example, Rubber plantations in Kerala or tea plantations in Assam.
• Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Caribbean islands are the important countries where plantation agriculture is practiced.
In simple words: Plantation agriculture involves growing a single crop (monoculture) on large farms using scientific methods and significant capital, often for export. It is labor-intensive and yields produce like tea or coffee over many years in tropical regions.

🎯 Exam Tip: When writing about plantation agriculture, highlight its key features: large-scale monoculture, capital and labor intensity, use of scientific methods, and its typical tropical locations and export orientation. Provide relevant examples.

 

Question 2. Physical factors and fishing
Answer:
Development of fishing requires specific physical factors.
Therefore, it is developed on a commercial scale where physical factors are favourable for fishing.
The following are the important physical factors, which can be responsible for the development of fishing.
• Broad continental shelf, with shallow water is favourable. For example, continental shelf along the eastern coastline of Japan is broad and water is shallow.
• Warm and cold ocean currents should meet near the coastline, so that plankton (favourite fish food) is available in plenty.
• Broken coast line which provides natural ports and harbours.
• Cold climate is favourable for natural preservation of fish.
• Since above all physical factors are present on the north-east coast of USA, north western coastline of Europe as well as in Japan, commercial fishing is well developed.
In simple words: Commercial fishing thrives in areas with broad, shallow continental shelves where warm and cold ocean currents meet, fostering abundant plankton for fish food. Broken coastlines offer natural harbors, and a cold climate helps preserve the catch, making regions like the North-East USA ideal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the four main physical factors: shallow continental shelves, confluence of warm and cold currents (leading to plankton abundance), broken coastlines (for ports), and cold climate (for preservation). Illustrate with examples like the North-East coast of USA.

 

Question 3. Lumbering on a commercial scale
Answer:
Commercial lumbering is well developed in coniferous forest region of Canada, North Western Europe and Soviet Union.
The important factors responsible for the development of commercial lumbering in the above areas are as follows.
• In coniferous forest one species of trees are found over an extensive area.
• Coniferous trees are tall and away from each other so lumbering is easy.
• Wood is soft and durable. Coniferous forests provide good raw material for paper and pulp industry and furniture making industry.
• Due to good quality of wood (softwood) it has great demand in the world market.
• Cool and pleasant climate is favourable for labour to work throughout the year.
In simple words: Commercial lumbering flourishes in coniferous forests of regions like Canada and Europe because these areas have single species of tall, widely spaced softwood trees, ideal for industries like paper and furniture. A cool climate also ensures consistent labor availability.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the unique characteristics of coniferous forests (single species, soft wood, tall and spaced trees) and the favourable climate (cool) that make commercial lumbering efficient and profitable in these regions. Connect it to industrial demand.

 

Question 4. Hunting and loss of ecosystem
Answer:
• Before the development of agriculture hunting was the important activity of man to obtain food.
• Many animal species were becoming extinct because of large scale hunting.
• Therefore, to protect the ecosystem, in many countries commercial hunting is banned.
• Presently, many laws are being passed to conserve and protect the animals and ecosystem.
• Yet, many tribal people such as Eskimos in Tundra region, Pygmies of Equatorial Selvas, Bushmen of Kalahari, Sentinels in Andaman etc., are still doing hunting.
In simple words: Historically, hunting was a primary food source, but extensive hunting led to species extinction and ecosystem imbalance. To counteract this, commercial hunting is now banned globally, and laws protect animals, though some tribal communities still practice traditional hunting for survival.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the historical importance of hunting, its negative impact on biodiversity (extinction), and the subsequent global efforts (bans, laws) to conserve ecosystems. Mention the continued traditional hunting by certain tribal groups as an exception.

 

4. Give Geographical Reasons.

 

Question 1. Agriculture is done on a large scale in India.
Answer:
• More than 46 percent of the total population of India is engaged in Agricultural Activities.
• In northern India, we have extensive fertile alluvial soil in Gangetic plains most suitable for the development of agriculture.
• In south peninsular India, there is very fertile black cotton soil suitable for a variety of crops.
• Along the coastal lines fertile soil is found in the deltas of river Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Tapi, Narmada, etc.
• Many rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Tapi, Narmada and their thousands of tributaries and canals provide water for irrigation.
• The economic and social factors, including labour, market, capital, transportation facilities, storage facilities and government policies, etc., are all favourable for the development of agriculture.
In simple words: Agriculture thrives in India due to its vast fertile plains (like the Gangetic and coastal deltas), diverse soil types (alluvial, black cotton), extensive river systems for irrigation, and a large population providing ample labor and market demand. Supportive government policies further boost this sector.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining large-scale agriculture in India, focus on the combination of favorable physical factors (fertile soils, river systems for irrigation) and socio-economic factors (large workforce, market demand, government support). Quantify with population percentage if possible.

 

Question 2. Mining is developed in Chhota Nagpur plateau of India.
Answer:
• The distribution of minerals is highly uneven in India.
• The geology of Chhota Nagpur region is very rich in minerals.
• There is concentration of minerals like iron-ore, manganese, mica, copper, limestone, and lead in Chhota Nagpur region.
• The government policy, capital investment in mining activities, technological development, availability of skilled labour, transport facilities, etc., are favourable for the development of mining activity in Chhota Nagpur region.
• Development of many industries related to minerals are located in this area, which gave boost to the development of mining activities.
In simple words: The Chhota Nagpur plateau is a hub for mining due to its exceptionally rich geological structure with high concentrations of various minerals like iron-ore and coal. Favorable government policies, capital investment, skilled labor, and proximity to mineral-based industries further boost its mining development.

🎯 Exam Tip: For mining development in Chhota Nagpur, emphasize its rich geological structure and high concentration of diverse minerals. Also, mention the supporting human factors: government policies, capital, technology, labor, and related industrial development in the region.

 

Question 3. Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.
Answer:
• Lumbering is one of the most important economic activity in the areas covered by coniferous forest in Canada.
• In Canada coniferous forest grow in large belt, since the climate is suitable for the growth of coniferous trees.
• In these forests only one species of trees grows in one area which is favourable for the lumbering.
• The development of lumbering depends upon the type of wood, climate, market and transport facilities.
• Commercial lumbering is developed in Canada because there is coniferous forest region, which provides soft wood, which is easy to cut, carry and durable.
Cool climate of Canada, well developed transport facilities for the movement of logs, use of machinery for logging, large demand in local and international market for paper and pulp industries, limited development of other economic activities due to extreme cold climate are the other factors responsible for lumbering in Canada.
In simple words: Canada's extensive coniferous forests are ideal for large-scale lumbering due to their suitable climate for softwood trees, which are uniform, easy to cut, and durable. Advanced transport, machinery, and high demand from pulp and paper industries, coupled with fewer alternative economic activities in the cold climate, further promote this industry.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing lumbering in Canada, focus on the prevalence of soft, single-species coniferous trees, suitable climate, efficient transport systems, use of machinery, and strong market demand (especially for paper and pulp) as key facilitating factors.

 

Question 4. Extensive agriculture is a commercial type of agriculture.
Answer:
• Extensive commercial agriculture was developed in temperate grassland region in Steppes, Prairies, Downs, Pampas and Veld grasslands.
• In these grassland areas population density is low and size of farms is very large from few hundred to thousand acres.
• There is extensive use of machinery from sowing to harvesting.
• Modern and scientific methods of agriculture are used, so production is large.
• The per hectare production is low whereas per capita production is high.
• Since population in those grasslands is very low and there is surplus production,
• Therefore, large quantities of food grains are available for export, so this agriculture is known as commercial type of agriculture.
In simple words: Extensive commercial agriculture is practiced in temperate grasslands on vast farms with low population density, using advanced machinery and scientific methods for large-scale production. Despite lower per-hectare yields, high per capita production creates surpluses primarily for export, defining its commercial nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: For extensive commercial agriculture, emphasize characteristics like huge farm sizes, low population density in the region, extensive use of machinery, modern methods, and a primary goal of producing surplus for export, even if per-hectare yields are moderate.

 

Question 5. Lumbering is practiced more in coniferous region than in tropical region.
Answer:
• Lumbering activity depends upon nature of wood - hard or soft, density of forest, number of species in the forest, transportation facilities, use of machinery and market.
• In coniferous forest region trees provide softwood, which is easy to cut and durable.
• In coniferous forest region one type of species are found in extensive area, so lumbering is easy.
• In coniferous forest region there is use of machinery for lumbering and transport facilities are also well developed.
• There is lot of demand for softwood in local and international market, hence commercial lumbering is more developed.
• On the other hand, in tropical region, density of trees is very high, different types trees grow in close proximity, so lumbering is difficult.
• In tropical region surface movement is difficult and transport facilities are not developed because of marshy land.
• In tropical region there is no local market since trees provide hardwood and therefore commercial lumbering is not developed.
In simple words: Lumbering is more prominent in coniferous regions because they offer soft, uniform wood species in vast, accessible areas, allowing for mechanized, efficient harvesting and good transport. Tropical forests, conversely, have dense, mixed hardwood species, challenging terrain, and underdeveloped transport, making commercial lumbering difficult.

🎯 Exam Tip: Compare and contrast the characteristics of coniferous (soft, uniform wood, easy terrain, good transport) and tropical forests (hard, mixed wood, difficult terrain, poor transport) to explain why lumbering thrives more in the former. Emphasize market demand for softwood.

 

Question 6. Hunting has been banned.
Answer:
• In the older days hunting was the most important primitive activity of man to obtain food.
• Since agriculture was not developed, it was the only source of food for man.
• As a result, large number of animals were killed to such an extent, that some of the species
of animal have become extinct or at the verge of extinction.
• In order to conserve and protect animals, hunting is banned all over the world.
In simple words: Hunting was a primary human activity before agriculture, but its extensive practice led to the extinction or endangerment of many animal species. Consequently, to protect wildlife and preserve ecosystems, hunting has been globally banned.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the cause-and-effect: primitive hunting as a food source, then over-hunting leading to extinction, and finally the global ban as a conservation measure. This demonstrates an understanding of environmental impact and policy responses.

 

5. Differentiate Between.

 

Question 1. Lumbering in Equatorial forests and Temperate forests.
Answer:

Equatorial Forests	Temperate Forests
(i) It is a tropical evergreen forest.	(i) It is a temperate coniferous forest.
(ii) It is mixed forest.	(ii) One species of trees are found over an extensive area.
(iii) Wood is hard.	(iii) Wood is soft.
(iv) Hot and humid climate, suitable for labour.	(iv) Cool and pleasant climate is suitable for labour.
(v) Surface movement difficult.	(v) Surface movement not difficult.
(vi) Mechanisation not possible for cutting trees.	(vi) Mechanisation is used for cutting trees.
(vii) No demand in local market.	(vii) Local market well developed.

In simple words: Equatorial forests are diverse, dense, and have hard wood, making lumbering difficult to mechanize due to challenging terrain and climate. In contrast, temperate forests contain uniform softwood species, are easier to access and mechanize, and have a strong local market due to favorable cool climates.

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating, focus on tree characteristics (hard vs. soft, mixed vs. single species), climate (hot/humid vs. cool/pleasant), terrain accessibility, and the feasibility of mechanization and market demand in each forest type.

 

Question 2. Plantation Agriculture and Extensive Commercial Agriculture
Answer:

Plantation Agriculture	Extensive Commercial Agriculture
(i) Developed in tropical region.	(i) Developed in temperate region.
(ii) Labour intensive farming.	(ii) Machinery is more used.
(iii) Only crops are grown.	(iii) Commercial animal rearing is also done along with farming.
(iv) Tea coffee, cocoa spices are important crops.	(iv) Wheat and maize are important crops.
(v) This type of agriculture is practiced in Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc.	(v) This type of agriculture is practiced in temperate grasslands of North America, South America, Europe and Asia.
(vi) Crops for export purpose.	(vi) Crops for export purposes.

In simple words: Plantation agriculture, typically in tropical regions, focuses on labor-intensive monoculture of cash crops like tea, mainly for export. Extensive commercial agriculture, found in temperate grasslands, uses machinery for cereal production alongside animal rearing, also primarily for export from large farms.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key differences lie in their geographical location (tropical vs. temperate), labor/machinery intensity, crop types (cash crops vs. cereals), and the inclusion of animal rearing (absent in plantation, present in extensive commercial). Both share an export orientation.

 

Question 3. Mining and Fishing
Answer:

Mining	Fishing
(i) Since ancient times man is using minerals as raw material.	(i) Since ancient time man is using fish as a food.
(ii) Found naturally in crust of the earth.	(ii) Found naturally but in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.
(iii) Used as industrial raw materials.	(iii) Used as a food.
(iv) Highly uneven distribution.	(iv) Found everywhere in waterbodies.
(v) Availability of minerals depends upon geological structure.	(v) Availability of fish depends on nature of coast line, cool climate, cold and warm ocean water currents etc.

In simple words: Mining extracts minerals from the Earth's crust, used as industrial raw materials, with uneven distribution based on geological structure. Fishing harvests aquatic animals from various water bodies, primarily for food, with availability influenced by coastal features, climate, and ocean currents.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate by source (Earth's crust vs. water bodies), primary use (industrial raw material vs. food), and factors influencing their distribution (geological structure vs. oceanic conditions, climate, and coastline features).

 

6. Answer The Following Questions In Detail.

 

Question 1. What are the factors affecting commercial fishing?
Answer:
Following factors affect commercial fishing.
• Extensive continental shelf with shallow water. For example, Dogger bank fishing area.
• Confluence of warm and cold ocean water currents, which is favourable for the growth of plankton. For example, Gulf warm pcean current and Labrador cold current meet together near Dogger bank on North Eastern coast of North America.
• Broken coastline for the development of ports and -.
• Traditional skills of some local people who are expert in fishing.
• Large size of population to provide demand for fish.
• Limited land to grow protein rich food, so that fish becomes staple food of people.
• Use of advanced fishing boats and fishing nets.
• Cool climate for natural preservation of fish.
• Forest resources to provide wood for ship building industry.
In simple words: Commercial fishing is influenced by extensive shallow continental shelves, the meeting of warm and cold ocean currents (promoting plankton), broken coastlines for ports, skilled labor, and high demand from large populations. Advanced technology, a cool climate for preservation, and timber for boat building also contribute.

🎯 Exam Tip: Systematically list both physical (continental shelf, currents, coastline, climate) and human/economic factors (population demand, traditional skills, technology, ship-building resources) that contribute to the success of commercial fishing. Provide examples where appropriate.

 

Question 2. Write a note on Intensive Subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
• Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in densely populated countries like China, India. Japan, Sri Lanka and east Asian countries.
• Since there is large population and limited fertile agricultural land, there is small land holding.
• Farmers work intensively to get maximum yield from available small land.
• Rice is the dominant food crop produced in this region.
• Mostly manual labour and animals are used for all agricultural activities.
• Most of the production is consumed locally and hence no surplus is available for export.
• Yield per hectare is high but yield per capita is low.
In simple words: Intensive subsistence agriculture is common in densely populated East Asian countries with limited land, where farmers use manual labor and animals to maximize yield from small holdings. Rice is the main crop, with most produce consumed locally, resulting in high yield per hectare but low per capita yield.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the core characteristics: high population density, small landholdings, intensive labor (manual/animal), dominant crop (rice), local consumption, and the paradox of high per-hectare yield but low per-capita yield. Give examples of regions.

 

Question 3. Give characteristics of Market Gardening.
Answer:
The following are the characteristics of market gardening.
• It is a modern type of agriculture developed mainly on the fringe of highly industrialised and densely populated urban areas.
• Vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, meat etc., are the important products produced.
• Size of the farm is very small like garden.
• Scientific and technological knowledge as well as manual labour to some extent is used in production.
• Use of capital is very high.
• Natural organic manures and chemical fertilizers are used.
• Developed in areas lying at the distance of overnight journey by trucks, so that perishable products can be carried to nearby city market as early as
possible. For example, vegetables and fruits grown at Vasai and Virar are carried to Mumbai.
In simple words: Market gardening is a modern, capital-intensive farming type practiced near urban areas, producing perishable goods like vegetables, fruits, and dairy on small farms. It combines scientific methods with some manual labor, using fertilizers, and relies on quick transport to deliver fresh produce to city markets.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight its location (urban fringes), product type (perishable, high-value), farm size (small), input intensity (high capital, fertilizers, technology, some labor), and critical role of efficient transport for quick market access.

 

Question 4. Write a note on the areas in the world practicing commercial animal husbandry.
Answer:
• Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in 30°N to 60°N latitude, and 30°S to 55°S latitudes.
• Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in temperate grassland regions of steppes in Russia, prairies in North America, downs in Australia and velds in South Africa and Pampas plains of Argentina.
• In these areas there is cultivation of crops as well as grass for animals.
• In these areas agriculture and animal husbandry is done together.
• This type of farming needs huge capital investment and more use of modern machinery, advanced technology, market and large land.
• In North and South America, it is carried with the help of advanced technology on a commercial scale.
In simple words: Commercial animal husbandry thrives in temperate grasslands between 30°-60°N and 30°-55°S, such as the Prairies and Pampas. These regions combine crop cultivation with animal rearing on large landholdings, using significant capital, modern machinery, and technology to produce for the market.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the latitudinal belts and specific temperate grassland examples (e.g., Prairies, Pampas). Emphasize the integration of agriculture and animal rearing, the use of advanced technology and machinery, and the large capital investment required for this commercial activity.

 

Question 5. Mining is dependent on the extraction of naturally occurring minerals. Explain.
Answer:
• Mining is one of the oldest economic activity of man.
• Man cannot produce minerals that are naturally found in the crust of the earth.
• This activity solely depends on the presence of minerals.
• It also depends on geology of the region, value of minerals, quality of minerals, capital investments, technology and availability of skilled labour, etc.
In simple words: Mining is an ancient economic activity that relies entirely on extracting naturally occurring minerals from the Earth's crust, as humans cannot create them. Its viability depends on geological conditions, the quantity and quality of minerals, and the necessary capital, technology, and skilled labor for extraction.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea is that mining is a 'given' resource activity; humans don't create minerals. Emphasize the dependence on geological presence, and then elaborate on secondary factors like mineral value, quality, technology, capital, and labor that determine its economic feasibility.

 

Question 6. Write in detail about the characteristics of primary economic activities.
Answer:
• Hunting, gathering, fishing, rearing animals, mining and agriculture, etc., are the important primary economic activities of man.
• These activities are solely dependent on nature.
• Primary activities mean extraction of natural resources.
• These activities mainly produce raw materials required in different types of industries.
• Natural calamities affect most of the primary activities.
• In developing countries very large proportion of working population is engaged in primary activities, since there is less use of machinery.
• In developed countries there is less proportion of working population engaged in primary activities, since there is more use of machinery.
In simple words: Primary economic activities, like hunting, farming, and mining, directly extract natural resources, making them highly dependent on nature and vulnerable to natural calamities. They produce raw materials for industries. Developing nations typically have a large workforce in these sectors due to less mechanization, while developed nations employ fewer people due to advanced machinery.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define primary activities by listing examples and emphasizing their direct dependence on nature and role in raw material production. Highlight the contrasting labor force engagement in developing (high) versus developed (low) countries due to mechanization levels.

 

7. On an outline map of the world, show the following with appropriate symbols and prepare-an index.

 

Question 1.
(a) Dogger Bank fishing area.
(b) Area of lumbering in Asia.
(c) Area of animal husbandry in Australia.
(d) An area of agriculture in Europe.
(e) Mining area in Arabian Sea.
(f) Fishing area in South-West Atlantic Ocean.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह विश्व का एक रूपरेखा मानचित्र है जो विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों के प्रमुख क्षेत्रों को उचित प्रतीकों के साथ दर्शाता है। मानचित्र में कृषि, पशुपालन, मछली पकड़ने, खनन और लकड़ी काटने के क्षेत्र शामिल हैं। एक लीजेंड (सूचकांक) इन प्रतीकों को स्पष्ट करता है, जिससे छात्रों को विभिन्न गतिविधियों के वैश्विक वितरण को समझने में मदद मिलती है।
In simple words: The provided map illustrates the global distribution of primary economic activities such as fishing, lumbering, animal husbandry, agriculture, and mining, using specific symbols. It helps visualize key locations like Dogger Bank for fishing and various continental areas for other activities.

🎯 Exam Tip: For map-based questions, accurately identify the requested geographical features or economic activity regions and mark them clearly on the outline map. Ensure the index is correctly prepared with all symbols and their corresponding activities, as clarity in representation is crucial for scoring.

 

8. Given below is the data about the continent wise employment engaged in primary economic activities in the year 2018. Draw a suitable diagram to represent the data and answer the questions that follow

 

Question 1.

Continent	% of population engaged in primary economic activities
Europe	7.91
Asia	24.49
North America	14.93
South America	14.94
Africa	47.28
Australia	27.79

(1) In which continents is less than 10% of the population engaged in agriculture?
(2) In which continent is more than 40% population engaged in agriculture?
(3) Looking at the given data, can you arrange these continents in ascending order on the basis of level of economic development?
Answer:
(1) In Europe less than 10% population is engaged in agriculture.
(2) In Africa more than 40% population is engaged in agriculture.
(3) Ascending order is as follows:
Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, North America, Europe
In simple words: Based on the data, Europe has less than 10% of its population in primary economic activities, while Africa has over 40%. Arranging by economic development level, the order from least to most developed is Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, North America, and Europe.

🎯 Exam Tip: For data interpretation questions, carefully read the table to identify the lowest and highest percentages. For economic development, remember that generally, a lower percentage of the workforce in primary activities indicates a higher level of economic development and industrialization.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Primary Economic Activities Intext Questions and Answers

Try This.

Question 1. Complete the table. (Textbook Page No. 33)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह तालिका विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों, उनके लिए आवश्यक प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और उन्हें प्रभावित करने वाले प्राकृतिक और मानव-निर्मित कारकों को दर्शाती है। पहली पंक्ति 'कृषि' के लिए उदाहरण दिए गए हैं और छात्रों को 'पशुपालन', 'मत्स्य पालन', 'खनन', 'लकड़ी काटना' और 'संग्रहण' के लिए शेष तालिका को पूरा करना है।

Answer:

Primary economic activity	Natural resources required for the activity	Factors affecting activities
		Natural	Man-made
Agriculture	Land, soil, water, air	Slope of land, quality of soil, favourable climate, rainfall	Fertilizers, insecticides, farm machines
Animal husbandry	Fodder, water, land	Climate	Advance technology, market
Fishing	Plantation food for fish, Coastline, Plenty of sunlight for growth of plankton	Cool climate, Ocean currents, Shallow, Continental shelf, Lumbering	Traditional skills, Technology, Large population and limited land for agriculture, Absence of alternative Occupations, Research
Mining	Land, Oceans	Geological structure, Presence of minerals, Climate	Technology, Skilled labour, Capital, Market, Transport, Value of minerals
Lumbering	Soft wood trees, Some type of trees over an extensive area i.e. pure stand	Cool climate, No undergrowth, Slanting branches of trees	Mechanisation, Well-developed transport, Capital, Market, Labour, Research
Gathering	Forest, Beehive, Wild fruits and flowering trees, Animals	Climate	Transport, Market, Technology, Processing facilities

In simple words: This table categorizes primary economic activities by the natural resources they use and the natural and man-made factors that influence their development, providing a comprehensive view of their dependencies.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing tables, ensure all columns are addressed comprehensively. For 'Factors affecting activities,' clearly distinguish between natural and man-made influences for maximum scores.

Question 2. Complete the chain by observing columns A to C. Write the number of the relevant characteristics and type of agriculture in column A. (Textbook Page Nos. 37-39)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह तालिका कृषि के विभिन्न प्रकारों को उनकी प्रमुख विशेषताओं और संबंधित कृषि पद्धति के साथ दर्शाती है। इसमें प्रत्येक प्रकार की कृषि के लिए एक छवि, विशिष्ट लक्षण और कृषि का प्रकार शामिल है, जैसे गहन निर्वाह कृषि, बागवानी, बाज़ार बागवानी, स्थानांतरण कृषि, वृक्षारोपण कृषि और व्यापक वाणिज्यिक कृषि।

Answer:

A) Image	B) Characteristics	C) Type of Agriculture
Characteristics no. 1 Type of Agriculture no. D ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक खेत का ऊपरी दृश्य जिसमें व्यवस्थित पंक्तियों में छोटी-छोटी फसलें उगाई जा रही हैं। यह गहन कृषि को दर्शाता है जहाँ कम भूमि पर अधिकतम उपज प्राप्त करने के लिए फसलें घनी रूप से लगाई जाती हैं।	1) Small land holding. Maximum yield from small land. Food crops are dominant. Manual labour and use of animals. China, India, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka and East Asian countries. Rice is the major crop.	D) Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Characteristics no. 5 Type of Agriculture no. E ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक खेत का निचला दृश्य जिसमें कई लोग धान के पौधों को हाथ से रोपण कर रहे हैं, जो श्रम-गहन कृषि पद्धति और विशेष रूप से चावल के खेतों में मैनुअल कार्य को दर्शाता है।	5) Modern type of agriculture. Fulfill the demands of urban people it is developed in fringe areas. Maximum production from limited agriculture area. Use of capital is high. Along with use of manual labour, use of scientific technology, knowledge and capital. Organic and chemical manures or fertilizers and irrigation. Practised in areas lying at distance of an overnight journey by trucks. Vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, meat, fish etc. Developed mainly in highly industrialised and densely populated urban areas. e.g., fruits, vegetables and flowers from Khedshivapur, Saswad are brought to Pune.	E) Plantation Agriculture
Characteristics no. 6 Type of Agriculture no. A ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक खेत का एक दृश्य जिसमें किसान खुली हवा में भूमि को जला रहे हैं, यह स्थानांतरण कृषि का संकेत देता है जहाँ भूमि को साफ करने और खेती के लिए तैयार करने के लिए आग का उपयोग किया जाता है।	6) Fruits, flowers, medicinal plants, ornamental plants etc. are produced for commercial use. Use of manual labour and mechanization. Practiced in tropical, Mediterranean and temperate regions where climate is supportive.	A) Shifting Agriculture
Characteristics no. 2 Type of Agriculture no. B ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक खेत में किसान सब्जियों के पौधों की देखभाल कर रहे हैं, जो बागवानी गतिविधि को दर्शाता है। इसमें व्यवस्थित पंक्तियों में फसलों की खेती की जा रही है।	2) Large size of farm. Capital intensive, more use of modern machinery. Monoculture Use of machinery from sowing to harvesting. Cultivation and commercial animal husbandry is done together Per hectare low but per capita income is high, Temperate grassland, Steppes, Prairies, Downs, Pampas, Velds. Wheat and maize are the major crops.	B) Horticulture
Characteristics no. 3 Type of Agriculture no. C ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक विशाल खेत का दृश्य जिसमें एक ट्रैक्टर फसलों की पंक्तियों के बीच काम कर रहा है, जो बड़े पैमाने पर मशीनीकृत कृषि और व्यापक भूमि उपयोग का संकेत देता है।	3) Large farm size. Capital intensive. Monoculture. Local labour is employed. Crop is well managed for quality and processing. Per hectare yield low but total production is high. Once plantation is done, it gives production for 10 to 15 years. Tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa etc., spice plantations in Kerala, cashewnut plantation in Konkan region. Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Indonesia, Caribbean Islands, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.	C) Market Gardening
Characteristics no. 4 Type of Agriculture no. F ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक विशाल, सीढ़ीदार पहाड़ी परिदृश्य का विहंगम दृश्य जहाँ चाय के बागान हैं, कई कार्यकर्ता चाय की पत्तियों की कटाई कर रहे हैं, जो एक श्रम-गहन वृक्षारोपण कृषि को दर्शाता है।	4) Forest land is burnt and used for agriculture. Very small farm size. Production is very less. Production can be taken for only 2 - 3 years. Land left fallow and move ahead looking for another land. Forest resources decline and soil erosion occurs. Mainly practiced in forested tropical regions of Asia, South - East Asia, South and Central America and Africa.	F) Extensive Commercial Agriculture

In simple words: This chain links different agricultural images and their defining characteristics to specific types of farming, helping to understand how various practices like intensive, shifting, plantation, horticulture, and extensive commercial agriculture are identified.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing such tables, focus on accurately matching the visual cues in the images with the textual characteristics and the correct type of agriculture to ensure all parts of the chain are consistent.

Question 3. On the basis of the information given and pictures shown in textbook fig. classify the factors affecting agriculture into physical and human factors. (Textbook Page No. 39)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह आरेख 'कृषि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का वर्गीकरण' शीर्षक वाली एक अवधारणा मानचित्र है। यह कारकों को दो मुख्य श्रेणियों - 'भौतिक' और 'मानवीय' में विभाजित करता है। 'भौतिक' श्रेणी में 'जलवायु', 'मिट्टी' और 'राहत' जैसे कारक शामिल हैं, जबकि 'मानवीय' श्रेणी में 'श्रम', 'बाजार', 'पूंजी', 'प्रौद्योगिकी', 'सरकारी नीति', 'भंडारण सुविधाएं' और 'परिवहन सुविधाएं' जैसे कारक शामिल हैं।

Answer:

Physical Factors	Human Factors
Climate	Labour
Soil	Market
Relief	Capital
	Technology
	Government Policy
	Storage facilities
	Transport facilities

In simple words: This classification separates the influences on agriculture into natural elements like climate and soil, and human-driven aspects such as labor, technology, and market conditions, providing a clear framework for understanding agricultural dynamics.

🎯 Exam Tip: For classification questions, create clear, distinct categories (Physical vs. Human) and list specific, relevant factors under each. This demonstrates comprehensive understanding and earns full marks.

Give It A Try.

Question 1. Complete table. (Textbook Page No. 34)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह तालिका विश्व के विभिन्न प्रकार के वनों में प्रचलित लकड़ी काटने की गतिविधियों की विशेषताओं और उनसे संबंधित क्षेत्रों का वर्गीकरण करती है। इसमें 'भूमध्यरेखीय सदाबहार वन', 'उष्णकटिबंधीय पर्णपाती वन (मानसूनी)', 'समशीतोष्ण पर्णपाती वन' और 'समशीतोष्ण शंकुधारी वन' जैसे वन प्रकारों के लिए 'क्षेत्र', 'वनों की विशेषताएँ' और 'लकड़ी काटने की गतिविधि की विशेषताएँ' शामिल हैं।

Answer:

Type of forest	Regions	Characteristics of forests	Characteristics of lumbering activity
Equatorial Evergreen forests	Amazon river basin in South America, Congo river basin of Africa, West coast of Africa, South East Asia, Papua New Guinea	Dense forests - Many species in a small area - Hard Wood trees - Accessibility is difficult - Inhospitable climate	Dense forests increase inaccessibility and transportation issues - Traditional methods of lumbering - Insects, reptiles cause problems - Hard wood is comparatively less in demand than softwood - Presence of many species in one region unprofitable.
Tropical Deciduous forest (Monsoon)	India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, central America, East coast of Africa	Deciduous hardwood trees. - It is mixed forests - Many bushes grow at the base of the trees. - Trees shed their leaves in dry season. - Traditional methods of lumbering.	Presence of many species. - Most of the forests are cleared for agriculture and timber for various purposes - Lumbering activity not much developed
Temperate deciduous forest	Japan, North and central china - Manchurian, - South Russia, - Central Europe - S. Africa, - Chile and Argentina.	Forest have been cleared for agriculture - Trees shed their leaves in dry season - It is a hardwood forest - The forest contains broad leaves	Lumbering activity developed - Increasing demand for timber - Mechanisation of lumbering activity
Temperate Coniferous forest	Found in 55° to 70° N. latitudes in N. America, Canada, N. Europe Norway, Switzerland, Finland and Northern part of Russia, small area in Chile and Argentina	Soft wood, tall trees, pure stand - Slanting leaves - Hospitable climate - Good accessibility	Trees are felled in winter - Logs are piled on river beds which are frozen - As soon as ice melts logs are transported automatically down the stream. - Saw mills are located on banks of many rivers

In simple words: This table maps lumbering practices across different forest types worldwide, highlighting how the unique characteristics of each forest - from tree type and density to climate and accessibility - dictate the methods and commercial viability of wood extraction.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing lumbering activities, focus on how forest characteristics (e.g., wood type, density) and regional factors (e.g., climate, demand) influence the methods and commercial development of the industry.

Make friends with maps!

Question 1. Observe the map (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions (Textbook Page No. 33)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह विश्व का एक मानचित्र है जो विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों के प्रमुख क्षेत्रों को प्रतीकों के माध्यम से दर्शाता है। इसमें कृषि, पशुपालन, मछली पकड़ने, खनन और लकड़ी काटने जैसी गतिविधियाँ विभिन्न महाद्वीपों और महासागरों में वितरित हैं। मानचित्र में 'डोगर बैंक', 'ग्रैंड बैंक', 'सेबल बैंक', 'जॉर्जेस बैंक' और 'ओखोत्स्क सागर' जैसे विशिष्ट भौगोलिक स्थानों को भी दिखाया गया है, जो मछली पकड़ने और खनन जैसे क्षेत्रों को उजागर करता है।

Answer:
(i) Agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining and lumbering are the economic activities shown in the map.
(ii) In Antarctica region we do not find any activity because of permafrost and uninhabited continent.
(iii) Lumbering activity is primarily found in 50°-70° North latitudinal region.
(iv) Fishing can develop only in those areas in the oceans where continental shelf is broad and shallow, meeting of cold and warm ocean water currents and availability plankton food for fish, cool climate etc. Since these physical factors are found only certain areas, so fishing occupation is developed in certain areas only. For example, Dogger banks in Europe or Grand Banks in north eastern part of USA etc.
(v) Agriculture, lumbering, mining and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities found in Europe.
(vi) A star (★) symbol for mining is shown for the production of mining in seas and oceans.
(vii) Mining is not found in the continent of Antarctica.
(viii)The world's fishing is mostly carried out in the Atlantic Ocean.
(ix) Agriculture, mining, fishing, lumbering and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities found to the south of Tropic of Capricorn.
(x) Agriculture, fishing, and lumbering are the economic activities found in the islands of South East Asia.
(xi) Out of the four continents less agriculture is practiced in the continent of Australia.
(xii) Considering latitudinal extent except North Africa agricultural activities are important economic activities in latitudinal belt 8° to 50° North parallel of latitudes in the northern hemisphere and 20° to 45° latitudes in the southern hemisphere.
- Climate is the most important deciding factors in the development of agriculture.
- With the exception of a few areas, no country in this latitudinal belt experiences snowfall or frost. These weather phenomenon are harmful for the development of agriculture.
- Rainfall in this latitudinal belt is also sufficient and fairly distributed except deserts in continents of Asia and Africa.
- These are all generalised statements. However, agriculture in these latitudinal belts is affected as per the local variations in local weather conditions and physiography of the region.In simple words: This question uses a world map to identify various primary economic activities and their geographical distribution, explaining the reasons behind their locations based on physical and human factors.

🎯 Exam Tip: When interpreting maps, pay close attention to the legend and spatial patterns. For open-ended questions like (xii), integrate geographical concepts (e.g., latitude, climate) to provide a well-reasoned explanation.

Can You Tell?

Question 1.
(i) Identify the images given in fig. (Textbook Page No. 34)
(ii) What are these products made from?
(iii) What do you find the raw material that are required to make these products.
(iv) What is the occupation of obtaining these products called?

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह नौ छवियों का एक संग्रह है जो विभिन्न वन उत्पादों और उनसे जुड़ी गतिविधियों को दर्शाता है। इनमें शहद के जार, एक ब्रश, चबाने वाली गोंद, तेंदू के पत्ते, रस्सी, झाड़ू, चूड़ियाँ, और जंगली फल शामिल हैं, जो संग्रहण और वन-आधारित उत्पादों की प्रक्रिया को चित्रित करते हैं।

Answer:
(i) Honey, brush, chewing gum, tendu leaves, rope, broom, ornament and wild fruits images are given in photograph.
(ii) These products are made from nature.
(iii) The raw material required is coconut coir, rubber, tendu trees, honeybee and wood.
(iv) The occupation is called food gathering.In simple words: This question asks to identify various natural products from images, state their raw materials, and name the economic activity involved in obtaining them, which is primarily gathering.

🎯 Exam Tip: For image-based questions, identify each item clearly and then connect it to its raw material source and the primary economic activity responsible for its collection or production.

Question 2. List out the effects of deforestation on the environment, animals, birds and humans. (Textbook Page No. 35)

Answer:
- For thousands of years man has been using forests for his shelter, food and clothing and therefore, world's forest resources are gradually diminishing.
- If, too many trees are cut, forest is not capable of re-establishing itself. This may lead to many environmental problems.
Some of the important problems are as follows.
- After deforesting in many areas, a decrease in rainfall could be noticed.
- As a result of rapid deforestation environmental problems like floods, cyclones, soil erosion, tsunami etc., are increasing.
- Due to large scale deforestation in India, 79 species of mammals, 44 species of birds, 15 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians are threatened.
- Nearly 1,500 plant species are considered endangered.In simple words: Deforestation leads to reduced rainfall, increased natural disasters like floods and soil erosion, threatens numerous animal and plant species with extinction, and generally degrades environmental health.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing environmental impacts, use specific examples of consequences (e.g., reduced rainfall, species extinction) and categorize effects on different elements (environment, animals, humans) for a structured and comprehensive answer.

Find Out.

Question 1. With the help of internet, find out about Wild Life (Conservation) Act. (Textbook Page No. 33)

Answer:
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Amendment in 1991.
(i) Objective of the Act is to protect the wild animals, birds and plants particularly the endangered or threatened species.
(ii) The Act prohibits the capturing, killing, poisoning or trapping of wild animals.
(iii) A national wildlife action plan has been made under it.
(iv) The Act envisages the creation and management of sanctuaries and national parks.
(v) A section has also been incorporated for creation of Biosphere Reserves.
The objectives and components of the Act are as follows:
- Control the rapid decline of wildlife. Therefore, specified endangered species are to be protected as a matter of priority.
- In general, protect all species.
- Prohibit regulate hunting (prohibit unlicensed poaching) of wild animals and birds.
- Prohibit regular trade in wild animals, their body parts and articles made by using their body parts.
- Set up protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.
- Set up central 200 authorities to regulate zoos and encourage captive breeding of endangered species in the zoos.
- Constitute a wildlife Advisory Board in each state to advice the respective state Governments.
In 1991, the Act was amended to include plants in its definition of wildlife. Until then, for almost two decades, protection of plant life was not on agenda.In simple words: The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, with a 1991 amendment, aims to protect endangered wildlife and plants, prohibits poaching and illegal trade, and establishes protected areas and advisory boards to conserve biodiversity.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining legal acts, clearly state the primary objective, key prohibitions, and the mechanisms established (e.g., protected areas, advisory boards) to achieve its goals.

Question 2. Find out how over exploitation of all kinds of animal resources affect human lives and environment. (Textbook Page No. 36)

Answer:
- Due to over exploitation of animal resources there is over grazing and heavy soil erosion.
- Many times, heavy soil erosion results into desertification of land.
- Many times, trees, shrubs and even their roots are used by rural people to feed the animals, it results into deforestation and desertification becomes intense.
- All disadvantages of soil erosion and desertification are faced by human beings.In simple words: Over-exploitation of animal resources leads to overgrazing, severe soil erosion, deforestation, and desertification, ultimately causing significant environmental degradation and hardship for human populations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing environmental impacts, emphasize the chain reaction of consequences. For example, show how over-exploitation leads to overgrazing, which then causes soil erosion and potentially desertification, linking these effects directly to human well-being.

Question 3. Mining causes air, water, land and noise pollution on large scale. Look for one example each. (Textbook Page No. 37)

Answer:
- Environment impact of mining can occur at local, regional and global scales through direct and indirect mining practices.
- Impact can result in erosion, sinkholes, loss of biodiversity or the contamination soil. Example of land erosion due to mining is Tedi mines in Papua New Guinea.
- There is pollution of ground water and surface water by the chemicals emitted from mines.
- These processes also have impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon, which have effect on the quality of human health and also biodiversity.In simple words: Mining severely pollutes air with carbon emissions, contaminates water and land with chemicals, causes land erosion, and contributes to biodiversity loss, impacting human health and the environment globally.

🎯 Exam Tip: For questions asking for examples of pollution, clearly specify the type of pollution (air, water, land, noise) and provide a concrete, relevant example for each to illustrate the impact effectively.

Think About It.

Question 1. What is the difference between fishing and pisciculture? (Textbook Page No. 36)

Answer:
- The term 'fishing' includes all human efforts to obtain the aquatic animals in the sea, inland water and rivers.
- Breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture.
- In other words, pisciculture is fish farming. It involves raising of fish commercially in tanks or enclosures.In simple words: Fishing is the act of catching wild aquatic animals for food, whereas pisciculture is the controlled farming of fish in specific enclosures for commercial purposes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When differentiating between terms, define each concept clearly and then highlight the key distinctions, such as 'wild vs. farmed' or 'catching vs. raising,' to ensure a precise answer.

Question 1. Observe the given map in fig. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 34)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह विश्व का एक मानचित्र है जो विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों के प्रमुख क्षेत्रों को प्रतीकों के माध्यम से दर्शाता है। इसमें कृषि, पशुपालन, मछली पकड़ने, खनन और लकड़ी काटने जैसी गतिविधियाँ विभिन्न महाद्वीपों और महासागरों में वितरित हैं। मानचित्र में 'डोगर बैंक', 'ग्रैंड बैंक', 'सेबल बैंक', 'जॉर्जेस बैंक' और 'ओखोत्स्क सागर' जैसे विशिष्ट भौगोलिक स्थानों को भी दिखाया गया है, जो मछली पकड़ने और खनन जैसे क्षेत्रों को उजागर करता है।

Answer:
(i) India, Myanmar, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam and Philippines.
(ii) In south western and south eastern part of Australia lumbering is carried on.
(iii) Lumbering is not carried in Northern part of Africa because it is covered by Sahara Desert.
(iv)
- Different types of forest need different rainfall and temperature conditions for growth of trees.
- The temperature and rainfall are related to latitude.
- Monsoon forests grow in areas of moderate temperature and rainfall; thus, they grow in 30°N to 40°N latitude.
- Coniferous forests grow in cool climate so they grow in 50°N to 70°N latitude
(v) Commercial lumbering is not developed in Equatorial region due to following reasons.
- In Equatorial region there dense and mixed forest growth. Land is covered with marshes.
- The trees provide hardwood which is hard to cut and heavy to carry.
- Due to hardwood it has less demand in the world market.
- Hot and humid climate of this region is not suitable for labour.
- Transport facilities are not well developed.
- Traditional methods of lumbering are used.In simple words: This question uses a world map to analyze lumbering distribution, identifying countries with large-scale activity, areas where it's absent (like the Sahara), and explaining the relationship between latitude, climate, and the difficulties of commercial lumbering in equatorial regions due to dense hardwood forests and logistical challenges.

🎯 Exam Tip: For map-based questions, accurately locate regions and correlate observed patterns with geographical principles like climate, latitude, and specific environmental features (e.g., deserts, forest types) to explain the distribution of economic activities.

 

Question 2. Observe the map in figure. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the questions given below. (Textbook Page No. 35)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'World - Major Regions of Primary Activities' नामक विश्व मानचित्र को दर्शाता है। इसमें विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों जैसे कृषि, पशुपालन, मछली पकड़ना, खनन और लकड़ी काटना को अलग-अलग प्रतीकों और रंगों का उपयोग करके दर्शाया गया है। मानचित्र में उत्तरी अमेरिका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, यूरोप, एशिया, अफ्रीका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया और अंटार्कटिका जैसे महाद्वीप तथा प्रशांत, अटलांटिक, आर्कटिक, दक्षिणी और हिंद महासागर शामिल हैं। प्रमुख फिशिंग बैंक जैसे डोगर बैंक, ग्रैंड बैंक, सबल बैंक और जॉर्ज बैंक भी चिह्नित हैं।
(i) Along which bank of North America is Grand bank located?
(ii) Along which coast of South America is the fishing mostly practiced?
(iii) In which part of Australian continent fishing activity developed?
(iv) Fishing is carried on large scale on the western coast of Africa than on the eastern coast of Africa. Give reasons.
(v) Commercial fishing is practiced on the southern coastline of Greenland. Give reasons.
Answer:
(i) Along North-Eastern bank of North America Grand bank is located.
(ii) Along the Western coast of South America fishing is mostly practiced.
(iii) Along South Eastern part of Australian continent fishing activity is developed.
(iv) Along the western coast of Africa, the continental shelf is broad and water is shallow. - The Guinea and Benguela warm current and Canary cold current meet together near the Western coastline of Africa, so lot of plankton is available. - The Western coastline is broken so it is suitable for fishing. - There is more demand for fish along the western coastline because supply of agricultural goods and meat is limited. - On the eastern coast of Africa, the continental shelf is narrow, water near the coastline is smooth, limited plankton etc so fishing is not carried on large scale. - Therefore, fishing is not carried on large scale on the eastern coast of Africa.
(v) The southern coastline is the traditional area of fishing in Greenland. - The continental shelf of southern coastline is broad and water near the coastline is shallow. - The southern coastline of Greenland is broken so it is suitable for fishing. - The West Greenland current flows along the south coastline of Greenland which brings plenty for plankton near southern coastline. - It is traditional occupation so skilled people are available for fishing. - The cold climate of Greenland is suitable for fishing. - The important species of fish caught near southern coastline of Greenland are Greenland Halibut, Atlantic cod, Snow crab, Atlantic Herring etc.
In simple words: This question explores the geographical distribution and influencing factors of fishing activities across different continents and ocean regions, highlighting the importance of physical conditions like continental shelves, ocean currents, and climate.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on understanding the interplay of physical geography (coastlines, currents, climate) and human factors (demand, skills) in determining the viability and scale of commercial fishing in various regions.

 

Question 3. Look at the map in fig. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 36)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'World - Major Regions of Primary Activities' नामक विश्व मानचित्र को दर्शाता है। इसमें विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों जैसे कृषि, पशुपालन, मछली पकड़ना, खनन और लकड़ी काटना को अलग-अलग प्रतीकों और रंगों का उपयोग करके दर्शाया गया है। मानचित्र में उत्तरी अमेरिका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, यूरोप, एशिया, अफ्रीका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया और अंटार्कटिका जैसे महाद्वीप तथा प्रशांत, अटलांटिक, आर्कटिक, दक्षिणी और हिंद महासागर शामिल हैं। प्रमुख फिशिंग बैंक जैसे डोगर बैंक, ग्रैंड बैंक, सबल बैंक और जॉर्ज बैंक भी चिह्नित हैं।
(i) Do you think there is correlation between animal husbandry and grassland?
(ii) In which continent animal husbandry not practiced on large scale?
(iii) In which regions of the world do animal husbandry and agriculture coincide?
(iv) Animal husbandry is found in between which latitude of the world?
(v) In which zone between 30°North to 30°South latitudes, is animal husbandry not found on large scale? What could be the reason behind.
(vi) What could be the reason of concentration of animal husbandry in the eastern part of Australia?
(vii) Why is animal husbandry developed more in the arid regions of the interior of the continents?
Answer:
(i) Yes, there is correlation between animal husbandry and grassland because animals are grazed on grassland.
(ii) In Africa continent animal husbandry not practiced on large scale.
(iii) In North America, Europe and Asia animal husbandry and agriculture coincide.
(iv) Animal husbandry is found between 30° North to 60° North and 30° South to 55° South.
(v) In a zone between 5° North to 5° South latitudes, animal husbandry is not found on large scale. This zone has equatorial climate, so dense forest growth and inhospitable climate and lack of good quality grass are the reasons for no development of animal husbandry in above mentioned zone.
(vi) For the development of animal husbandry, climate is more important factor. In eastern part of Australia, the climate is suitable for the growth of good quality grass, therefore, animal husbandry is more developed.
(vii) The arid regions of interior of the continents receive very low rainfall. - Only grass grows in low rainfall areas. - Due to limited water supply, other economic activities cannot be developed. - Therefore, only animal husbandry can be developed with the help of grass.
In simple words: This question explores the relationship between animal husbandry and geographical factors, including grasslands, climate, and latitudinal distribution, to understand its prevalence in different regions of the world.

🎯 Exam Tip: When analyzing correlations like animal husbandry and grasslands, consider the environmental conditions that favor both, and how these factors collectively influence economic activities in a region.

 

Question 4. Look at the Fig. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions (Textbook Page No. 36 and 37)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'World - Major Regions of Primary Activities' नामक विश्व मानचित्र को दर्शाता है। इसमें विभिन्न प्राथमिक आर्थिक गतिविधियों जैसे कृषि, पशुपालन, मछली पकड़ना, खनन और लकड़ी काटना को अलग-अलग प्रतीकों और रंगों का उपयोग करके दर्शाया गया है। मानचित्र में उत्तरी अमेरिका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, यूरोप, एशिया, अफ्रीका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया और अंटार्कटिका जैसे महाद्वीप तथा प्रशांत, अटलांटिक, आर्कटिक, दक्षिणी और हिंद महासागर शामिल हैं। प्रमुख फिशिंग बैंक जैसे डोगर बैंक, ग्रैंड बैंक, सबल बैंक और जॉर्ज बैंक भी चिह्नित हैं।
(i) In which part of North American continent is mining mainly found?
(ii) Mining activity is located along which coastal side of South America?
(iii) Comparing other primary economic activities, do you think the extent of mining is related to latitude.
(iv) Looking at the concentration of mining in the world, can you relate it with the economic development of the country?
Answer:
(i) Along North Eastern and Western coastline of USA and South Western part of Canada.
(ii) Northern, Western and Southern coastline of South America.
(iii) No, the extent of mining is not related to latitude.
(iv) Yes, we can relate mining with economic development of the country because minerals provide raw material to many industries, especially heavy industries. Therefore, countries rich in minerals have more economic development. For example, USA, Developed countries of Europe.
In simple words: This question examines the geographical distribution of mining activities across continents, specifically looking at North and South America, and explores whether mining is linked to latitude or directly correlates with a country's economic development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that mining, unlike some other primary activities, is driven by geological distribution of resources rather than latitudinal climate zones. Its presence often signifies potential for industrial development.