NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths: Chapter 4 Geometric Constructions Set 4.1
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Question 1. ΔABC ~ ΔLMN. In ΔABC, AB = 5.5 cm, BC = 6 cm, CA = 4.5 cm. Construct ΔABC and ΔLMN such that \( \frac{BC}{MN} = \frac{5}{4} \) Solution:
Analysis:
\( \triangle ABC \sim \triangle LMN \) ...[Given]
\( \frac{AB}{LM} = \frac{BC}{MN} = \frac{CA}{LN} \) ...(i)[Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
But, \( \frac{BC}{MN} = \frac{5}{4} \) ...(ii)[Given]
\( \frac{AB}{LM} = \frac{BC}{MN} = \frac{CA}{LN} = \frac{5}{4} \) ...[From (i) and (ii)]
\( \frac{5.5}{LM} = \frac{6}{MN} = \frac{4.5}{LN} = \frac{5}{4} \)
\( \frac{5.5}{LM} = \frac{5}{4} \)
\( LM = \frac{5.5 \times 4}{5} = 4.4 \text{ cm} \)
Also, \( \frac{6}{MN} = \frac{5}{4} \)
\( \therefore MN = \frac{6 \times 4}{5} = 4.8 \text{ cm} \)
and, \( \frac{4.5}{LN} = \frac{5}{4} \)
\( \therefore LN = \frac{4.5 \times 4}{5} = 3.6 \text{ cm} \)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): दिए गए त्रिभुज ABC (भुजाएँ AB=5.5cm, BC=6cm, CA=4.5cm) और त्रिभुज LMN (भुजाएँ LM=4.4cm, MN=4.8cm, LN=3.6cm) के रेखाचित्र दिखाए गए हैं। इसमें त्रिभुज ABC और LMN समरूप हैं, और उनके संगत भुजाओं का अनुपात 5:4 है।
In simple words: To construct two similar triangles, first construct the given triangle ABC. Then, use the ratio of sides (5:4) to calculate the lengths of the sides of the similar triangle LMN and construct it, ensuring corresponding angles are equal.
🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure accurate measurement of side lengths and angles. Clearly label all vertices and measurements for full marks. The ratio of sides must be applied correctly to calculate the dimensions of the second triangle.
Question 2. ΔPQR ~ ΔLTR. In ΔPQR, PQ = 4.2 cm, QR = 5.4 cm, PR = 4.8 cm. Construct ΔPQR and ΔLTR, such that \( \frac{PQ}{LT} = \frac{3}{4} \) Solution:
Analysis:
As shown in the figure, Let R-P-L and R-Q-T.
\( \triangle PQR \sim \triangle LTR \) ... [Given]
\( \therefore \angle PRQ = \angle LRT \) ... [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक त्रिभुज PQR (PQ=4.2cm, QR=5.4cm, PR=4.8cm) दर्शाया गया है। इसके शीर्षों को R, P, Q से लेबल किया गया है। बिंदु L और T को इस तरह से दर्शाया गया है कि त्रिभुज LTR त्रिभुज PQR के समरूप है, जहाँ LT/PQ का अनुपात 4/3 है, जिसका अर्थ है कि त्रिभुज LTR त्रिभुज PQR से बड़ा होगा।
\( \frac{PQ}{LT} = \frac{QR}{TR} = \frac{PR}{LR} \) ...(i) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
But, \( \frac{PQ}{LT} = \frac{3}{4} \) ....(ii) [Given]
\( \therefore \frac{PQ}{LT} = \frac{QR}{TR} = \frac{PR}{LR} = \frac{3}{4} \) ...[From (i) and (ii)]
\( \therefore \) sides of \( \triangle LTR \) are longer than corresponding sides of \( \triangle PQR \).
If seg QR is divided into 3 equal parts, then seg TR will be 4 times each part of seg QR.
So, if we construct ΔPQR, point T will be on side RQ, at a distance equal to 4 parts from R.
Now, point L is the point of intersection of ray RP and a line through T, parallel to PQ.
ΔLTR is the required triangle similar to ΔPQR.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में त्रिभुज PQR और इसके समरूप त्रिभुज LTR के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को दर्शाया गया है। इसमें एक किरण RS बनाई गई है, और उस पर R1, R2, R3, R4 बिंदुओं को समान दूरी पर चिह्नित किया गया है। R3 को Q से जोड़ा गया है, और R4 से R3Q के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो RQ को T पर मिलती है। अंत में, T से PQ के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो RP को L पर मिलती है, जिससे ΔLTR का निर्माण होता है। Steps of construction:
(i) Draw ΔPQR of given measure. Draw ray RS making an acute angle with side RQ.
(ii) Taking convenient distance on the compass, mark 4 points R1, R2, R3, and R4, such that RR1 = R1R2 = R2R3 = R3R4.
(iii) Join R3Q. Draw line parallel to R3Q through R4 to intersects ray RQ at T.
(iv) Draw a line parallel to side PQ through T. Name the point of intersection of this line and ray RP as L.
ΔLTR is the required triangle similar to ΔPQR.
In simple words: To construct a similar triangle with a larger scale factor, first draw the base triangle. Then, use an auxiliary ray and division points to locate the extended vertices, ensuring parallel lines for corresponding sides.
🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the scale factor (3/4 in this case) to correctly determine if the new triangle is larger or smaller. Ensure the construction of parallel lines is accurate, as this is crucial for similarity.
Question 3. ΔRST ~ ΔXYZ. In ΔRST, RS = 4.5 cm, \( \angle RST \) = 40°, ST = 5.7 cm. Construct ΔRST and ΔXYZ, such that \( \frac{RS}{XY} = \frac{3}{5} \). Solution:
Analysis:
\( \triangle RST \sim \triangle XYZ \) ... [Given]
\( \therefore \angle RST = \angle XYZ = 40^\circ \) ... [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
Also, \( \frac{RS}{XY} = \frac{ST}{YZ} = \frac{RT}{XZ} \) ...(i) [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
But, \( \frac{RS}{XY} = \frac{3}{5} \) ...(ii) [Given]
\( \therefore \frac{RS}{XY} = \frac{ST}{YZ} = \frac{RT}{XZ} = \frac{3}{5} \) ...[From (i) and (ii)]
\( \frac{4.5}{XY} = \frac{5.7}{YZ} = \frac{3}{5} \)
\( \frac{4.5}{XY} = \frac{3}{5} \)
\( XY = \frac{4.5 \times 5}{3} = 7.5 \text{ cm} \)
Also, \( \frac{5.7}{YZ} = \frac{3}{5} \)
\( YZ = \frac{5.7 \times 5}{3} = 9.5 \text{ cm} \)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): दो समरूप त्रिभुज RST और XYZ के रेखाचित्र दर्शाए गए हैं। त्रिभुज RST की भुजाएँ RS = 4.5cm और ST = 5.7cm हैं, तथा कोण RST = 40° है। त्रिभुज XYZ की भुजाएँ XY = 7.5cm और YZ = 9.5cm हैं, तथा कोण XYZ = 40° है। यह दर्शाता है कि त्रिभुज XYZ, त्रिभुज RST से बड़ा है, जहाँ भुजाओं का अनुपात 3:5 है।
In simple words: First, construct triangle RST using the given measurements. Then, use the given ratio of sides (3:5) to calculate the corresponding side lengths for triangle XYZ and construct it, ensuring that the angle XYZ is also 40 degrees.
🎯 Exam Tip: When constructing a similar triangle, always ensure that corresponding angles are equal. Calculate all unknown side lengths precisely using the given ratio before starting the construction.
Question 4. ΔAMT ~ ΔAHE. In ΔAMT, AM = 6.3 cm, \( \angle TAM \) = 50°, AT = 5.6 cm. \( \frac{AM}{AH} = \frac{7}{5} \) Construct ΔAHE. Solution:
Analysis:
As shown in the figure, Let A-H-M and A-E-T.
\( \triangle AMT \sim \triangle AHE \) ... [Given]
\( \therefore \angle TAM = \angle EAH \) [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
\( \frac{AM}{AH} = \frac{MT}{HE} = \frac{AT}{AE} \) ...(i)[Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
But, \( \frac{AM}{AH} = \frac{7}{5} \) ...(ii)[Given]
\( \therefore \frac{AM}{AH} = \frac{MT}{HE} = \frac{AT}{AE} = \frac{7}{5} \) ...[From (i) and (ii)]
\( \therefore \) Sides of \( \triangle AMT \) are longer than corresponding sides of \( \triangle AHE \).
\( \therefore \) The length of side AH will be equal to 5 parts out of 7 equal parts of side AM.
So, if we construct ΔAMT, point H will be on side AM, at a distance equal to 5 parts from A.
Now, point E is the point of intersection of ray AT and a line through H, parallel to MT.
ΔAHE is the required triangle similar to ΔAMT.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में त्रिभुज AMT और इसके समरूप त्रिभुज AHE का निर्माण दर्शाया गया है। कोण TAM 50 डिग्री है, AM = 6.3 cm, और AT = 5.6 cm। एक किरण AB खींची गई है जिस पर समान दूरी पर A1 से A7 तक बिंदु चिह्नित हैं। A7 को M से जोड़ा गया है और A5 से A7M के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो AM को H पर काटती है। अंत में, H से TM के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो AT को E पर काटती है, जिससे ΔAHE का निर्माण होता है। Steps of construction:
(i) Draw ΔAMT of given measure. Draw ray AB making an acute angle with side AM.
(ii) Taking convenient distance on the compass, mark 7 points A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and A7, such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 = A4A5 = A5A6 = A6A7.
(iii) Join A7M. Draw line parallel to A7M through A5 to intersects seg AM at H.
(iv) Draw a line parallel to side TM through H. Name the point of intersection of this line and seg AT as E.
ΔAHE is the required triangle similar to ΔAMT.
In simple words: To construct a smaller similar triangle AHE inside AMT, first draw AMT. Then, use an auxiliary ray to divide AM into parts according to the 7:5 ratio to find point H. Draw a line through H parallel to MT to find point E, completing ΔAHE.
🎯 Exam Tip: The orientation of the smaller triangle AHE inside AMT is crucial. Ensure the common vertex 'A' is used as the starting point for scaling, and the parallel lines are drawn accurately to define the new vertices H and E.
Question 1. If length of side AB is \( \frac{11.6}{2} \text{ cm} \), then by dividing the line segment of length 11.6 cm in three equal parts, draw segment AB. (Textbook pg. no. 93) Solution:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): 11.6 सेमी लंबाई का एक रेखाखंड AD दर्शाया गया है। एक किरण AX को D से न्यून कोण पर खींचा गया है, और इस पर A1, A2, A3 बिंदुओं को समान दूरी पर चिह्नित किया गया है। A3 को D से जोड़ा गया है। A1 और A2 से A3D के समानांतर रेखाएँ खींची गई हैं जो AD को क्रमशः B और C पर प्रतिच्छेद करती हैं, जिससे रेखाखंड AD तीन बराबर भागों में विभाजित हो जाता है। Steps of construction:
(i) Draw seg AD of 11.6 cm.
(ii) Draw ray AX such that \( \angle DAX \) is an acute angle.
(iii) Locate points A1, A2 and A3 on ray AX such that AA₁ = A1A2 = A2A3
(iv) Join A3D.
(v) Through A1, A2 draw lines parallel to A3D intersecting AD at B and C, wherein AB = \( \frac{11.6}{3} \text{ cm} \)
In simple words: To divide a line segment into three equal parts, draw an auxiliary ray from one endpoint, mark three equal divisions on it, connect the last division to the other endpoint of the segment, and then draw parallel lines through the other divisions on the ray.
🎯 Exam Tip: Accuracy in marking equal divisions on the auxiliary ray and drawing perfectly parallel lines is essential for correctly dividing the main line segment into equal parts.
Question 2. Construct any ΔABC. Construct ΔA'BC' such that AB : A'B = 5:3 and ΔABC ~ ΔA'BC'. (Textbook pg. no. 93) Analysis:
As shown in the figure, Let B-A'-A and B-C'-C
\( \triangle ABC \sim \triangle A'BC' \) ... [Given]
\( \therefore \angle ABC = \angle A'BC' \) ...[Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
\( \frac{AB}{A'B} = \frac{BC}{BC'} = \frac{AC}{A'C'} \) ...(i)[Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
But, \( \frac{AB}{A'B} = \frac{5}{3} \) ...(ii)[Given]
\( \therefore \frac{AB}{A'B} = \frac{BC}{BC'} = \frac{AC}{A'C'} = \frac{5}{3} \) ...[From (i) and (ii)]
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): एक त्रिभुज ABC और उसके भीतर एक समरूप त्रिभुज A'BC' का रेखाचित्र दिखाया गया है। इसमें भुजा BC और BA पर बिंदु C' और A' ऐसे स्थित हैं कि त्रिभुज A'BC' त्रिभुज ABC से छोटा है। B बिंदु दोनों त्रिभुजों के लिए उभयनिष्ठ शीर्ष है। \( \therefore \) Sides of \( \triangle ABC \) are longer than corresponding sides of \( \triangle A'BC' \).
\( \therefore \) the length of side BC' will be equal to 3 parts out of 5 equal parts of side BC.
So if we construct ΔABC, point C' will be on side BC, at a distance equal to 3 parts from B.
Now A' is the point of intersection of AB and a line through C', parallel to CA.
Solution:
Let ΔABC be any triangle constructed such that AB = 7 cm, BC = 7 cm and AC = 6 cm.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में त्रिभुज ABC और इसके भीतर एक समरूप त्रिभुज A'BC' का निर्माण दर्शाया गया है। बिंदु B दोनों त्रिभुजों के लिए उभयनिष्ठ शीर्ष है। B से एक किरण BD खींची गई है जिस पर समान दूरी पर B1 से B5 तक बिंदु चिह्नित हैं। B5 को C से जोड़ा गया है, और B3 से B5C के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो BC को C' पर काटती है। अंत में, C' से AC के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो AB को A' पर काटती है, जिससे ΔA'BC' का निर्माण होता है। In simple words: To construct a smaller similar triangle with a common vertex B, first draw ΔABC. Then, divide the side opposite the common vertex (BC) in the given ratio (3:5) to find C'. Draw a line through C' parallel to AC to find A' on AB, thus forming ΔA'BC'.
🎯 Exam Tip: When the scale factor is less than 1 (3/5), the new triangle will be smaller and lie inside the original triangle, sharing a common vertex (here, B).
Question 3. Construct any ΔABC. Construct ΔA'BC' such that AB: A'B = 5:3 and ΔABC ~ ΔA'BC'. ΔA'BC' can also be constructed as shown in the adjoining figure. What changes do we have to make in steps of construction in that case? (Textbook pg. no. 94)
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में दो त्रिभुज ABC और A'BC' दर्शाए गए हैं, जहाँ B उभयनिष्ठ शीर्ष है और त्रिभुज A'BC' त्रिभुज ABC के "बाहर" (विपरीत दिशा में) स्थित है। A' और C' क्रमशः BA और BC की विस्तारित रेखाओं पर हैं, जिससे यह निर्माण पिछले प्रश्न से भिन्न है। Solution:
Let ΔABC be any triangle constructed such that AB = 5cm, BC = 5.5 cm and AC = 6 cm.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र त्रिभुज ABC और एक समरूप त्रिभुज A'BC' के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को दर्शाता है, जहाँ A'BC' त्रिभुज ABC के विपरीत दिशा में बनाया गया है। इसमें AB और CB किरणों को बढ़ाया गया है। B से एक किरण BM खींची गई है, जिस पर B1 से B5 तक बिंदु चिह्नित हैं। B3 को C" से जोड़ा गया है और B5 से B3C" के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो BM को C" पर काटती है। फिर C" से AC के समानांतर एक रेखा खींची गई है जो BC की विस्तारित रेखा को A” पर काटती है। अंत में, B केंद्र से त्रिज्या BC" और BA" के चाप खींचे गए हैं जो विस्तारित किरणों CB और AB को क्रमशः C' और A' पर काटते हैं, जिससे ΔA'BC' का निर्माण होता है। (i) Steps of construction:
Construct ΔABC, extend rays AB and CB.
Draw line BM making an acute angle with side AB.
Mark 5 points B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 starting from B at equal distance.
Join B3C" (ie 3rd part)
Draw a line parallel to AB5 through B3 to intersect line AB at C"
Draw a line parallel to AC through C" to intersect line BC at A”
(ii) Extra construction:
With radius BC" cut an arc on extended ray CB at C' [C'-B-C]
With radius BA" cut an arc on extended ray AB at A' [A'-B-A]
\( \triangle A'BC' \) is the required triangle.
In simple words: When constructing a similar triangle such that the common vertex is shared but the new triangle extends outwards (scale factor > 1), you extend the rays from the common vertex and use an auxiliary ray with divisions to locate the new vertices on these extended rays.
🎯 Exam Tip: For constructions where the similar triangle is on the opposite side of the common vertex, ensure that the rays from the common vertex are extended correctly. The division of the auxiliary ray and drawing of parallel lines should be precise, and the final arcs for A' and C' must be drawn from B using the calculated radii.
Free MSBSHSE Textbook Explanations: Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Geometric Constructions Set 4.1
Official MSBSHSE Solutions for Chapter 4 Geometric Constructions Set 4.1
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